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Topic: Superior oblique muscle

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	External Features and Muscle System
		In the head region, hypobranchial muscles are formed from somites behind the gills that move (as embryonic mesenchyme) forward to the ventral region of the pharynx (between the gills).
		These muscles can be divided into two groups: the two oblique muscles which have their origins very close together in the anterior medial corner of the orbit and the four rectus muscles which have their origins in the posterior medial corner of the orbit.
		Be careful not to confuse the inferior oblique muscle, which runs from the eyeball to the medial wall of the orbit, with the optic nerve.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /courses/bio204/eye.htm (3663 words)

	Superior oblique muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle in the upper, medial side of the orbit whose primary action is intorsion and whose secondary actions are to abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball (i.e.
		The primary action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion; the secondary action is depression (primarily in the adducted position); the tertiary action is abduction.
		The tendon is reflected backward, lateralward, and downward beneath the superior rectus to the lateral part of the bulb of the eye, and is inserted onto the scleral surface, behind the equator of the eyeball, the insertion of the muscle lying between the superior rectus and Rectus lateralis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle (766 words)

	Extraocular muscles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control the movements of the eye.
		The superior oblique muscle originates at the back of the orbit and courses forward to a rigid pulley, called the trochlea, on the upper, nasal wall of the orbit.
		The last muscle is the inferior oblique, which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, and passes under the LR to insert on the lateral, posterior part of the globe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Extraocular_muscles (751 words)

	CHAPTER 45: THE ORBIT
		The superior oblique muscle arises from the sphenoid bone superomedial to the optic canal.
		The trochlea of the superior oblique muscle serves as its functional origin, and hence the two oblique muscles may be said to extend from the anteromedial orbit to the posterior sclera.
		Paralysis of an extrinsic eye muscle is noted by (1) limitation of movement in the field of action of the paralyzed muscle and (2) the presence of two images (diplopia) that are separated maximally when an attempt is made to move the eye in the direction of primary action of the paralyzed muscle.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_45.html (4888 words)

	Extraocular Muscles
		The superior oblique muscle, although part of the cone-shaped annulus of Zinn, differs from the recti muscles in that before it attaches to the eye it passes through a ring-like tendon, the “trochlea” (which acts as a pulley), in the nasal portion of the orbit.
		The inferior oblique, which is not a member of the annulus of Zinn, arises from the lacrimal fossa in the nasal portion of the bony orbit and attaches to the inferior portion of the eye.
		Conversely, “adduction” is a horizontal movement toward the nose caused by a contraction of the MR muscle with an equal relaxation of the LR muscle.
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/eom.html (2013 words)

	Physiology of adult Homo sapiens - Musculoskeletal apparatus and movements
		The superior boundary of the pelvic cavity is the inlet (apertura pelvis superior), and the inferior boundary of the pelvis minor is the outlet (apertura pelvis inferior), which is bounded by the coccyx, the symphysis pubis, and the ischium of either side.
		hypomeric muscle : a muscle derived from a hypomere and innervated by an anterior ramus of a spinal nerve.
		The inner foveola is reenforced by the conjoined tendon of transverse and internal oblique muscle and the rectus muscle; that explains the relative rarity of the internal oblique inguinal hernia
	focosi.immunesig.org /muscles.html (15885 words)

	Chapter 4: Eye movements
		The extraocular muscles include: the medial, inferior, and superior recti, the inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae muscles, all innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III); the superior oblique muscle, innervated by the trochlear nerve (IV); and the lateral rectus muscle, innervated by the abducens nerve (VI).
		When the eye is directed nasally (medially), the oblique muscles align with the axis of the globe and are, therefore, the prime muscles for vertical gaze when the eye is adducted.
		4-1) is accomplished by simultaneous activation of the superior rectus and inferior oblique (for upgaze) and of the inferior rectus and superior oblique (for downgaze).
	www.dartmouth.edu /~dons/part_1/chapter_4.html (3812 words)

	Imagination Blindness - Perfect Sight Without Glasses - Chapter 4
		In some cases one of the obliques is absent or rudimentary, but when two of these muscles were present and active, accommodation, as measured by the objective test of retinoscopy, was always produced by electrical stimulation either of the eyeball, or of the nerves of accommodation near their origin in the brain.
		When the superior oblique is divided the myopic part of the astigmatism disappears, and when the inferior rectus is cut the hypermetropic part disappears, and the eye becomes normal - adjusted for distant vision - although the same amount of traction is maintained.
		Again when one oblique muscle was absent, as was found to be the case in a dogfish, a shark and a few perch, or rudimentary, as in all cats observed, a few fish and an occasional rabbit, accommodation could not be produced by electrical stimulation.
	www.iblindness.org /books/bates/ch4.html (2006 words)

	312-318 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The purpose of this study was to deterline anatomic landmarks to predict the location of the trochlea to avoid injuring the trochlea and superior oblique muscle tendon with orbital fat resection during upper blepharoplasty.
		The oblique course of the superior oblique muscle tendon was measured from its medial location in the lateral direction in millimeters from the frontozygomatic suture.
		The superior oblique muscle tendon coursed laterally along an oblique vector to the frontozygomatic suture within 1mm for all fourteen dissections.
	www.plasticsurgery.org /PSF/PSFHOME/educate/abstracts/Tuesday/A/312-318.htm (277 words)

	Orbit
		Superior ophthalmic veins (912/N81) in the fat lateral to the superior rectus may now be evident.
		To follow the abducens nerve (N82) from the cavernous sinus through the superior orbital fissure to the lateral rectus muscle (N82) it is advisable to chisel away as much of the lesser wing of the sphenoid as possible lateral to the optic foramen.
		Carefully sever the superior attachment of the lateral rectus so the abducens and oculomotor nerve (N82) can be followed all the way from the cavernous sinus to their terminations.
	app1.unmc.edu /dissection/idg10orbit.cfm (1319 words)

	eMedicine - Extraocular Muscles, Anatomy : Article by Robert H Graham, MD
		The upper division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) innervates the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris muscles.
		The nerve to the inferior oblique muscle enters the muscle laterally at the junction of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles.
		The tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes through the trochlea (which is located nasally at the superior orbital rim) and is reflected inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally at an angle of 51° to the visual axis with the eye in primary position.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic15.htm (1515 words)

	oblique - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Oblique projection is a simple type of graphical projection used for producing pictorial, two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects.
		The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle in the upper, medial side of the orbit whose primary action is...
		Oblique Filing Systems Creating solutions for today s filing needs.
	encarta.msn.com /oblique.html (238 words)

	[No title]
		The superior oblique, located on the top of the eye but slanting back at an angle, primarily rotates the eye in its socket, but also controls movement of the eye down and outward from midline.
		Muscles of the Eye The left eye, which is facing you, is represented by concentric circles in the center of the page.
		The fourth cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
	www.hadley-school.org /Shared/sample_lessons/DOC/ERH071.doc (3717 words)

	Natural Vision Improvement: An Alternative to Lasik Surgery \| acupuncturetoday.com
		The superior oblique muscle is one of the first muscles that applies pressure to the eye and causes its shape to change.
		When the muscle is too tight, it presses on the eye, which makes the eye too long; thus, it becomes nearsighted or myopic.
		Finally, one more muscle that may contribute to a visual problem is the ciliary muscle, the circular muscle inside the eye.
	www.acupuncturetoday.com /archives2001/dec/12banker.html (801 words)

	Inferior oblique muscle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This oblique situation is the oblique obtuse the cos c, so that oblique ab oblique and pq dont intersect.
		Inferior oblique muscle in this case the second one is signed printed january in inferior oblique muscle the deck is inferior oblique muscle by clicking here.
		The oblique oblique strategies was, initially, to serve as a line ab and pq dont intersect.
	oblique.evalforyou.net /inferior-oblique-muscle.html (1169 words)

	APStracts 2:0210N, 1995. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Whole muscle twitch forces were generally within the normal range by about 4 months post-operative, indicating that reinnervation is complete at this time.
		Muscle fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) were measured in reinnervated superior oblique muscles and compared with CSAs from contralateral, control muscles.
		We conclude that the increases of average motor unit force in short term reinnervated superior oblique muscles are most likely related to polyneuronal innervation of muscle fibers and that the return of these forces to normal levels in long term muscles is related to synapse elimination.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/jn/July/210n.html (395 words)

	"A" pattern exotropia
		Interestingly, there appears to be only minimal inferior oblique muscle underaction, which is a bit unusual and may predispose to surgical overcorrection.
		While there may be fewer cases of postoperative superior oblique muscle palsy, other complications such as down gaze limitation due to adherence of the silicone implant to the sclera have been reported.
		Weakening of the superior oblique is the most likely procedure, with the caveat of knowing "beware of superior oblique procedures in the fusing patient".
	telemedicine.orbis.org /bins/volume_page.asp?cid=2-64-93-285 (1052 words)

	..:: Primary Superior Oblique Overaction - General Information ::..
		Primary oblique muscle overaction is a common ocular motility disorder characterized by vertical incomitance of the eyes in lateral gaze
		In primary superior oblique muscle overaction, a downshoot of the adducting eye occurs when gaze is directed into the field of action of the superior oblique muscle.
		Superior oblique muscle overaction is often accompanied by other neurologic diseases, whereas inferior oblique muscle overaction generally occurs in children with congenital esotropia but no other overt neurologic abnormalities.
	www.alltechcs.com /oaso/about.html (156 words)

	Spokane Eye Clinic
		In order to determine whether an eye muscle weakness is indeed the cause of the torticollis the doctor will perform a series of tests that isolate the effect of each of the vertical muscles by measuring the amount of misalignment in certain, specific head and gaze positions.
		Once the muscle imbalance is diagnosed, it is possible to for the doctor to move the attachments of muscles on the eye in surgery to improve or reestablish the balance of the muscles and allow the eyes to align and work together more normally.
		When one of the muscles in a pair is weak and cannot contract as well or as strongly as its partner, the brain sends a stronger signal to both, trying to make the weak muscle work as well as the normal.
	www.spokaneeye.com /OCULARTORTICOLLIS.asp (1039 words)

	Special Techniques
		The most posterior point at which the maximized bone spike (muscle sheath surface spike next to bone) is still maximally high, is the measuring point # 3, Any further angling of the beam in a posterior direction will result in a drop of this (bone) surface spike from its 100% high maximum.
		a) the superior orbital rim prevents the probe to be pushed posteriorly enough for the beam to reach the inserting tendon at a favorable angle.
		The maximum thicknesses of all extraocular muscles together with the thicknesses of the optic nerve sheaths, the periorbi-tae, and the lacrimal glands are documented by mounting the echogra-phic pictures of these structures of both orbits of a patient.
	www.echography.com /techniques2.htm (1234 words)

	Superior oblique muscle
		Oblique first, if you know all three sides of the law of a calculator.
		Joyce oblique department of the oblique strategies on triangle abp, and you.
		It is the radius of the drexel school of oblique triangles.
	oblique.evalforyou.net /superior-oblique-muscle.html (1229 words)

	Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory Nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The superior division ascends lateral to the optic nerve to innervate the superior rectus and and levator palpebrae superioris muscles on their deep surfaces.
		The superior oblique muscle is one of the six extraocular muscles responsible for the precise movement of the eye for visual tracking or fixation on an object.
		The lateral rectus muscle is one of the six extraocular muscles responsible for the precise movement of the eye for visual tracking or fixation on an object.
	www.angelfire.com /me4/bashar/Docs/CranialNerves.html (2418 words)

	American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus: Superior Oblique Palsy
		A superior oblique palsy is a weakness of the superior oblique muscle, one of the extra ocular muscles of the eye.
		The superior oblique is one of the four vertical acting muscles of the eye.
		If the superior oblique palsy is acquired and the cause has been treated, it is usual to wait 6 months for the palsy to resolve by itself before surgery is considered.
	www.aapos.org /displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=226 (810 words)

	Strabismus Online Information Resource
		Outcome of surgery for superior oblique palsy with contracture of ipsilateral superior rectus treated by superior rectus recession.
		Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique in the treatment of unilateral superior oblique palsy.
		A new classification of superior oblique palsy based on congenital variations in the tendon.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /ophthalmology/notes/sop1.htm (488 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Surgical exploration revealed adhesions that prevented the normal sliding of the superior oblique tendon beneath the superior rectus muscle.
		Secondary superior oblique muscle paresis was also evident at the time of reoperation, requiring recession of the contralateral inferior rectus muscle (cases 1 and 2) and recession of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle (case 1).
		A restrictive downgaze deficit and a paretic overcorrection must be recognized as possible complications of the superior oblique tendon silicone _expander_ operation.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00303720/articles/48/4/003037209688000.abstract.en (137 words)

	Richmond Eye Associates, Ophthalmic Cases, Case #2
		Optic neuropathy is a relatively rare complication, and is due to constriction of the optic nerve in the posterior orbit (orbital apex) by enlarged extraocular muscles.
		The Superior Oblique muscle is one of six extra-ocular muscles, and is exclusively innervated by the Fourth Cranial Nerve.
		Brown's Syndrome is usually a congenital condition where the superior oblique tendon is short and tethered, and movements of the tendon through the trochlea are restricted.
	www.richmondeye.com /case2.asp (1944 words)

	UpToDate Fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve) palsy in children
		It travels within the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure to innervate the superior oblique muscle [1-10].
		The primary action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion of the eye, but it has additional eye movements of abduction and depression (show table 1).
		The affected eye usually is extorted because the superior oblique muscle is an intorter of the eye.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=ped_opth/7167 (576 words)

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