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Topic: Superconductor

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Superconductivity

Room temperature superconductor

Meissner effect

Magnetic flux quantum

Magnetic levitation device

Electrodynamic suspension

Josephson junction

Absolute zero

Thermopower

Peltier cooler

Temperature

Magnetic field

Magnetic flux

Phase (matter)

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	Superconductivity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In conventional superconductors, superconductivity is caused by a force of attraction between certain conduction electrons arising from the exchange of phonons, which causes the conduction electrons to exhibit a superfluid phase composed of correlated pairs of electrons.
		Superconductors are also able to maintain a current with no applied voltage whatsoever, a property exploited in superconducting electromagnets such as those found in MRI machines.
		In a class of superconductors known as type II superconductors (including all known high-temperature superconductors), an extremely small amount of resistivity appears when an electrical current is applied in conjunction with a strong magnetic field (which may be caused by the electrical current).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superconductivity (2598 words)

	Room temperature superconductor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A room temperature superconductor is material yet to be discovered which would be capable of exhibiting superconducting properties at temperatures above 0°C (273.15 K).
		Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, several materials have been claimed as being room-temperature superconductors.
		As of 2005, the highest-temperature superconductor (at ambient pressure) is mercury thallium barium calcium copper oxide (Hg Tl
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Room_temperature_superconductor (164 words)

	Superconductors: A Guide to Resources on the Web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Superconductor Science and Technology is a multidisciplinary journal for papers on all aspects of superconductivity.
		Another superconductor shows up is a December 2003 article on physicsweb about the discover at the University of Tokyo of a new superconductor made of potassium, osmium and oxygen.
		Superconductors See the Light at Shorter Wavelengths is a 1999 article by the University of Rochester about the development of a superconducting device that can detect light at wavelengths previously unattainable.
	www.shahlimar.com /superconductor (1043 words)

	American AntiGravity - Podkletnov's Superconductor Gravity Shield
		A spinning superconductor generates a gravitational-shielding effect in a linear column extending up from the top of the superconductor..
		During experimentation with colleague Giovanni Modanese, Podkletnov found that by stimulating a rotating superconductor with a high-voltage electrical arc, a beam of force was created that is currently unexplained by contemporary physics.
		The "mystery-force" appears to have a repulsive effect on nearby materials, and appears to be a focused beam of force, although the exact nature of the force that causes the repulsion is still under scrutiny.
	www.americanantigravity.com /podkletnov.html (980 words)

	Superconductivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The critical temperature for superconductors is the temperature at which the electrical resistivity of a metal drops to zero.
		Type I superconductors are sometimes called "soft" superconductors while the Type II are "hard", maintaining the superconducting state to higher temperatures and magnetic fields.
		Type II superconductors such as niobium-titanium (NbTi) are used in the construction of high field superconducting magnets.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solids/scond.html (619 words)

	Meissner effect for superconductors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This constraint to zero magnetic field inside a superconductor is distinct from the perfect diamagnetism which would arise from its zero electrical resistance.
		A superconductor is a perfect diamagnet, but there is more than this involved in the Meissner effect.
		In Type II superconductors the magnetic field is not excluded completely, but is constrained in filaments within the material.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solids/meis.html (480 words)

	Superconductor Development
		The goal of this program is to develop ceramic superconductors for applications in the generation, storage, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy.
		The performance of superconductors in an applied background magnetic field (an important parameter for practical application) is also determined in our test facility.
		In the ISD approach, a flexible metallic substrate is held at an angle to the direction of the plume of the species to be deposited, and texturing is obtained without the assistance of an ion gun.
	www.et.anl.gov /sections/ceramics/highlights/superconductor_dev.html (788 words)

	Superconductor Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		superconductor in all of the Kits, the metals are yttrium (Y), barium (Ba), and copper (Cu).
		superconductor are in the mole ratio of 1 to 2 to 3 for yttrium to barium to copper respectively.
		Thus, this particular superconductor is often referred to as the 1-2-3 superconductor.
	www.cbu.edu /~jgarcia/chem/ceramic.html (389 words)

	Superconductor Uses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American Superconductor Corp. is working with Wisconsin Public Service to install a Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (D-SMES) at several power substations.
		The new generation of superconducting fault limiters are being installed due to their ability to respond within a few milli-seconds to limit thousands of amperes of current.
		Superconductor Technologies are all companies currently offering such filters.
	www.cbu.edu /~jgarcia/chem/uses.html (833 words)

	Superconductor Digital RF Development for Software Radio
		Superconductor magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems for imaging the human brain are commercially deployed by companies such as Neuromag and 4-D Neuroimaging.
		Passive superconductor filters in today's base stations are generally designed to operate at temperatures ranging from 60 to 77° K. The "cryo-coolers" capable of maintaining these temperatures have a long history in high vacuum equipment for the semiconductor manufacturing industry, and for infrared detectors and various military applications.
		A novel superconductor IC technology called rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic has been shown to operate at clock frequencies exceeding 100 GHz, and is expected to do so in complex circuits.
	www.comsoc.org /ci/private/2001/feb/brock.html (3475 words)

	Magnetics Group: Superconductor Electromagnetic Measurements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The project's research, which previously led to the first four patents on contacts for high-temperature superconductors, is being broadened to develop electrical contacts with ultra-low interface resistivity for coated high-temperature superconductors.
		In particular, since most technologically important superconductors are brittle, it is crucial to know the value of strain at which fractures occur in the superconductor.
		Our electromechanical test capability for superconductors is one of the few of its kind in the world, and the only one providing specialized measurements for U.S. superconductor manufacturers.
	www.boulder.nist.gov /div818/81803/2004/SuperconElectromagMeasurements (2528 words)

	American Superconductor Selected by Department of Energy to Lead $30 Million Superconductor Cable Project for Long ...
		With a capacity of 600 megawatts, the 138-kilovolt superconductor cable system will be an integral part of the LIPA grid and is expected to be installed and operating by the end of 2005.
		Superconductor cables typically carry three- to five-times more power than conventional cables of the same size and can be installed in existing rights of way -- helping reduce the cost and environmental impact of grid upgrades.
		"Superconductor wires have come of age and are being incorporated in many new large-scale electrical applications including motors, generators and power cables," said Greg Yurek, chief executive of American Superconductor.
	tdworld.com /news/power_american_superconductor_selected (742 words)

	Business Wire: American Superconductor Expands Patent Coverage for Its Proprietary Second Generation Wire Technology
		American Superconductor (Nasdaq:AMSC) announced today that it has further strengthened its proprietary position in second generation, high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire technology by obtaining a non-exclusive license on a key component of this technology from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
		Superconductors are materials that carry large quantities of electricity with zero electrical resistance when cooled to very low, or cryogenic temperatures.
		American Superconductor has over 200 patents, patent applications and licenses related to the manufacture of HTS wires and the applications of superconductors to electric power applications.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2000_May_30/ai_62417348 (1052 words)

	The Global Guardians Encyclopedia: Q - R (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ROOM TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS: Theorized throughout most of the 20th Century, a superconductor which allows electrical current to flow with no resistance (and thus no loss of power) at room temperature at last became a reality in 2002.
		A team of scientists sponsored by the University of California used the microgravity available at Gateway Station to break up molecular hydrogen and fix it in its monatomic metallic state even after the pressure was removed.
		Unfortunately, the manufacturing process is far too complicated and far too expensive for room-temperature superconductors to come into common use any time soon.
	www.globalguardians.com /encyclopedia/encyclopediaqr.php (1642 words)

	SuperConductor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		SuperConductor is written in Object-Oriented C++, using the Qt 3.0 toolkit from Trolltech, the same foundation class and UI toolkit used in the KDE Desktop Environment for Linux.
		SuperConductor is designed to implement the core render controller, and provide functionality for controlling various different types of applications in the form of extensible modular runtime-loaded plugins.
		SuperConductor will be provided, with source, under one of the popular Open Source licenses.
	superconductor.sourceforge.net /overview.htm (233 words)

	(WO 03/079482) TUNABLE SUPERCONDUCTOR RESONATOR OR FILTER [Repub: 24.12.2003] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Displacement of the second superconductor film portion relative to the first superconductor film portion changes the capacitance between the second superconductor film portion and the first superconductor film portion.
		The actuator is capable of relatively displacing the second superconductor film portion and the first superconductor film portion to change a resonant frequency of the tunable superconductor apparatus.
		The superconductor apparatus is configured, for example, as a resonator or as a filter in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 10 GHz.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/79482.031224 (294 words)

	American Superconductor
		American Superconductor Corporation (Nasdaq: AMSC) is the world's principal vendor of high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire and large rotating superconductor machinery, and it is a world- leading supplier of dynamic reactive power grid stabilization products.
		Greg Yurek, the company's chief executive officer, announced in a plenary speech at the DOE meeting that AMSC had successfully developed and demonstrated the first long lengths of 344 superconductor wire, a new 3-ply, 4.4-millimeter (mm) wide 2G HTS wire.
		Yurek introduced the term "344 superconductor wire" in his speech.
	www.amsuper.com (381 words)

	HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
		In February of 1987, a perovskite ceramic material was found to superconduct at 90 K. This discovery was very significant because now it became possible to use liquid nitrogen as a coolant.
		The ease of cooling new superconductors has greatly influenced vast efforts in the development of new materials, material fabrication, and changing theory of the behavior of superconductors at relatively high temperatures.
		In addition, electrical power applications for the high temperature superconductors are expected to now be practical, thanks to the increased machine reliability and decreased cost associated with the cooling of such devices at temperatures greater than 20 K. The history of superconductors is only just now beginning.
	www.ornl.gov /reports/m/ornlm3063r1/pt2.html (979 words)

	SuperConductor Info
		As a SuperConductor subscriber you will be able to receive additional works, as they become available, for a small fee.
		SuperConductor includes a given Pulse for each well known composer, and each instrument partakes of this pulse.
		SuperConductor allows you to provide these unconscious actions by means of several ingenious controls.
	www.microsoundmusic.com /superc.htm (1777 words)

	Superconductivity Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If a north pole approaches the superconductor, the magnet will behave as though another magnet, just like itself, is approaching from the other side of the surface of the superconductor.
		If the magnet were sitting on the superconducting ceramic when it wasn't a superconductor, and then you started to cool the ceramic, when it becomes superconducting the magnet will start to lift up off of the ceramic and begin to levitate.
		If computers used superconductors, then they could be made smaller, with smaller wires which would not heat up due to resistance, which would operate faster because the computer chips are closer to each other.
	my.execpc.com /~rhoadley/magsuper.htm (1313 words)

	Superconductor Technologies News
		Superconductor Technologies Inc., the global leader in high-temperature superconducting products for wireless voice and data applications, announced the voting results of its Annual Meeting of Stockholders...
		Superconductor Technologies, experts in high-temperature superconducting products for wireless voice and data applications, announced it has received approximately $4.0 million dollars year-to-date in orders...
		Shares of Superconductor Technologies were among technology's losers Friday, falling 16% after swinging to a wider-than-expected loss during the fourth quarter and saying it will no longer offer quarterly...
	www.topix.net /com/scon (293 words)

	PLUTONIUM SUPERCONDUCTOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The finding is significant because plutonium, the active ingredient in atomic bombs, has physical properties that should prevent it from behaving as a superconductor - suggesting current theories about this phenomenon may not apply to this element.
		More surprising still, the plutonium did not begin superconducting at 1 or 2 degrees Kelvin, which one might expect for a material that was not very superconductive.
		The discovery has no immediate practical value but is important because it adds a new dimension to the study of superconductivity, Stewart said.
	superconductors.org /PlutonSC.htm (398 words)

	A Most Unusual Superconductor and How It Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bottles of powdered MgB2 have been sitting on the chemical laboratory shelf since the 1950s, but not until January of 2001 did Japanese researchers announce their discovery that it was a relatively high-temperature superconductor.
		Like high-Tc superconductors made of cuprate ceramics, MgB2 is a layered material; while undoped cuprates are insulators at ordinary temperatures, however, MgB2 is always a metal.
		But in the hundreds of papers produced in the first rush to examine the new superconductor, experimenters using different techniques found many different, unusual, and sometimes conflicting properties.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-superconductor-Cohen-Louie.html (1455 words)

	Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) Superconductor Electronics
		The origin of these problems is not the intrinsic speed of semiconductor transistors, but rather their large power consumption and the diffusive character of signal propagation.
		That is why, beginning in the 1960s, several attempts were made to develop a practical superconductor digital technology.
		In some of these prospective large-scale applications, the extremely low power consumption of RSFQ circuits may be much more important than their high speed.
	pavel.physics.sunysb.edu /RSFQ/Research/WhatIs/rsfqwte1.html (1011 words)

	Business Wire: American Superconductor Signs Contract with DuP... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American Superconductor (Nasdaq: AMSC) announced today an agreement to supply a powerful High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) electromagnet to DuPont (NYSE:DD) for a prototype industrial magnetic separator.
		American Superconductor Corporation, headquartered in Westborough, Mass., was founded in 1987 and is a world leader in developing and manufacturing products utilizing superconducting materials for electric power applications.
		The company's products, and products sold by electrical equipment manufacturers that incorporate its products, can dramatically increase the capacity and reliability of power delivery networks, significantly reduce the manufacturing costs of electrical equipment such as motors and generators, lower electrical operating costs and conserve resources that are used to produce electric power.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:60769065&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (642 words)

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