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Topic: Supersolid

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	06-034 (Supersolid Helium)
		Brown University physicist Humphrey Maris and colleagues Satoshi Sasaki and Sebastien Balibar of the l’Ecole Normale Supérieure have narrowed the field of possible explanations for the weird behavior of supersolid helium.
		Such behavior, they say, could be fairly called supersolid, but not supercrystalline, as the matter moves through a solid mass of helium, but not through a perfect crystal.
		Superfluidity of grain boundaries and supersolid behavior” by Satoshi Sasaki, Ryousuke Ishiguro, Frederic Caupin, Humphrey J. Maris and Sebastien Balibar, was published in the journal Science on Aug. 25, 2006.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/2006-07/06-034.html (844 words)

	Supersolid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In helium, it has been proven to be possible to create a supersolid, which means a part of the solid shows zero-viscous fluid behavior.
		The effect this has on a solid made up of bosons (no two identical fermions can share the same quantum state) is that once it has been cooled to below 0.4 K, and crystallized, the gaps in the structure could condense into one giant vacancy.
		In short, a supersolid is a vacancy in a solid that has physical properties, allowing it to pass through other solids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supersolid (506 words)

	High-quality helium crystals show supersolid behavior
		High-quality, single-crystal, ultra-cold solid helium exhibits supersolid behavior, suggesting that this frictionless solid flow is not a consequence of defects and grain boundaries in poor-quality, polycrystalline, solid helium, according to a team of Penn State researchers.
		This suggested that the theoretical idea of supersolidity is possible only in poor-quality solid helium and that the superflow is due to defects in the poorly grown crystals.
		Determining that the solid helium acts as a supersolid or Bose Einstein condensate is tricky.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2007-02/ps-hqh021207.php (739 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : KnowHOW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		“I have written at least one paper in the remote past about the possibility of supersolid behaviour,” said Anthony J. Leggett, a professor of physics at the University of Illinois who was awarded the Nobel prize in physics last year for theoretical work on superfluids.
		They repeated the experiment with a lighter version of helium, helium-3, which is known not to change into a superfluid, and they found no shift in the oscillation frequency.
		One possibility, Leggett said, is that the helium solid is not perfect, that a few locations in the helium crystal lattice are empty, and the superfluid is flowing from one empty location to another.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1041011/asp/knowhow/story_3833746.asp (792 words)

	Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter
		"The possible discovery of a new phase of matter, a supersolid, is exciting and, if confirmed, would be a significant advance," comments John Beamish, professor of physics at the University of Alberta and the author of a review of Chan's discovery published in the "News and Views" section of Nature.
		The researchers conclude that what happened inside their experimental capsule is that the tightly packed helium-4 particles became so slippery that they were no longer coupled to the walls of the glass sponge's micropores; in other words, it became a supersolid.
		To understand how a supersolid could exist, you have to imagine the realm of quantum mechanics, the modern theory that explains many of the properties of matter.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/materials-04b.html (1148 words)

	Supersolid: A New State of Matter is Found : Industrial Market Trends
		While a supersolid has all of the properties of a crystalline solid, it behaves like a liquid with zero viscosity, flowing without resistance.
		"In this supersolid, the individual helium-4 atoms are continually flowing—without any friction—but because all the particles are in an identical quantum state, it remains a solid," Chan explains to PhysicsWeb.
		However, John Beamish of the University of Alberta in Canada says that their assertion "is sure to generate some controversy." Some researchers could contend, for example, that some liquid helium might still be covering the pore walls and turn into a superfluid, allowing the disk to rotate more readily.
	news.thomasnet.com /IMT/archives/2004/03/supersolid_a_ne.html (705 words)

	Physics News Update
		The motion of the supersolid is facilitated by the fact that at very low temperatures atoms in a solid still possess a certain minimum amount of motion, allowed to them by the quantum uncertainty principle.
		For lightweight atoms like helium, this "zero-point energy" is even larger, and in the porous Vycor, there are lots of vacancies into which helium atoms can shuttle, courtesy of the quantum fluctuations.
		The quantum way of looking at the crystal of He-4 atoms is to say that they are governed by a single wave function, just as vapor atoms cooled to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) form participate in a single quantum state.
	www.aip.org /enews/physnews/2004/split/669-1.html (411 words)

	Probable Discovery of a New, Supersolid, Phase of Matter
		The researchers conclude that what happened inside the annular channel in their experimental sample cell is that a small fraction—roughly 1.5 percent—of the helium atoms enter into a state of zero friction and that this fraction is no longer coupled to the back-and-forth motion of the sample cell or to the rest of the solid.
		"This 1.5 percent is the supersolid fraction, and its behavior is identical to that found for liquid helium entering the superfluid phase, except that in liquid helium the superfluid fraction is 100 percent at absolute zero," Chan explains.
		To understand how a supersolid could exist, you have to imagine the realm of quantum mechanics, the theory that explains many of the properties of matter.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-33117.html (1133 words)

	Title page for ETD 633 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Non-Classical Rotational Inertia (NCRI), a direct evidence of the existence of a supersolid, is detected by the reduction in the resonant period of the torsional oscillator.
		The temperature dependence of the supersolid fraction exhibits a universal behavior of an exponential-like rise with decreasing temperature and then a saturation in the low temperature limit.
		The scatters in the supersolid fraction, varying between 0.7% and 1%, makes it difficult to conclude if there is any trend of the supersolid fraction with increasing pressure.
	etda.libraries.psu.edu /theses/approved/WithheldIndex/ETD-633 (340 words)

	PLOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan of Pennsylvania State University say their supersolid behaves like a superfluid - a liquid that flows without resistance - but has all the characteristics of a crystalline solid (E Kim and M H W Chan 2004 Nature 427 225).
		All atoms are either bosons or fermions depending on whether their intrinsic angular momentum or "spin" is an integer or half-integer in quantum units.
		According to Kim and Chan, this meant that the helium-4 had "decoupled" from the pores in the glass disk and had entered a supersolid phase.
	user.7host.com /mhyousef/news/ShowA.asp?nid=16 (380 words)

	A solid that's fluid? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		And Chan himself isn't certain that he and graduate student Eun-Seong Kim actually saw a superfluid solid, or "supersolid." That's why, in last week's issue of the journal Nature, Chan and Kim claim only a "probable observation" of a supersolid form of helium.
		An alternative explanation, Alberta's Beamish said, is that not all of the sample was solidified, leaving layers of liquid helium that displayed superfluidity, not supersolidity, and thus accounted for the odd oscillation rates.
		If the existence of supersolid helium is confirmed, a number of experiments will be possible to determine the acoustic and mechanical properties of supersolids, which likely will be far different from those conventional solids, said the NSF's Wickman.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/04019/262985.stm (733 words)

	News in Science - Supersolid could be new state of matter - 15/01/2004
		Scientists predicted 30 years ago that supersolids would exist but thought they would be impossible to create.
		While supersolids are rigid like an ordinary solid, they have some properties of a superfluid.
		The researchers made the supersolid by cooling solid helium to less than one tenth of a degree above absolute zero, which is the coldest that anything can possibly get (- 273° Celsius).
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1025370.htm (552 words)

	Only in Quantum Physics: Spinning While Standing Still
		In the 1970s, physicists played with the notion that a solid - a material whose atoms generally stack together in a neat crystal pattern - might also undergo a quantum transformation.
		"I have written at least one paper in the remote past about the possibility of supersolid behavior," said Dr. Anthony J. Leggett, a professor of physics at the University of Illinois who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics last year for theoretical work on superfluids.
		One possibility, Dr. Leggett said, is that the helium solid is not perfect, that a few locations in the helium crystal lattice are empty, and the superfluid is flowing from one empty location to another.
	www.science.tamu.edu /story3.asp?storyID=439 (896 words)

	Unique phase of matter revealed
		Kim said that the total mass appeared to have decreased because the supersolid mass can no longer be detected, even though it is still present.
		Chan said that in order to understand the properties of a supersolid, it is important to know that there are two types of particles of matter, bosons and fermions.
		Kim said that he thinks it will take long time to find a useful application of a supersolid because researchers are just beginning to study the basic principles.
	www.collegian.psu.edu /archive/2004/09/09-28-04tdc/09-28-04dscihealth-03.asp (565 words)

	Science News
		In that extraordinary state, known as a superfluid solid or supersolid, the material is expected to flow like a liquid yet maintain its solid crystal structure, says team leader Moses H.W. Chan of Pennsylvania State University in State College.
		In supersolid helium, the particles forming the Bose-Einstein condensate are probably not the helium atoms but the lattice vacancies, he says.
		Chan says that his group and others are preparing experiments to learn whether frozen helium has other expected supersolid properties, such as a spike in its capacity to absorb heat and long-lasting movement unfettered by friction once the solid is set in motion.
	www.phschool.com /science/science_news/articles/solid_helium.html (625 words)

	About Digital Cosmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This supersolid medium acts as a giant processor and coordinates all interactions we perceive at the phenomenal level.
		The substance level, the supersolid processor that serves as the space-time medium, exists independently of the events that occur in it.
		The concept of power as the cause of motion allows grounding the physics of the new laws of motion on the metaphysics of space-time being a supersolid processor, which coordinates all interactions at the phenomenal levels.
	www.digitalcosmology.com /about/topic0/topic0.html (659 words)

	Supersolid is seen in the lab (January 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		A new “supersolid” phase of matter has been created by physicists in the US by cooling helium-4 to ultracold temperatures.
		Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan of Pennsylvania State University say their supersolid behaves like a superfluid – a liquid that flows without resistance - but has all the characteristics of a crystalline solid (E Kim and M H W Chan 2004 Nature 427 225).
		According to Kim and Chan, this meant that the helium-4 had “decoupled” from the pores in the glass disk and had entered a supersolid phase.
	www.physicsweb.org /articles/news/8/1/6/1 (418 words)

	Eberly College of Science \| Strong New Evidence of a New, Supersolid, Phase of Matter
		The researchers conclude that what happened inside the annular channel in their experimental sample cell is that a small fraction—roughly 1.5 percent—of the helium atoms enter into a state of zero friction and that this fraction is no longer coupled to the back-and-forth motion of the sample cell or to the rest of the solid.
		"This 1.5 percent is the supersolid fraction, and its behavior is identical to that found for liquid helium entering the superfluid phase, except that in liquid helium the superfluid fraction is 100 percent at absolute zero," Chan explains.
		To understand how a supersolid could exist, you have to imagine the realm of quantum mechanics, the theory that explains many of the properties of matter.
	www.science.psu.edu /alert/Chan8-2004.htm (1200 words)

	Supersolid Phases in Underdamped Josephson Arrays: Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations ^\star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		One of these is a supersolid with coexisting long range phase coherence and checkerboard charge order.
		The supersolid phase is found to be robust even at half-integer filling.
		With next-nearest neighbor coupling, there are two types of supersolid phase, one with checkerboard and one with striped charge order.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/BAPSMAR95/abs/SB1115.html (208 words)

	Research\|Penn State: What is a supersolid?
		Chan and Kim knew that the matter had not been lost because the missing mass re-materialized with the slightest rise in temperature, and the oscillation slowed back down to normal.
		Although the existence of supersolids was predicted decades ago, prior attempts to find evidence for them had come up empty.
		Probable Discovery of a New, Supersolid, Phase of Matter
	www.rps.psu.edu /probing/supersolid.html (589 words)

	’Supersolid’ or melted ’superfluid’ film: A quantum difference
		In ice, for example, interface melting influences the flow of glaciers, and causes frost heave in frozen ground.
		Although the alternative explanation rejects the supersolid, it suggests a new and challenging study of superfluidity in a region of pressure and temperature that has not been accessible otherwise.
		Related work in Wettlaufer’s group on thermodynamic and surface effects focuses on glycoproteins found in the blood of organisms that live at temperatures where most living things would be frozen.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-45482.html (339 words)

	KITP - The Supersolid State of Matter (Minipgm)
		Similar experimental results have also been observed for helium absorbed in Vycor glass and in porous gold with supersolid fraction that ranges from 1 to 2 percent (depending on pressure) and also in solid para-hydrogen.
		One approach has been to posit wavefunctions having supersolid behavior, but it is not clear whether they can describe other properties of helium.
		It is possible that defects such as grain boundaries, dislocations or impurities are an essential part of the mechanism leading to the supersolid signature observed.
	www.itp.ucsb.edu /activities/auto2/?id=344 (259 words)

	Supersolid: a new state of matter discovered - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		According to new research, when sufficiently chilled and squeezed under immense pressure, atoms in solid helium ‘melt’ into a superfluid and effortlessly flow through the surrounding solid to form a ‘supersolid’.
		In the 1970s, physicists played with the notion that a solid -- a material whose atoms generally stack together in a neat crystal pattern -- might also undergo a quantum transformation.
		One possibility, is that the helium solid is not perfect, that a few locations in the helium crystal lattice are empty, and the superfluid is flowing from one empty location to another.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/sep272004/snt4.asp (755 words)

	Ultracold may create a new state \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		In the 1970s, physicists played with the notion that a solid –; a material whose atoms generally stack together in a neat crystal pattern – might also undergo a quantum transformation.
		"I have written at least one paper in the remote past about the possibility of supersolid behavior," said Anthony J. Leggett, a professor of physics at the University of Illinois who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics last year for theoretical work on superfluids.
		Three decades ago, Saslow read Leggett's paper describing how a supersolid might behave and wrote computer programs to explore the idea in more depth, before moving on to other research.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040929/news_1c29helium.html (872 words)

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