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Topic: Supersaturation

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	Supersaturation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Supersaturated solutions are prepared or result when some condition of a saturated solution is changed, for example temperature, volume (as by evaporation), or pressure.
		Carbonated water and beer are examples of supersaturated solutions of carbon dioxide gas in water.
		In air that is supersaturated with water, water droplets may precipitate upon being disturbed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supersaturation (250 words)

	Supersaturation - PetPlace.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Supersaturation occurs whenever the pressure of a gas in the water is higher than the pressure of the same gas in the surrounding atmosphere.
		Supersaturation disease can be difficult to confirm since problems visible to the naked eye (gross lesions) are commonly not present when the fish are found.
		Supersaturation is difficult to diagnose with a water test kit since most kits do not measure dissolved nitrogen.
	petplace.compuserve.com /articles/artShow.asp?artID=370 (625 words)

	Chemistry and the Aquarium
		Since calcium carbonate is already supersaturated, the effect is that when the water is warmed, the supersaturation of calcium carbonate rises, making precipitation more likely.
		Since the supersaturation has increased, the likelihood of precipitation has increased, and this increase is part of the explanation of why precipitation takes place on heaters.
		Going back to what we really care about, the supersaturation of calcium carbonate, we find that if the carbonate has increased by a factor of 1.45, then the supersaturation of both calcite and aragonite have increased by the same factor (equation 5).
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/mar2002/chem.htm (3851 words)

	ASA 148th Meeting Lay Language Papers -A Potential Explanation For Marine Mammal Strandings
		Supersaturation results when higher-than-normal levels of gas is dissolved in a liquid-such as carbonated beverages.
		Although we found these high supersaturation levels of great interest, we did not redo the calculations to determine if bubble growth was now to be expected.
		Whales that have dived and returned to the surface, and have high levels of supersaturation, are exposed to Navy sonars, which trigger bubble formation by rectified diffusion or microbubble destabilization.
	www.aip.org /148th/crum.html (663 words)

	Jelmert, A and A. Jelmert, 2001. Gas Supersaturation, a Novel and Environmentally Friendly Method for Eliminating ...
		Gas supersaturation is known to affect various aquatic biota.
		When aquatic multicellular organisms are exposed to gas supersaturated water, and especially when subsequently subjected to lowered hydrostatic pressures, they are suffering from embolism and hemorrhages.
		If the level of supersaturation is high enough, the condition may be lethal.
	sgnis.org /publicat/jelmert.htm (387 words)

	Lecture 17, March 4, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If we now suppose that the droplet is forming on a soluble cloud condensation nucleus, then the surface tension is reduced by substituting moleculates of the solute for molecules of water vapor.
		The critical supersaturation for a droplet forming on a soluble CCN is:
		is greater than the environmental supersaturation, and the droplet decreases by evaporation.
	www.cgd.ucar.edu /cms/wcollins/ATOC_4710_5710/Lectures/Lecture_17.htm (442 words)

	Total Dissolved Gas Sensor - Details
		When the total pressure of all the gases in the water exceeds the ambient atmospheric pressure at the water surface, supersaturation exists.
		The effect of excessive supersaturation on fish has been well documented, and if supersaturation exceeds the established safe levels, massive fish kills can occur.
		Precautions can be taken to keep supersaturation within safe levels, but accurate in-situ gas measurements must be made to determine if remedial action is effective.
	www.in-situ.com /In-Situ/Products/TDG/TDG_Details.html (311 words)

	Implications of persistent ice supersaturation in cold cirrus for stratospheric water vapor
		Here we use model simulations to evaluate the impact of this steady-state ice supersaturation on cirrus formed in situ within the tropical tropopause layer and water vapor fluxes across the tropical tropopause.
		We show that cirrus occurrence frequencies are unexpectedly increased, and we estimate an increase of about 0.5–1 ppmv in the water vapor concentration in air entering the stratosphere.
		Citation: Jensen, E., and L. Pfister (2005), Implications of persistent ice supersaturation in cold cirrus for stratospheric water vapor, Geophys.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004GL021125.shtml (279 words)

	Evidence of high ice supersaturation in cirrus clouds using ARM Raman lidar measurements
		We use a unique, year-long dataset of water vapor mixing ratio inferred from ground-based Raman lidar measurements to study the role of ice supersaturation in ice nucleation processes.
		We also examine the distribution of ice supersaturation with height and find that in the uppermost portion of a cloud layer, the air is ice supersaturated 43% of the time.
		These measurements show that large ice supersaturation is common in cirrus clouds, which supports the theory of ice forming homogeneously.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2004GL019705.shtml (247 words)

	Ice-supersaturation and cirrus clouds
		In spite of these results and more than 50 years after their detection, ice supersaturation is still not represented in weather prediction models, and there are only 2 GCMs that allow it (as far as we are aware of).
		Aircraft condensation trails (contrails) are only persistent in supersaturated air.
		Representation of supersaturation would allow to forecast the occurrence of persistent contrails, a product where aviation and air traffic management would be interested in, since contrails are the most prominent climate changing driver of aviation.
	www.ecmwf.int /about/special_projects/gierens_ice_supersaturation (506 words)

	supersaturation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Demonstrate supersaturated solutions, and how unstable they are.
		These supersaturated solutions are very unstable; any impetus will cause them to recrystalllize because, as supersaturated implies, they are holding more solute than can normally be dissolved.
		You can point out that it took energy to get this into solution by re-heating it, and it releases energy when it comes out of solution.
	www.math.mtu.edu /gk-12/supersaturation.html (245 words)

	(WO 01/10830) RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As the second crystal structure dissolves, the brine becomes supersaturated resulting in relief of supersaturation by formation of crystals of the first crystal structure.
		The process includes controlling supersaturation and its relief to achieve growth of existing crystals of the first crystal structure rather than nucleation and formation of new crystals.
		The resulting crystals are separated from insoluble impurities on a size separation basis.
	wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/10830.010215&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (156 words)

	D4328-03 Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate ...
		D4328-03 Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
		1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
		1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/PAGES/D4328.htm (314 words)

	WOW \| Curricula \| Student \| Investigating the Chemistry of Oxygen Solubility
		In this lesson you read about the various principles and explore the principles through computer animation.
		After the computer animations you use WOW data to find evidence of supersaturation:
		An odorless, colorless gas; combines to form water; essential for aerobic respiration.','DEFINITION'); return true;" onMouseOut="nd(); return true;">oxygen supersaturation.
	waterontheweb.org /curricula/bs/student/oxygen/inquiry.html (313 words)

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