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Topic: Supergiant

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	Supergiant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Supergiants occur in every spectral class from young blue class O supergiants stars to highly evolved red class M supergiants.
		Rigel, the brightest star in the constellation Orion is a typical blue-white supergiant, whereas Betelgeuse and Antares are red supergiants.
		However, the progenitor for Supernova 1987A was a blue supergiant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supergiant (439 words)

	Blue Supergiant Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Blue supergiant stars are typically characterized by an O-Type spectrum, or a B-type spectrum for those classified as blue-white.
		Deneb is a blue-white supergiant star which forms the tail of the swan in the constellation Cygnus, or the top of the cross if the constellation is referred to as the Northern Cross.
		Blue supergiant stars are typically characterized by an O-Type spectrum.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/starlog/blusup.html (106 words)

	Red supergiant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Red supergiants are supergiant stars of spectral type K-M and a luminosity class of I. They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of physical size, although they are not the most massive.
		Most red supergiants have their radii between 200 and 800 times that of the sun which is still enough to reach from the sun to Earth or Mars.
		The most massive of the red supergiants are thought to evolve to Wolf-Rayet stars, while lower mass red supergiants will likely end their lives as supernovae.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_supergiant (325 words)

	supergiant
		Supergiants have luminosities of 10,000 to 100,000 solar luminosities and radii of 20 to several hundred solar radii (about the size of Jupiter's orbit).
		The two commonest types are red supergiants, exemplified by Betelgeuse and Antares, and blue supergiants, exemplified by Rigel.
		Through a vigorous stellar wind, red supergiants steadily lose their extended atmospheres and turn into smaller but much hotter blue supergiants.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/supergiant.html (272 words)

	Imaging the Surfaces of Stars
		Because red giant and supergiant stars present the largest angular diameters in the sky, they are the first stars apart from the Sun to have been imaged, albeit so far with angular resolution just sufficient to resolve their disks.
		These observations confirm that red giant and supergiant stars have highly extended atmospheres, which from millimeter and infrared observations are known to give rise to a massive outflow.
		The situation is less clear for red supergiant stars as dust is not expected to form in a hot chromosphere, but the mechanisms involved presumably also operate in the lower regions of the extended stellar atmosphere.
	www.ras.ucalgary.ca /SKA/science/node14.html (2290 words)

	Supergiant - Memory Alpha
		A supergiant star is one which is nearing the end of it's lifespan.
		Because of their massive sizes and their lowered hydrogen-to-mass ratio, supergiant stars have a shorter lifespan then other, younger stars.
		Supergiant stars are presumed to be a prelude stage to supernovae.
	www.memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Supergiant (257 words)

	Red Supergiant Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It proceeds through the red giant phase, but when it reaches the triple-alpha process of nuclear fusion, it continues to burn for a time and expands to an even larger volume.
		In their final stages, supergiants may explode into supernovae.
		Betelgeuse is a prominent example of a red supergiant star.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/redsup.html (247 words)

	The case of the Supergiant shell in IC2574
		It is therefore an ideal target to study expansion models since despite its size it has not stalled yet (as most of the supergiant shells in the LMC have).
		We speculate that this stellar association is in fact responsible for the formation and expansion of the shell as well as for the heating of the X-ray gas.
		The wealth of observations which is available for this supergiant shell suggests that this central stellar association is the powering source for the formation and expansion of the shell as well as for the heating of the X-ray gas.
	www.atnf.csiro.au /pasa/16_1/walter/paper/node4.html (662 words)

	Integral reveals new class of 'supergiant' X-ray binary stars
		In particular, Integral is showing that such 'supergiant fast X-ray transients', characterised by fast outbursts and supergiant companions, form a wide class that lies hidden throughout the Galaxy.
		In 'supergiant fast X-ray transients', associated with highly luminous supergiant stars, the short duration of the outburst seems to point to a different and peculiar mass exchange mechanism between the two bodies.
		Studying sources such as 'supergiant fast X-ray transients', and understanding the reasons for their behaviour, is very important to increase our knowledge of accretion processes of compact stellar objects.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-11/esa-irn111605.php (896 words)

	Boston.com / News / Nation / Trio of supergiant stars identified
		SAN DIEGO -- A trio of supergiants -- red, cool, bright stars at the end of their lives -- may be the biggest stars ever identified, astronomers reported yesterday.
		The big three dwarf even Betelgeuse, a well-known supergiant and the brightest star in the constellation Orion, the team of scientists said in research presented at the annual gathering of the American Astronomical Society meeting in San Diego.
		The three big supergiant stars are: KW Sagitarii, which is 9,800 light-years from Earth; V354 Cephei, at 9,000 light-years away; and KY Cygni, 5,200 light-years away.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/articles/2005/01/11/trio_of_supergiant_stars_identified?mode=PF (502 words)

	Betelgeuse / Alpha Orionis
		Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star of spectral and luminosity type M1-2 Ib.
		Finally, the large radio photospheres of red giant and supergiant stars give rise to detectable thermal radio emission, so that in radio wavelengths, the star's has been found to extend beyond Saturn's orbit (more discussion).
		Red supergiants pulsate this way because their atmospheres are not quite stable.
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/betelgeuse.htm (1624 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - supergiant
		Supergiant (star), extremely large, luminous star that can be seen from vast distances across space.
		At the upper right of the H-R diagram, above the main sequence, stars are brighter than main-sequence stars of the same color.
		Supergiant (star) : size: comparison with planets of the solar system
	ca.encarta.msn.com /supergiant.html (107 words)

	Astronomers Discover Largest Stars Known - 2005 Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Red supergiants, massive stars nearing the ends of their lifetimes, are extremely cool and luminous — and very large.
		For comparison, the well-known red supergiant star Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion is known from other work to have a radius about 650 times that of the Sun, or about 3 AU.
		The size of KY Cygni, a red supergiant star with one of the largest diameters known, is shown in comparison to Betelgeuse, the brightest star in the constellation of Orion, and one of the largest stars previously known.
	www.lowell.edu /press_room/releases/recent_releases/largest_star_rls.html (900 words)

	07.28.2005 - Hubble pinpoints red supergiant that exploded
		The supernova, dubbed SN 2005cs, belongs to a class of exploding stars called "Type II-plateau." A supernova of this type results from the collapse and subsequent explosion of a massive star whose light remains at a constant brightness (a "plateau") for a period of time.
		This finding is consistent with the idea that the progenitors of supernova explosions are red, supergiant stars with masses eight to 15 times the sun's mass.
		The Space Telescope Science Institute is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under contract with the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2005/07/28_hubble.shtml (839 words)

	Supergiant nebulae (from nebula) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		These supergiant nebulae are more than 10 times as luminous as any in the Galaxy.
		There are other supergiant nebulae outside of the Local Group, some of which radiate 10 times the energy of 30 Doradus.
		The distinctions between giants (see also giant star), supergiants, and other classes are made in practice by examining certain lines in the stars' spectra.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-61228 (1063 words)

	X-ray binaries IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is then when the gravitational attraction of an orbiting compact object in a close orbit can start distorting the shape of the supergiant and the dragging of matter towards the relativistic star begins.
		The supergiant star HD226868 (O9.7Iab), with a mass about thirty times that of the Sun, is being distorted by the presence of a fl hole with a mass around 15 solar masses.
		However, if a neutron star is orbiting a star which has not reached the supergiant phase, it will not be able to steal any material from it and will not become an X-ray source.
	www.astro.soton.ac.uk /~ind/hmxb.html (383 words)

	Cool giant and supergiant stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At radio wavelengths, water maser emission has been detected from many AGB and red supergiant stars, but the highly non-linear maser amplification process makes it very difficult to use them to infer the temperature and density of the molecules, and the strengths of the many non-inverted transitions.
		We suggested that The presence of chromospheres around red supergiants could alter the chemistry by dissociating CO molecules, and allow carbon-rich dust components to form.
		We are currently modelling the envelopes of AGB and supergiant stars, using computer codes to treat the kinematics of the gas and dust, the various heating and cooling mechanisms (grain collisions, molecular absorption/emission, adiabatic cooling etc), and the radiation transport in molecular lines.
	www.star.ucl.ac.uk /~rjs/irhome/agb.html (850 words)

	Movies from numerical simulations of red supergiant (st35gm04n26) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some results of the application to red supergiant stars are presented here.
		The coupled non-linear equations of hydrodynamics and non-local radiative energy transport are solved with CO5BOLD on a fixed cubical grid.
		In the very core of a real supergiant the temperatures would increase to more than 100 Million K -- in a relatively small central region not included in the simulations.
	www.astro.uu.se /~bf/movie/dst35gm04n26/movie.html (723 words)

	supergiant concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		No supergiants are near enough to establish a trigonometric parallax.
		blue supergiant (2 kinds, 25 facts) - A supergiant star with spectral type O or B. All blue supergiants are hot and young.
		red supergiant (2 kinds, 23 facts) - A supergiant with spectral type M. Red supergiants are the largest stars in the universe: if put in place of the Sun, some would touch Saturn.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/supergiant.html (350 words)

	Orrery: Betelgeuse - Supergiant Extraordinaire
		Supergiant stars live life in the fast lane - they exist for a very short period of time (maximum 100 million years), compared to ordinary stars, like our Sun, of 10 billion years.
		Supergiants are 10 - 500 times the mass of the Sun, and are many thousands of times more luminous (brighter) due to the faster rate at which they consume their nuclear fuel.
		Most supergiants end their lives catastrophically as a supernova.
	www.harmsy.freeuk.com /betelgeuse.html (286 words)

	Caribbean Anole Database - Crown Supergiant Ecomorph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gray areas correspond to regions where the crown supergiant ecomorph can be found.
		Crown supergiants have become omniverouse because of the fact that they find it hard to find enough insects to fill their diet.
		They are found on all the Greater Caribbean islands and in many cases on the smaller offshore islands.
	www.homestead.com /Anolis/crowngiant.html (157 words)

	APOD: 2000 December 22 - Simulated Supergiant Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
		The single frame shows large convection cells and bright spots mottling the virtual supergiant's surface.
		The real supergiant Betelgeuse is some 2,500 degrees cooler than, and 620 times the size of the Sun.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap001222.html (206 words)

	SN1987A
		The outer rings may be 'swept-up' parts of a shock region in the shape of a double cone, produced by the interaction of stellar winds from each of the two stars before they merged.
		Material that flowed out during the red supergiant phase was subsequently compressed by the blue supergiant wind to form the ring.
		This, together with the fainter outer loops, was then "lit-up" (ionized) by the ultraviolet flash as the shock of the explosion reached the surface of the star.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/blast.html (2321 words)

	what is supergiant star? - Q&A
		A supergiant star is a huge star that is either red or blue.
		At the end of their lives they explode in a class II supernova leaving a super-compact core that either collapses into a fl hole, or remains as a fast-spinning neutron star.
		Supergiant star is a star that is bigger than the Sun.
	www.faqs.org /qa/qa-10705.html (427 words)

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