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Topic: Superphosphate

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	'MANURES AND MANURING - LoveToKnow Article on 'MANURES AND MANURING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Superphosphate is made by dissolving raw phosphatic minerals in sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), the tribasic phosphate of lime which these contain being converted into the so-called " soluble phosphate," sulphate of lime being formed at the same time.
		Superphosphate is made by finely grinding the raw phosphate and mixing it with oil of vitriol (chamber acid); what actual product is formed is a matter of some uncertainty, but it is a phosphate soluble in water, and believed to be mono-calcic phosphate.
		On land poor in lime superphosphate must be used with caution owing to its acid nature, and in such cases an undissolved phosphate is preferable.
	27.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/_MANURES_AND_MANURING.htm (10505 words)

	CHAPTER XVI
		Later the failure of superphosphate to produce, on some land, its early success stories was found to be due to another factor which, when provided for, extended again the use of superphosphates on the pasture lands.
		The evidence suggests that the effect of superphosphate is governed solely by the condition of the natural phosphate in the soil.
		Superphosphate was in many cases the factor that first permitted profitable cropping, and while the soil remains as it was or continues to deteriorate and erode, superphosphate must be needed.
	www.soilandhealth.org /01aglibrary/010126yeomansII/010126ch16.html (8726 words)

	Teagasc - Project Report - 4510 - The Evaluation of Phosphorus Sources for Nutrient Budgeting On Organic Farms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1994 and 1995 the effect of application of basic slag and superphosphate on the P concentrations in four soil types was evaluated in pots in the glasshouse.
		The superphosphate granules were ground to a fine powder using a mortar and pestle for uniform dispersal with the sand.
		Superphosphate at 7.0 kg of elemental P and rock phosphate at 28.0 kg of elemental P gave the largest dry matter yield.
	www.teagasc.ie /research/reports/environment/4510/eopr-4510.htm (4870 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 97 - 27 June, 1945 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Value of Superphosphate.
		Particularly, for example, where superphosphate is applied in the form of a compound, correspondingly better results are usually obtained, and what is perhaps most important of all is that on very poor land and in the absence of sufficient farmyard manure, a dressing of 4 or 5 cwt.
		of superphosphate, or of a compound containing superphosphate as its main ingredient, might mean the difference between a reasonably good crop and perhaps little or no crop.
		Judging from the demand for superphosphate which, indeed, greatly exceeds the supply, it appears that notwithstanding the price of superphosphate, experienced farmers believe its use to be economic in present circumstances.
	historical-debates.oireachtas.ie /D/0097/D.0097.194506270005.html (415 words)

	IFA: International Fertilizer Industry Association
		Contribution to the Research of the Optimum Acidulation in the Manufacture of Superphosphate.
		Contribution to the Improvement of Superphosphate Manufacturing Conditions by Means of the Use of Cationic Surfactants.
		The Evolution of Fluorine during the Manufacture of Superphosphate.
	www.fertilizer.org /ifa/publicat/techpprs/techdx4.asp (372 words)

	OHL - Fine Particle Systems, RPR an alternative to superphosphate
		A major advantage of using RPR over Superphosphate is that there is significantly less leaching of P, which means that more of the P released into the soil is available to plants throughout the growing season.
		Whereas ‘hard’ or ‘unreactive’ rock is used in the manufacture of Superphosphates, “deposits in which a proportion of the phosphate in the apatite structure is replaced by carbonate or hydroxyl ions are termed ‘soft’ or ‘reactive’ rock, and these are ground and applied directly to soils for phosphate amendment.
		The sulphur in superphosphate is in its plant available sulphate form, which although may provide a good initial boost to plant growth, is more quickly and easily leached from the soil.
	www.ohl.co.nz /rural_lime4.html (388 words)

	Thumbs Up Book Review: Cancer Cause and Cure--A 20th Century Perspective
		Superphosphate is a chemical fertilizer produced by the action of sulphuric acid on phosphate rock, making the phosphorous more soluble for faster release.
		Other adverse effects of the heavy application of superphosphate was a marked increase in insect activity; tobacco became stunted and suffered from mosaic virus and bunchy top, two diseases where the cell multiplication of the plant goes haywire (as in cancer); and gorgon-headed tomatoes and potatoes also began appearing.
		Weston was able to heal his own cancer on two occasions by avoiding foods that had superphosphate and organophosphate pesticides in the food chain, and by supplementing with a formula of mineral salts that included sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulphate, potassium sulphate, iron sulphate and potassium iodide.
	www.westonaprice.org /bookreviews/cancer-causecure.html (1058 words)

	WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A suitable application of single superphosphate is essential at establishment and once a year thereafter to maintain the balance and vigour of legume-grass pastures on poor acid soils.
		Native speargrass pasture fertilized with 125 kg/ha/year molybdenized superphosphate and grazed at 0.27 steers/ ha/year gave a mean liveweight gain of 34 kg/ha/year, whereas similarly fertilized siratro-Biloela buffel grass pasture grazed at 1.09 steers/ha/year gave a mean liveweight gain of 147 kg/ha/year ('tMannetje, 1973).
		The superphosphate increased liveweight of cows, weight and percentage of weaned calves (Edye et al., 1972) and the pasture levels of P and S. The P content of the pasture components and the S content of Townsville stylo were significantly correlated with cow conception rates (Ritson et al.,1971).
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/X6512E/X6512E02.htm (3072 words)

	Rock Phospate vs. Superphosphate - Organic Rose Growing Forum - GardenWeb
		Superphosphate, simply, is rock phosphate that has been washed in an acid bath to make the phosphorus more readily available.
		Superphosphate can easily burn the roots of plants and is not recomended to day for use in established gardens, by knowledgeable people.
		Superphosphate is apatite that has been reacted with an acid, thereby changing the chemistry and concentrating the phosphorous.
	forums.gardenweb.com /forums/load/rosesorg/msg0121111820007.html (485 words)

	The effects of the various operations in the manufacture of superphosphate on the sex organs of female workers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The effects of the various operations in the manufacture of superphosphate on the sex organs of female workers.
		The exposed group 302 women mostly 20-40 years old and the control group 309 office employees and housewives not exposed to F. Dust concentrations in the superphosphate plant ranged from 5 to 57 mg/m3; F concentrations ranged from about 0.3 to 2.6 mg/m3.
		Irregularities of menstruation were considerable more frequent (five or six times) in the workers; the frequency increased with dustiness, not with age, but markedly (two times) with employment over six years.
	www.slweb.org /kuznetsova-1969.html (225 words)

	Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In light-textured soils and in exposed situations the young Subterranean clover plants call get the protection which is so necessary, to their well-being if the mixture of seed and fertiliser is drilled into a cereal stubble through a disc drill.
		Superphosphate (45 per cent.) should be applied per acre per year, and in all places where the soils are fertile, and the rainfall exceeds 25in.
		It is almost impossible to grow Subterranean clover well in the soils of districts with temperate climate unless plenty of phosphatic fertiliser is used, and for high returns the equivalent of from 1 bag to 2cwts.
	www.sardi.sa.gov.au /pages/key_links/subclover.htm:sectID=57&tempID=21 (5262 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		The effects of two phosphorus (P) sources (triple superphosphate and Ghafsa phosphate rock), applied at rates equivalent to 44 kg ha(-1) and 22 kg ha(-1), on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal infection in roots, dry matter yield and nutrient content of maize grown in an oxisol and an alfisol, were investigated in a growth cabinet.
		Root infection was significantly greater when P was applied as triple superphosphate at the rate of 22 kg ha(-1) the higher rate.
		Higher Mn was also found in plants with the higher rate of superphosphate treatment than with the phosphate rock treatments in the haplustox, although infection rates in plants with the latter treatments were higher.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1995/95_asmah1.htm (291 words)

	Cancer Cause and Cure: A 20th Century Perspective by Percy Weston. Australia
		Superphosphate is a chemical fertilizer which is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on phosphate rock, making the phosphorous more soluble for faster release.
		Other adverse effects of the heavy application of superphosphate was a marked increase in insect activity; tobacco became stunted and suffered from mosaic virus and bunchy top -- two diseases where the cell multiplication of the plant goes haywire (as in cancer); and gorgon headed tomatoes and potatoes also began appearing.
		New rains, on soils recently fertilised with superphosphate, cause a flood of phosphates to be taken up by the plants and into the milk and food supply, which could then contribute to an outbreak of disease.
	www.rejoiceinlife.com /books/bookCancer.php (1012 words)

	[No title]
		The owner or operator of any triple superphosphate plant subject to the provisions of this subpart shall install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow monitoring device which can be used to determine the mass flow of phosphorus-bearing feed material to the process.
		The owner or operator of any triple superphosphate plant shall maintain a daily record of equivalent P2O5 feed by first determining the total mass rate in Mg/hr of phosphorus-bearing feed using a flow monitoring device meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section and then by proceeding according to § 60.234(b)(3).
		The owner or operator of any triple superphosphate plant subject to the provisions of this part shall install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a monitoring device which continuously measures and permanently records the total pressure drop across the process scrubbing system.
	www.dep.state.fl.us /AIR/permitting/writertools/t3nsps/60W.doc (700 words)

	Products and Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Superphosphate is the workhorse of New Zealand agriculture, used both as a capital and maintenance fertiliser, providing a pool of soil solution phosphate to pasture and crops.
		The sulphur in Superphosphate is in the readily available sulphate form for plants to take up.
		Superphosphate is also ideal for pastoral development and arable/horticultural/forestry situations where immediate responses are required.
	www.ravensdown.co.nz /Products/Index.cfm?Page=9l (166 words)

	Soil Testing and Plant Analysis for Fertilizer Recommendations, QB 96-12
		For one of the soils, as calculated using yield data, relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the PARP and TP fertilizers were 15 to 30% as effective for the first crop, and 20 to 50% as effective for the second crop.
		In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%.
		All the soils were fertilized with nonammoniated superphosphate or with ammoniated superphosphate (4%) prepared under conditions least conducive to phosphate reversion.
	www.nal.usda.gov /afsic/AFSIC_pubs/qb9612.htm (17445 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1956 Issue 3 - 009
		The reason for this effect of nitrogenous and potash fertilizers is that they were applied during cultivation and their high solubility resulted in a high concentration of salts on the surface of the soil, with an adverse effect on the development of the extraordinarily sensitive poppy shoots.
		The increased yield consequent on the use of phosphate fertilizers is due to the better development of the plant and the formation of a larger number of capsules and also, as shown by the figures in Table 9, to the increased flow of latex produced by them.
		The greater effectiveness of granular superphosphate applied in the drills at sowing time as compared with powdered superphosphate scattered at random was observed in all sub sequent experiments.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1956-01-01_3_page010.html (2557 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For example, in the case of slurries containing a monoammonium or diammonium phosphate fertilizer precursor, the curing step includes sparging the sulfur-containing particles with ammonia and thereafter drying the particles to form particles in which sulfur platelets are embedded within monoammonium or diammonium phosphate fertilizer.
		For example, in the case of single superphosphate, triple superphosphate, ureas, and potashes, an ammonia sparge is not needed to convert the slurry to fertilizer, nor is a pre-neutralizer necessary.
		A fertilizer composition according to claim 1 wherein said fertilizer portion is selected from the group consisting of monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, single superphosphate, triple superphosphate, and combinations thereof.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/87803.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3449 words)

	The World Market for Superphosphate Fertilizers: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective - Market Research Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for superphosphate fertilizers for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of superphosphate fertilizers to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.mindbranch.com /products/R307-6493.html (754 words)

	Food for the Soil: Rock Phosphate as Fertilizer
		During the project, a team of researchers and farmers in three African countries blended phosphate mine waste or rock phosphate concentrate with "triple superphosphate" fertilizer.
		Dr van Straaten says the original idea of blending rock phosphate with triple superphosphate fertilizer was based on a complex hypothesis involving thermodynamics.
		The combination of water and triple superphosphate was thought to produce a strong acid that attacks insoluble inorganic phosphates and converts them into a form that is more available to plants.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2001/november/phosphate.htm (852 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		The amount of P added was based on the quantity of material needed as superphosphate to establish 0.2 mg P L-1 in solution.
		Plant dry weight, P percentage in the 3rd leaf, and total P uptake were increased when plants fertilized with insoluble rock phosphates were inoculated with mycorrhiza-producing fungi.
		The beneficial effect of mycorrhiza on phosphate uptake was 136, 30, 2 and 24 % for plants fertilized with Idaho, Florida and North Carolina rock phosphate, and superphosphate, respectively.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1992/92_lin1.htm (188 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 110 - 13 May, 1948 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Supplies of Superphosphate.
		Corry asked the Minister for Agriculture whether he is aware that farmers have been prevented from sowing their potatoes, beet and other crops owing to the impossibility of getting superphosphate; and, if so, whether he will state the reasons for the scarcity of this fertiliser in the country.
		Dillon: I am aware that difficulties have been experienced by farmers in obtaining supplies of superphosphate, and I would refer the Deputy to the reply on the subject [1515] given by me last week to Deputy Derrig.
		The scarcity of superphosphate is due to the fact that home production falls far short of our requirements and it was not found possible for some years past to import sufficient quantities to bridge the gap.
	www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie /D/0110/D.0110.194805130019.html (207 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 98 - 05 December, 1945 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Superphosphate Supplies.
		[1404] These arrangements are of advantage to the agricultural industry in that additional supplies of superphosphate are being obtained which would not otherwise be available, and that these supplies are being obtained at a lower cost than would otherwise have been possible.
		Having regard to the fact that the arrangements in question provide for the retention in this country of one-third of the total quantity of superphosphate to be produced, no request was made for supplies of sulphate of ammonia as a quid pro quo.
		The question of securing the release of sulphate of ammonia for this country is being pursued separately.
	www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie /D/0098/D.0098.194512050009.html (184 words)

	/usr6/usr3/httpd_1.3/htdocs/agronomy/papers/13/13.temp.html
		Five paddocks were treated with 250 kg/ha of superphosphate and a similar area was left untreated.
		Although seasonal conditions were poor, superphosphate treated pasture was observed to recover more rapidly from grazing, and average pasture growth rates were 45% greater than in the untreated pasture.
		Tasmanian soil phosphorus levels are inherently low and thus superphosphate has been a regular part of pasture maintenance under conventional grazing sys-tems.
	www.csu.edu.au /special/agronomy/papers/13/13_new.html (901 words)

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