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	Encyclopedia: Prison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Prisons are conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is the penalty imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.
		Prisons may also be used as a tool of political repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience and "enemies of the state", particularly by authoritarian regimes.
		Prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/prison (3369 words)

	ADX Florence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) in Florence, also known unofficially as ADX Florence, Florence ADMAX, Supermax, or the Alcatraz of the Rockies, is a supermax prison operated by the federal government.
		Opened in November of 1994, ADX Florence was constructed as a response to the October 22, 1983, prison guard killings in Marion, Illinois.
		Prisoners serving shorter sentences in ADX Florence may depart the facility more dangerous to the public than they were at the beginning of their stay.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ADX_Florence (1214 words)

	Return of the Madhouse Supermax prisons are becoming the high-tech equivalent of the nineteenth-century snake pit.
		Some prisoners are kept in isolation even for the one hour per day that they're allowed out to exercise; all are shackled whenever they are taken out of their cells.
		The supermax models emerged out of the prison violence of the 1970s and the early 1980s, when dozens of guards around the country, including two at the maximum-security federal prison at Marion, Illinois, were murdered by prisoners.
		Among Ohio's total prison population, for example, there were more inmate-on-inmate assaults serious enough to be written up by officials in 2000 than there were in 1997, the year before the OSP supermax opened for business (8 assaults for every 1,000 prisoners in 1997 compared with 10 for every 1,000 in 2000).
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Prison_System/Return_Madhouse.html (2710 words)

	Federal Probation : December 2004 Newsletter : REVIEWS OF PROFESSIONAL PERIODICALS
		The authors indicate that while the empirical research on supermax prisons is somewhat limited, what little has been done on the topic seems to suggest that this form of incarceration has the potential to damage the mental health of inmates while failing to meet the purported goals of deterring inmates from violent and disruptive behavior.
		Supermax confinement is generally reserved for those inmates that are deemed to threaten the safety, security, or orderly operation of the facility where they have been serving their sentence.
		Opponents of supermax prisons argue that a major concern is the potential effect on inmates' mental health because of the total isolation and lack of activity.
	www.uscourts.gov /fedprob/December_2004/reviews.html (2233 words)

	Supermax -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Supermax is the name used to describe the most secure (A correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment) prisons in the US prison system.
		In Supermax prisons, inmates are kept in their cells for 23 hours a day and for the one extra hour, they are allowed to be closely escorted to an entertainment area to be able to exercise.
		In fact, security at Supermax is so tight that often times the number of guards at these prisons actually exceeds the number of inmates.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/su/supermax.htm (211 words)

	AlterNet: Iraq 'Supermax' Prison Won't Wipe Away Abu Ghraib Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Supermaxes have been called by the prisoners, "torture chambers," where they are subjected to flagrant human rights and civil liberties violations, and appalling psychological and physical abuses.
		Supermax prisons were built during the 1980s and early 1990s when states were flush with cash, and lawmakers and much of the public were in a lock em' up and throw away the key mood with criminals.
		The mounting evidence that supermax prisons were not being used solely to confine dangerous and violent prisoners, and that the prisoners in these jails were being abused and their rights violated, stirred no outcry from politicians or the public.
	www.alternet.org /story.html?StoryID=18819 (906 words)

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		Prisoners at Levels I and II must wear handcuffs, belly chains and leg shackles, and must be escorted by two guards whenever they leave their cells.
		Supermax prisons are justified by prison officials as necessary to control violent prisoners and other troublemakers.
		According to a survey of prisoners, prison guards and prisoners' visitors and families in 41 states, the leading behaviors which resulted in severe disciplinary actions were prisoners being verbally hostile to guards and prisoners refusing to follow orders.
	www.spunk.org /texts/prison/sp001611.txt (3980 words)

	Rudolph faces hours of isolation at 'Alcatraz of the Rockies' \| ajc.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Supermax prison in Florence, Colo. — officially called the Administrative Maximum United States Penitentiary — opened in 1994 to replace the nation's top-security federal penitentiary at Marion, Ill., which in its turn had replaced Alcatraz.
		Supermax once held Timothy McVeigh, before he was executed for setting off a bomb at the federal courthouse in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people.
		One reason high-security prisons are popular, according to a 2004 study by the Justice Policy Center, is that they isolate the most disruptive and violent inmates, which prevents them from encouraging or causing others to violate rules and gives prison staff more time to focus on other inmates.
	www.ajc.com /news/content/news/stories/0405/13supermax.html (1111 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union :Federal Judge Says Ohio "Supermax" Prison Violates Constitutional Rights
		Supermax prisoners are kept in solitary confinement 23 hours a day and are shackled at all times when they are outside their cells.
		The ACLU and CCR charged in their lawsuit that incarceration at the Supermax constitutes an unwarranted increase in the level of punishment and that the rules for transferring prisoners into and out of the facility are essentially arbitrary, allowing for frequent and widespread abuse by prison officials.
		Under Ohio law, prisoners cannot be considered for parole while they are classified as "high-maximum security." As a result, they can remain incarcerated for up to eight years beyond a parole board's original recommendation.
	www.aclu.org /Prisons/Prisons.cfm?ID=9673&c=121 (677 words)

	SUPERMAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONS, SENSORY DEPRIVATION AND EFFECTS of SOLITARY CONFINEMENT
		However, even our state legislators have had their share of troubles getting access to some of the prisoners in the supermax, tours and copies of records which are available under the Freedom of Information Act.
		The reason I state this is important to note is because in Wisconsin's supermax prison, there is a low wattage light which remains on in all the cells; 24 hours a day.
		Prisoners could be held in solitary confinement or small group isolation.
	danenet.danenet.org /amnesty/supermax.html (3204 words)

	SUPERMAX PRISON IS TORTURE AND DEATH
		On January 21, 1982 i was viciously assaulted along with other prisoners in Section 3-F at the lake County Jail.
		Yet, in spite of his breaking the strict state laws against carrying weapons into the prison, he was allowed to continue working until the second incident.
		The counselor Charles Wood, and other prison guards who regularly work on the unit saw how i was held against the wall.
	home4.inet.tele.dk /lepan/lene/supermax.htm (807 words)

	2002 Supermax Prison Case Goes to Trial January 7, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		“This prison was supposed to house the worst and most violent inmates in the state,” said ACLU of Ohio Legal Director Raymond Vasvari, “but that seems never to have been the case.
		Among the issues to be addressed at the trial are whether conditions at the prison are so different from other state prisons as to give prisoners the legal right to protest their transfer there.
		Attorneys for the inmates said that the process is an inconsistent maze of complex regulations, that produces arbitrary results, keeping some inmates in the Supermax despite strong evidence that they have reformed their conduct.
	www.acluohio.org /press_releases/2002_press_releases/2002.01.04.htm (454 words)

	village voice > news > The Supermax Solution by Jennifer Gonnerman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pelican Bay State Prison in California is in the midst of eliminating this practice because 10 prisoners have killed their cell mates in the last few years.
		Prisons seep into a town's psyche in ways that are nearly impossible to measure— shrinking civic pride, straining guards' marriages, feeding anxieties about race and crime.
		The new supermax is so close to Bare Hill Correctional Facility that an Upstate inmate staring out the back of his cell will have a tough time figuring out where his prison ends and the next one begins.
	www.villagevoice.com /issues/9920/gonnerman.php (4748 words)

	A VISIT TO THE NSW HRMU, SUPERMAX PRISON : Melbourne Indymedia
		This is totally false, we are not being housed as normal discipline prisoners, but we are being housed as segregation prisoners and in some cases prisoners are being housed in 7 unit which is officially called and used as a segregation and those prisoners are being told that they are not in segregation.
		Prison Action and Reform is dedicated to progressive reforms in criminal justice and to the humane treatment of inmates in our prison system.
		WA: The Prison Reform Group of WA is calling for a complete overhaul of the Department of Justice following recent events which have compromised its integrity, placing prison staff, prisoners, their families and the community, at risk.
	www.melbourne.indymedia.org /news/2005/05/91833.php (2375 words)

	SuperMax Prison Information
		This is a day when Supermax, and the specter it represents, looms large in my mind, heart and soul.
		Supermax cannot be explained away with insipid platitudes.
		I am here today because I am terrified by Supermax and what it represents more than I fear the people inside – and I do not presume that there are not, at least, a few very scary people in there.
	www.madpoetry.org /kenspch.html (670 words)

	Control Unit Prisons
		Prisoners in the program were put in solitary confinement and otherwise coerced into participating in group ``therapy,'' which consisted of intense psychological ``attack sessions.'' The purpose was to bring prisoners under the staff's control as totally as possible and turn them against other prisoners (Mitford, 1973: 134-5).
		Prisoners spend only one hour a day out of their cells, are strip-searched before and after exercise periods, are allowed only one phone call per month and three showers per week, and are put in both handcuffs and leg-irons and escorted by three guards, one holding their handcuffs, when they are out of their cells.
		Prison officials responded by having guards brutally beat prisoners, sometimes while they were in shackles, assigning some of the prisoners to isolation where they are clothed only in their underwear and socks, and obstructing attempts by lawyers to gain entry (Carmody, 1992).
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~kastor/ceml_articles/cu_in_us.html (10074 words)

	[PRISONACT] Boscobel Supermax Prison: Kids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I know that he committed crimes that ended him up in prison, but he dose not need to be in a supermax.
		I guess that the prison system thinks that us inmates are lab rats and they can do whatever they please.
		He got put in the supermax off of allegations of biting a guard.
	www.prisonactivist.org /pipermail/prisonact-list/2001-July/003950.html (531 words)

	TalkLeft: Eric Rudolph Sent to Colorado's Supermax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He's going to a SUPERMAX, dumbass - I suppose primarily because he's assumed to be an escape risk, and secondarily to minimize his ability to communicate with others, given that his crimes are those of the "organized" variety.
		Malvo is Life in Prison, thanks to the Supremes- he was 17 at the time.
		Prison for life is an UGLY concept - and my first reaction to all this is that I would choose execution - but human's have a drive for life.
	talkleft.com /new_archives/010355.html (3284 words)

	Ramzi Yousef
		He was sent to a prison in New York, New York, United States.
		On November 12, 1997 Yousef was found guilty of masterminding the 1993 bombing and in 1998 he was convicted of "seditious conspiracy" to bomb the towers.
		He is currently held in the Supermax Prison in Florence, Colorado.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/ra/ramzi_yousef.html (1095 words)

	Life in Tamms Supermax Prison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tamms is the only Supermax prison in Illinois and it houses around 260 prisoners who have been labeled the worst in the state.
		Most prisoners were transferred to Tamms based on commission of disciplinary offences that they were previously disciplined for between the years 1970 thru 1997.
		I have witnessed prisoners who formerly acted social turn into lunatics, hanging, cutting on themselves, beating their heads on the wall and act anti social toward both officers and prisoners after years of imprisonment at Tamms.
	castleofhopeforlostsouls.org /theinjusticesystem/eugenehorton.html (872 words)

	Supermax Homepage
		Forum for Understanding Prisons (FFUP): This is a relatively new group that is doing great work with and on behalf of inmates at the Wisconsin Supermax facility.
		Memorandum in support of motion to remove prisoners with mental illness (.pdf)
		"Supermax Restrictions to Be Eased", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 16, 2001
	www.prisoncentral.org /Prisoncentral/Supermax.htm (1625 words)

	Supermaxed - about supermax prisons in the USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The jury decision was overturned on legal grounds after Defendants' post-trial motion for judgment was granted by the Wisconsin federal district court judge who presided over the trial.
		The State of Ohio appealed a ruling by the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals that prisoners are entitled to hearings before being assigned to the Supermax prison.
		A Complaint was filed on February 3, 2005, by the ACLU’s National Prison Project and Indiana Civil Liberties Union, about brutal conditions faced by mentally ill prisoners confined in the Secured Housing Unit (SHU) at the Wabash Valley Correctional Facility in Carlisle, Indiana,
	www.supermaxed.com (642 words)

	Supermax Prisons - Prison Talk Online
		No matter the different elements of the debate for and against supermax prisons, these facilities are becoming more of a reality across the nation.
		With agencies either dedicating entire, freestanding facilities or separate, isolated units of existing institutions as places for hard-to-manage inmates, there is definitely a move in the field of corrections to separate these individuals from general population.
		Behavior usually lands an inmate in a super maximum or intensive management units, but the nagging question is whether mental health issues are behind this behavior.
	www.prisontalk.com /forums/showthread.php?t=7746 (410 words)

	MACC -- SuperMax Prison Torture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Females are raped by guards (or male inmates brought in by guards) and if they file a complaint or write letters to that effect, are put in solitary confinement, many times strapped nude to a cot.
		In view of your own much publicized experiences as a POW in the `Hanoi Hilton` and having endured 5 1/2 years of sensory deprivation torture yourself, we implore you to speak out on behalf of all U.S. prisoners enduring the same torture in Supermax and other prisons with Solitary Confinement in their `control units`.
		More and more states are building Supermax (prison within a prison) prisons and converting existing prisons into Supermax facilities, abandoning all attempts at rehabilitation.
	arbyo.com /macc/supermax.html (687 words)

	CBS News \| Unabomber Enters Supermax Prison \| December 13, 1999 05:18:37
		Kaczynski, like all newcomers and prisoners deemed dangerous, was placed in solitary confinement.
		The cell he will live in is made of poured concrete and steel; there are no knobs or buttons on the shower or toilet that he could possibly take apart and use as a weapon.
		A courtroom inside the prison ensures inmates never have to leave the grounds.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/1998/05/06/national/main8839.shtml (284 words)

	Back to Level 2 in Supermax - Prison Talk Online
		Husbands and Boyfriends in Prison For everyone who has a husband, boyfriend or male partner incarcerated.
		He was moved to the supermax 21 days ago.
		he has a lawyer and i found the lawyer who filed (and won) against the prison he is in now.
	www.prisontalk.com /forums/showthread.php?t=58277 (587 words)

	NPR : Supreme Court Upholds Supermax Prison Review
		All Things Considered, June 13, 2005 · The Supreme Court rules that prison inmates have a constitutional right to not be put in Supermax prisons if it's not necessary.
		Supermax is an extremely restricted environment, with virtually no human contact.
		The High Court has approved Ohio's program of reviews for deciding whether a given inmate's crime is serious enough to merit such restrictive confinement.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4701579&sourceCode=RSS (184 words)

	JS Online: Human rights group scrutinizes Supermax prison
		The delegation has not been granted permission to speak with inmates or tour the ultra-maximum security prison.
		Amnesty International said it is coming to Boscobel because of reports about prison conditions.
		Supermax inmates are held in windowless rooms and are allowed one hour of supervised recreation a week.
	www.jsonline.com /news/state/may01/max27052601a.asp (210 words)

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