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Topic: Superfetation

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	SUPERFETATION - Definition
		superf['e]tation.] (Physiol.) The formation of a fetus at the result of an impregnation occurring after another impregnation but before the birth of the offspring produced by it.
		This is possible only when there is a double uterus, or where menstruation persists up to the time of the second impregnation.
		In then became a superfetation upon, and not an ingredient in, the national character.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/superfetation (95 words)

	superfetation - definition by dict.die.net
		superfetation n : fertilization of a second ovum after a pregnancy has begun; results in two fetuses of different ages in the uterus at the same time; "superfetation is normal in some animal species"
		superf['e]tation.] (Physiol.) The formation of a fetus at the result of an impregnation occurring after another impregnation but before the birth of the offspring produced by it.
		In then became a superfetation upon, and not an ingredient in, the national character.
	dict.die.net /superfetation (97 words)

	MEDLINE Search on Medscape.com
		Female receptivity, embryonic diapause, and superfetation in the European badger (Meles meles): implications for the reproductive tactics of males and females.
		Superfetation as a cause of growth discordance in a multiple pregnancy.
		A 20-year-old primigravida initially diagnosed at 28 weeks to have superfetation in a case of a bicornuate uterus was subsequently found to have uterus...
	search.medscape.com /medline-search?queryText=Superfetation (270 words)

	Superfetation - Pregnancybirthandbaby
		Superfetation (also spelt superfoetation, based on a false etymology - see fetus) is the formation of a fetus while another fetus is already present in the uterus.
		Animals which have been claimed to be subject to superfetation include rodents (mice and rats) farm animals (horses and sheep) and primates (monkeys and man).
		A case of twins with probable superfetation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=PubMedandlist_uids=6937032anddopt=Abstract) a report of a case of superfetation demonstrated through different paternity of twins.
	www.pregnancybirthandbaby.co.uk /wiki/index.php?title=Superfetation (231 words)

	Summer Research Opportunities Program (SROP) Abstracts - Bovine Superfetation, U of I
		Superfetation is a natural phenomenon that has been recorded in several different species, including the bovine.
		The purpose of this research was to investigate a case of possible superfetation in a cow.
		Through a thorough investigation of hormone regulation and follicular waves during gestation a model of superfetation in the bovine was created.
	www.grad.uiuc.edu /eep/srop/abstracts/view.cfm?id=39 (167 words)

	But the Woman being deceived, was in the Transgression
		Superfetation is not unknown in humans wherein dizygous "twins" showing marked differences in size, embryological development and presumed age are born of different fathers.
		Medical records are replete with cases of superfetation in humans wherein a woman with multiple ovum is fertilized by sperm of separate insemination so that the offspring are not true twins but step-brothers or step-sisters.
		The most famous case of superfetation in humans is found in the Bible account of the conception and birth of Cain and Abel.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /bb940516.htm (2254 words)

	[No title]
		Superfetation is the development of a second fetus when one is already present in the uterus and is a phenomenon that has been observed in some animals.
		The superfetation discussed in the Talmud was presented to experts who admitted that this phenomenon is possible.
		Even though the claim was later proved to be false, doctors evaluated the woman's claim and concluded that it was possible.
	www.aishdas.org /toratemet/superfetation.html (1308 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-0730102-222405
		Although superfetation has been reported in cattle and other species, there is considerable skepticism as to its existence due to the lack of clear evidence in these reports.
		The objective was to produce superfetation by (1) ovulation induction and artificial insemination (AI) of pregnant cows and (2) transfer of 7-day embryos to cows with more advanced pregnancies.
		An attempt to produce superfetation by induction of ovulation in mated cattle with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) followed by AI was unsuccessful.
	etd.lsu.edu /docs/available/etd-0730102-222405 (371 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Superfetation
		Superfetation (also spelt superfoetation, based on a false etymology â€” see fetus) is the formation of a fetus while another fetus is already present in the uterus.
		Animals which have been claimed to be subject to superfetation include rodents (mice and rats) farm animals (horses and sheep), marsupials and primates (monkeys and humans).
		A case of twins with probable superfetation a report of a case of superfetation demonstrated through different paternity of twins.
	random.dragonslife.org /superfetation/4298 (309 words)

	Facts About Fraternal Twins
		Superfetation happens when Mom is already pregnant when she ovulates and releases another egg - sometimes as long as 24 days after the first egg is released.
		In vitro fertilization - when fertilized eggs are implanted in Mom - is a form of superfetation.
		Superfetation also can happen when Mom undergoes fertilization treatments where fertilized eggs are implanted (in vitro), and then releases an egg during her cycle, which is also fertilized.
	www.multipletreasures.com /facts-about-fraternal-twins.php (516 words)

	Multiple Pregnancy Pathogenesis -Multiple Pregnancy-
		The rare cases in which the fetuses are of disparate size or skin color and have blood groups corresponding to those of the mother’s 2 male partners lend credence to (but do not conclusively validate) this possibility.
		Superfetation is the fertilization of 2 ova released in different menstrual cycles.
		This is virtually impossible in humans, because the initial corpus luteum of pregnancy would have to be suppressed to allow for a second ovulation about 1 month later.
	www.health.am /pregnancy/more/multiple-pregnancy-pathogenesis (875 words)

	Evolution of Placentas in Fish
		As with matrotrophy, superfetation is not simply present or absent.
		Superfetation thus changes the distribution of births over time.
		Superfetation also appears to have evolved independently in these fishes.
	members.aol.com /darwinpage/placentas.htm (2665 words)

	Superfetation at AllExperts
		When there are two separate instances of fertilisation during the same cycle, rather than different cycles, it is known as superfecundation.
		Animals which have been claimed to be subject to superfetation include rodents (mice & rats), farm animals (horses & sheep), marsupials and primates (monkeys and humans).
		* A case of twins with probable superfetation a report of a case of superfetation demonstrated through different paternity of twins.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/su/superfetation.htm (321 words)

	Interbirth interval and duration of pregnancy in hares -- Stavy and Terkel 95 (2): 609 -- Reproduction
		The possibility of inducing superfetation in hares by artificial insemination (AI) was investigated.
		We suggest that copulation during the last week of pregnancy, common among captive hares, may have a similar effect to that of AI in terminating pregnancies and inducing early deliveries.
		Intervals between successive deliveries that are shorter than the normal duration of gestation do not necessarily indicate superfetation and this phenomenon may be rare among hares in captivity as well as in the wild.
	www.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/abstract/95/2/609 (155 words)

	Evolution of Placentas in Fish
		As with matrotrophy, superfetation is not simply present or absent.
		Superfetation thus changes the distribution of births over time.
		Superfetation also appears to have evolved independently in these fishes.
	darwiniana.org /placentas.htm (2673 words)

	Stranger Fruit: Superfetation in cute, cuddly, badgers
		The authors argue that conception during pregnancy, known as superfetation, benefits female reproductive fitness by reducing the risk of infanticide, extending the female's window of opportunity for conception, and increasing the genetic diversity of the litter.
		Detailed understanding of female receptivity, specifically the association of superfetation with embryonic diapause, may explain field observations of seemingly inconsistent reproductive tactics of male badgers with regard to, for instance, whether or not they guard mates or defend territories.
		The combination of embryonic diapause and superfetation may occur in other mustelids; if so, the sociobiology of mustelids will need re-evaluating, and the Mustelidae may prove to be a good model taxon for studies of sexual conflict in the reproduction of eutherian mammals.
	scienceblogs.com /strangerfruit/2006/03/superfetation_in_cute_cuddly_b.php (803 words)

	SFL ORG News Center Research shows female badgers conceive during pregnancy
		The researchers believe superfetation benefits female reproductive fitness - by increasing the gene pool of the litter, lessening the risk of infanticide, and extending the female’s window of opportunity for conceiving.
		The researchers believe the combination of embryonic diapause and superfetation may benefit females, regardless of their social system, by enabling cryptic polyandry - mating with more than one male.
		They conclude that this study could prove that the badger - part of the Mustelid family - could be a good model for future studies of sexual conflict in the reproduction of mammals.
	www.sflorg.com /sciencenews/scn032706_05.html (562 words)

	Superfetation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When there are two separate instances of fertilisation during the same cycle, rather than different cycles, it is known as superfecundation.
		Superfetation has also been clearly demonstrated in poeciliidae fish.
		Superfetation in Beef Cattle Cattle Doctoral Thesis; Joel Andrew Carter, Louisiana State University, Defended 2002-03-18
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superfetation (269 words)

	Superfetation also spelt superfoetation
		I have been told that a GSD lost her litter and the vet told them that it was due to her being mated twice.
		All were stillborn and the vet told them that it was due to her being mated twice.
		After searching the Internet I found - "Superfetation (also spelt superfoetation) is the formation of a fetus while another fetus is already present in the uterus.
	www.champdogsforum.co.uk /board/topic/78403.html (215 words)

	Superfetation - Mikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Superfetation is 'the formation of a fetus while another fetus is already present in the uterus', i.e.
		Though not often referenced by name it has been used, on occasion, in several works of fiction, though usually facilitated by extenuating circumstances (for instance, the female in question being a Catgirl, who, in context, are always capable of superfetation.)
		"Superfetation" is reportedly the favourite word of G'Tron
	outsideeden.com /Mikipedia/index.php?title=Superfetation (144 words)

	A documented clomiphene-induced follicular development in pregnancy: Case report -- Sammour et al. 16 (6): 1098 -- ...
		Bsat, F.A. and Seoud, M.A. (1987) Superfetation secondary to ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate: a case report.
		Dmowski, W.P., DeOrio, L. and Rana, N. (1997) Embryo implantation during menstruation in the absence of adequate estradiol and progesterone support, with subsequent normal response to ovulation induction and superfetation.
		Lefebvre, G., Vauthier, D., Gonzales, J. and Lesourd, S. (1990) Assisted reproductive technology and superfetation: a case report.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/16/6/1098 (810 words)

	Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology - Variations on maternal-embryonic relationship in two natural and six ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This result showed that the association between superfetation and lecithotrophy were not restricted to P. monacha.
		Poeciliopsis is a viviparous fish that stores sperm from multiple inseminations in the folds lining the ovary and gonoduct and has two or three broods at different stages of development within their ovaries (superfetation) (Turner, 1937; Thibault and Schultz, 1978).
		Viviparity is wide spread in all major groups of fishes and is the dominant mode of reproduction in 50% of chondrichthyan species but is rare among bone fishes (3% of species distributed in 15 families).
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132005000100011&lng=pt (3041 words)

	the normal feline
		During pregnancy, the queen has been reported to mate and ovulations at day 10-14 of pregnancy have been reported to result in a younger, secondary litter.
		This ovulation and secondary pregnancy is referred to as superfetation.
		However, reports on superfetation are mostly nonscientific and anecdotal so the phenomenon may not truly exist.
	www.vetmed.lsu.edu /eiltslotus/Theriogenology-5361/the_normal_feline.htm (1031 words)

	Twinning
		Twins with different fathers are thought to arise by this mechanism [2,3].
		Superfetation is the fertilization of two or more ova (eggs) during DIFFERENT menstrual cycles.
		This process is not thought to occur naturally in humans, but might occur using assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
	www.obfocus.com /high-risk/twins/twin1.htm (1033 words)

	Amazon.com: SUPERFETATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This process, known as superfetation, occurs in both human and...
		have different fathers; and with superfetation, eggs are released at different...
		In the text Superfetation, one of the Hippocratic writers...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=SUPERFETATION&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (1148 words)

	CARS - What's Up Doc?
		Summary:Dizygotic (fraternal) twins can occur by superfecundation, in which two ova are fertilized within the same menstrual cycle, or by superfetation, where by the ova are fertilized during different menstrual cycles.
		Superfetation is extemely rare, but a couple of cases have been reported.
		Heteropaternal superfecundation is also believed to be rare, but perhaps due to the increase in paternity suits, there recently has been an increase of reported cases.
	www.ivf-et.com /tlc/wud970818.html (1464 words)

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