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Topic: Superstratum

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	Substratum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, some linguists contend that Japanese consists of a Altaic superstratum projected onto an Austronesian substratum, or that the Insular Celtic languages resulted from a Celtic superstratum over an Afroasiatic substratum.
		To be a substratum (and not an adstratum or a superstratum), the influence on the receiving language needs to have been substantial, something considerably more than just some borrowings or the result of a common sprachbund (an adstratum), or not the result of the dominance another language generates (a superstratum).
		When the influence of another language is too remote in the past for its influence on the surviving language to be adequately characterized, 'substrate' is used by default, though the situation might have really been that of an adstratum or even a superstratum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Substratum (457 words)

	Superstratum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A superstratum or superstrate is the counterpart to a substratum.
		When one language succeeds another, the former is termed the superstratum and the latter the substratum.
		The Neo-Latin and Neo-Greek coinages adopted by European languages (and now, languages worldwide) to describe scientific topics (anatomy, medicine, botany, zoology, all the '-ology' words, etc.) can also be termed a superstratum, although for this last, adstratum could just as easily be used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superstratum (137 words)

	Star Wars: Blogs \| Pantless Wookiee \| The mystery of Gunganese: language contact and the creole-continuum
		What typically happens is that one of the languages serve as a superstratum language providing the bulk of lexical and sometimes also grammatical elements, while the other language is a substratum language, providing only certain linguistic elements - often labels for those cultural units that do not exist in the culture of the superstratum language.
		This could be an instance of the decreolization proces of repairing irregularities by appropriating grammatical aspects of the superstratum language.
		There must have been a more intimate contact, involving intimate borrowing, and since Basic appears to be the superstratum, we may infer that the speakers of Basic were the dominant or prominent of the two groups.
	blogs.starwars.com /pantlesswookiee/3 (1705 words)

	Lecture 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Native speaker’s of various substratum are exposed to a superstratum, the language of the colonisers.
		Because of the limited access to the superstratum language, speakers of the substratum will fail to identify the appropriate functional categories in the superstratum (a typical example is the article coalescence).
		So in creole genesis, both minor and major categories undergo relexification and the functional categories of the substratum are relexified on the basis of phonetic strings found in the superstratum language, eg, the article coalescence meeting the phonological syllable structure requirements of the substratum.
	www.ecu.edu.au /ses/research/CALLR/sociowww/3_1_3.htm (2625 words)

	Dr Ghil`ad Zuckermann
		The terms substratum and superstratum, invoked by revisionists to support their argument that Israeli is fundamentally Yiddish, are often used in creolistics and in studies of language evolution to describe the relative influence of one language on another.
		The superstratum is the prestigious language influencing the emerging creole from above, especially with regard to vocabulary.
		This book demonstrates that the formation of Israeli was not a result of language contact between Hebrew and a prestigious, powerful superstratum such as English in the case of Arabic, or Kurdish in the case of Neo-Aramaic.
	www.zuckermann.org /mosaic.html (3369 words)

	Page 1 Origins of Upper and Lower Egypt
		Obviously then the developing new civilization will, for a long time, continue to exhibit clearly discernable characteristic traits of its double - or multiple - origin, and will thus show to any unbiased observer that it is a blend of local and imported ethno-linguistic and cultural elements.
		If on the other hand, these were imposed on them by a more powerful superstratum, they had to acquiesce.
		A clear case of an ethno-linguistic superstratum, superimposed on a multi-cultural amalgam
	www.midwesternepigraphic.org /upper01.html (725 words)

	[No title]
		Sampling from the frame was done in a way that ensured the sample would include specified numbers of schools from each superstratum and substratum.
		The number of substrata within public superstrata varies superstratum to superstratum, but never exceeds four.
		For example, in the Public, New York superstratum there are four substrata: minority, urban, nonminority, suburban, nonminority, rural, and nonminority.
	www.stat.ucla.edu /data/nels/deborah-and-amy/thoughts2 (2198 words)

	The Tense, Mood and Aspect System of Haitian Creole and the Problem of Transmission of Grammar in Creole Genesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On the basis of data drawn from the tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) system of Haitian Creole, as compared with those of its source languages (French, the superstratum language, and Fongbe, one of the substratum languages), this paper argues that creolization does not involve a break in transmission grammar.
		The fact that the lexical entries of the creole have phonological representations that are derived from phonetic strings found in the superstratum language is the visible signal that creolisation involves the creation of a new language.
		The fact that the lexical entries of the creole show semantic and syntactic properties that parallel those of the languages of the substratum argues that there has been no break in the transmission of grammar in the formation of the creole.
	eprints2.uqam.ca /archive/00000086 (251 words)

	Linguistically Speaking: Creolization & Bioprogram Hypothesis
		L1 influence; sometimes relexification of a previous pidigin) and superstratum theories (imperfect L2 learning due to lacking exposure and motivation; mutual simplification) usually work together.
		Whether the bioprogram kicks in once it comes to creolization I don't know, but it seems plausible to me in the case of a few pidgins that arose in 'classic' creole situations such as the ones Bickerton mentions (i.e.
		There is one example of the devolopement of a new language that is well documented (so i'm told).
	linguisticallyspeaking.twoday.net /stories/1457609 (1989 words)

	The Celtic Englishes II - Abstracts of Papers
		I will argue in this paper that the kind of 'stratum approach' implicit in the notion of the 'Layer Cake Model' does not do justice to the ontology of grammar of contact vernaculars.
		Based on the untenable supposition that elements drawn from either the substratum or superstratum form neat layers piled on top of each other, this model completely overlooks the intricate patterns of variation which exist in contact vernaculars both at the inter- and intraindividual levels.
		I will use evidence from spoken Hiberno-English to illustrate some patterns of variation between syntactic features which reflect the input from Irish, on the one hand, and from standard English, on the other.
	www.uni-potsdam.de /u/CE/col2/abstracts2.htm (3524 words)

	Etymology of Greek Word Muia?? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		My reasoning was faulty, since I was arguing that this sort of word was
		unlikely to be borrowed from adstratum or superstratum, but there it is in
		My reasoning was faulty, since I was arguing that this sort of
	www.groupsrv.com /science/about86785-0-asc-105.html (1753 words)

	Learning a language? You NEED... and more caxton language course french (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This glossary presents a set of terms with comments that cover basic concepts and approaches in our course.
		the rise of French as superstratum language following the Norman Conquest...
		That major devlopment, of course, was the Printing Press.
	www.robhillman.com /language-learning/caxton-language-course-french.htm (1474 words)

	contacts * Language Contact Substratum, Superstratum, Adstratum In Germanic Languages. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		contacts * Language Contact Substratum, Superstratum, Adstratum In Germanic Languages.
		Language Contact Substratum, Superstratum, Adstratum In Germanic Languages.
		Concept of a diagnostic test in testing pdf.
	www.bookauthors.de /book_fgajja.html (50 words)

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