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Topic: Suppression of Communism Act

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	Suppression of Communism Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1950 Suppression of Communism Act was legislation of the National government in South Africa enacted in July of 1950.
		It was one of the most ruthless acts laid upon the non-white majority of South Africa and was established as part of the regime of Apartheid.
		In response to the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, a "Defend Free Speech" Convention was held in Johannesburg where Dr. James Moroka delivered his first public address as President of the African National Congress.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Suppression_of_Communism_Act (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		SUPPRESSION OF COMMUNISM ACT 44 of 195023 One of the most infamous of all security laws during the apartheid era, this Act prohibited all communist organisations, communist activities, the promotion of communist activities, and certain periodicals and publications.
		DEFENCE ACT 44 of 1957130 "The South African media are in a subordinate position with regard to the reporting of military matters, since they are largely dependent on official statement for their source of news.
		POLICE ACT 7 of 1958149 While a section of the principal Act did curb the press, the most contentious aspects of the legislation were not added until 1979 with the introduction of section 27B.
	www.fxi.org.za /archives/2karen.txt (12809 words)

	Garment Workers in Action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The definition of "communism" in the Act was so wide and so vague that to demand for any change in the social structure of the country whatsoever became a criminal offence.
		The main purpose of the Suppression of Communism Act, a typical Nazi measure, was to intimidate opponents of the Nationalist
		Swart ostensibly as a measure to combat Communism presents Communism Act, but it is in fact designed to wipe out all human liberties, to destroy the free trade unions, to intimidate and terrorise all opponents of the Nationalist Party, and to inflict arbitrary punishment upon those who stand for a truly democratic South Africa.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/sources/garment-workers/chapter-27.htm (1889 words)

	The Acts that Established Apartheid
		This act was the vanguard of the the apartheid acts that were passed in the 1950's.
		The definition of "communism" was intentionally loose, and could be used to justify the removal of any social or political leader the Chamber of Mines found inconvenient.
		This act allowed any police officer at or above the rank of lieutenant colonel to "detain for interrogation" any person suspected of "terrorism." Since terrorism was not really defined, this act had massive potential for abuse; torture of suspects became common during this period, and the number of deaths in detention increased dramatically.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /kleinbottle23/1950acts.html (585 words)

	5 Decades of Student Protest @ UCT
		The National Party’s ascension to power in 1940 was later followed by the passing of numerous Acts (including the "Population Registration Act, the Group Areas Act, the Suppression of Communism Act, the Immorality Act, etc.) which served to officially segregate different sectors of the population.
		The passing of the Extension of University’s Act in 1959 proved to be a watershed event.
		It was not, however, until 1959 that the Extention of University Education Act was passed, and the Universities’ traditional right to impose their own admissions criteria was ended.
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/saf/protest/3/50gall.htm (555 words)

	Apartheid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		In 1973 the General Assembly of the United Nations agreed the text of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid.
		"The crime of apartheid" means inhumane acts of a character similar to those referred to in paragraph 1, committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime [1] (http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/icc/statute/part-a.htm#2)
		Controversially, arguments are often made that the actions of other nations are analogous to Apartheid in South Africa, or constitute apartheid under the definition adopted in international law.
	encyclopedia.onlinereference.info /index.php/Apartheid (2835 words)

	Moses Kotane, South African Revolutionary by Brian Bunting
		There can be no doubting that the absence of inter-communal clashes during that time was due at least in part to the efforts of these leaders, and the joint struggles waged by the national liberatory organisations under their direction in the ensuing years.
		In 1950 the Population Registration Act established a racial register, and the Group Areas Act provided for the total physical separation of the races, while the Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, followed by the Immorality, Act of 1950 were aimed to prevent the “dilution” of white blood by fl.
		Quite apart from the legal considerations mentioned in the statement of dissolution, the Central Committee felt that it could not go underground with the sort of membership it had, many of whom were totally unequipped both ideologically and practically for illegal struggle and all of whom were known to the police.
	www.marxists.org /subject/africa/bunting-brian/kotane/ch09.htm (8703 words)

	The Banned Waggon
		Nor did they necessarily engage in acts that furthered or were calculated to further any of the objects of communism.
		In this matter the criterion was not the engaging in activities or the furthering of the objects of communism that counted.
		The Suppression of Communism Act (Act 44 of 1950) had a fairly long definition of what a communist was, but it ended with the catch-all that a communist was anyone the Minister of Justice "deemed" to be a communist.
	hayesfam.bravehost.com /banned01.htm (1597 words)

	The Kwaito Generation : Inside Out :: A production of 90.9 WBUR Boston, MA
		The ANC adopts the ANC Youth League's "Programme of Action" which is "inspired by the desire to achieve national freedom… freedom from White domination and the attainment of political independence." The plan calls for mass protest activity and passive resistance.
		Mandela is charged with violating the "Suppression of Communism Act." He's given a suspended sentence and barred from going to any meetings or gatherings for the next two years.
		This is after the South African government repeals the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act and the Population of Separate Amenities Act.
	www.insideout.org /documentaries/kwaito/apartheid.asp (2200 words)

	[No title]
		On June 26, 1952, planned acts of defiance of unjust laws were committed by bands of volunteers in all the main centres of the Union.
		The second law - the Public Safety Act - empowered the Cabinet to suspend all laws anywhere in the Union whenever it was of the opinion that a state of emergency existed and to publish emergency regulations for anything it deemed necessary.
		Moroka, who had succumbed to the pressures of the authorities during the trial of leaders, was replaced by Chief Lutuli, whose courage and dynamism was to dominate the political scene in South Africa until he died in 1967.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/misc/defi-52.html (4872 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		J.B. Marks was President of the African National Congress, Transvaal, Dr. Dadoo was President of the SAIC and the rest of them were leading members of the Congress movement.
		Now, was the Suppression of Communism Act one of the unjust laws against which the Defiance Campaign was conducted?
		As far as I remember it was after the case where leaders were arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act...
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/congress/molvi-9b.html (385 words)

	Joe Slovo hero file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The Suppression of Communism Act (1950) allows the police to "list" almost any opponent of apartheid as a supporter of the outlawed Communist Party.
		Oliver Tambo and 152 others are arrested for high treason and charges under the Suppression of Communism Act.
		On 7 July, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa since the organisation was banned in 1960, Mandela is elected president of the ANC.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/slovo.html (2905 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Through this law, and through the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which prohibited sexual relations between whites and fls, the apartheid regime echoed the infamous Nuremburg Laws of Nazi Germany, which discriminated between Jews and those of “pure” German origin.
		Bantu Education Act — Passed in 1953, this law stunted the intellectual and creative development of Black children by gearing their education to reinforce their subservient social position (Hendrik Verwoerd, later to become South Africa’s Prime Minister, used the phrase “in accordance with their opportunities in life”).
		Suppression of Communism Act — Passed in 1950, this law used such a wide-ranging definition of “communism” that any meaningful act of opposition to apartheid was banned.
	www.adl.org /Israel/apartheid/what_is_apartheid.asp (451 words)

	No Easy Walk to Freedom
		By the end of July last year, the Campaign had reached a stage where it had to be suppressed by the Government or it would impose its own policies on the country.
		In March this year the Government passed the so-called Public Safety Act which empowered it to declare a state of emergency and to create conditions which would permit of the most ruthless and pitiless methods of suppressing our movement.
		Establish your own community schools where the right kind of education will be given to our children.
	www.africawithin.com /mandela/no_easy_walk_0953.htm (4090 words)

	Volume TWO Chapter THREE
		The Riotous Assemblies Act (1930) enabled a magistrate, with the authorisation of the Minister of Justice, to prohibit a public gathering if s/he was of the opinion that it represented a serious threat to public peace.
		The Suppression of Communism Act (1967 and 1972) gave the Minister of Justice absolute administrative powers to prohibit a particular gathering or to ban gatherings in any area and for any period specified.
		The onus on the victim to show that a policeman acted in bad faith when he fired recklessly into a crowd, or failed to fire a warning shot, or neglected to use less drastic forms of ‘coercion’, is nearly insuperable".
	www.stanford.edu /class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap3.htm (20217 words)

	Biographies of Famous South Africans - Madiba
		His father was the principal councillor to the Acting Paramount Chief of Thembuland.
		was convicted of contravening the Suppression of Communism Act..
		For being part in a defiance campaign, Mandela was convicted of contravening the Suppression of Communism Act and given a suspended prison sentence.
	zar.co.za /mandela.htm (843 words)

	Government control of meetings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The Riotous Assembly Act of 1914 " empowered the minister or the magistrate to prohibit public gatherings in public places in the open air if he considered that these might seriously endanger the public peace."
		The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 "empowered the minister to prohibit a gathering if he considered it would be likely to further the aims of communism."
		There were special measures also taken to end the unrest of African which reached peak in the 1952 which led to the defiance campaign.
	www.history.und.ac.za /soweto/governme1.htm (122 words)

	frontline: the long walk of nelson mandela: chronology
		The National Party passes the Suppression of Communism Act, the Population and Registration Act, and the Group Areas act, which strictly enforce apartheid policies and are intended to crush any mass movement.
		Parliament passes the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, which forces the resettlement of fls into eight separate "tribal homelands." The ANC vigorously opposes the act.
		Botha resigns and F.W. de Klerk is sworn in as acting president.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/etc/cron.html (2445 words)

	[No title]
		The Suppression of Communism Act in South Africa in 1950 and subsequent laws directed against the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress made civil protest impossible.
		In Southern Rhodesia, the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act, passed in 1960 but extensively amended thereafter, which suffocated dissent, and the refusal of the Rhodesian Front regime to countenance democratic reforms led to an exodus of young Zimbabweans who were organized outside the country in what eventually became the Patriotic Front.
		The Public Order and Security Act, little different in form and content from the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act, makes it an offense to denigrate the president who, as head of government and the ruling party, is a major player on the political stage who doesn’t hesitate to denigrate his opponents.
	www.worldpress.org /article_model.cfm?article_id=986&dont=yes (1155 words)

	Anti-Apartheid Struggle
		Under the provisions of the Group Areas Act, urban and rural areas in South Africa were divided into zones in which members of only one racial group could live; all others had to move.
		Botha also continued to support the homeland policy, arguing as his predecessors had done that Africans should exercise political rights only within what were deemed to be their own communities, which in the 1980s continued to be as small and fragmented as they had been in the 1950s.
		This legislation did not authorize compensation for fls who had been displaced from their land in the preceding thirty years; instead, it left their complaints to be dealt with by a special court or commission to be established for that purpose.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/south_africa1.htm (9283 words)

	Kituo cha katiba >> Oliver Tambo - Profile
		The South African government's attempts to suppress the Defiance Campaign resulted in one of the first mass trials in South African legal history.
		The suppression of the 1961 stay-at-home strike led to the ANC adopting the armed struggle as part of its strategy.
		In 1967, after the death of ANC President General Chief Albert J. Luthuli, Tambo became Acting president until his appointment to the Presidency was approved by the Morogoro Conference in 1969.
	www.kituochakatiba.co.ug /tambo.htm (1286 words)

	Untitled Document
		Outlawed communism and the Community Party in South Africa.
		The definition of communism was very basic; it included anything the called for a radical change in how the government worked.
		The aim of this law was to prevent fl Africans from receiving an education that would allow them to work in positions that they were not allowed to hold under the previous Apartheid laws.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~rrothe/timeline.htm (428 words)

	Moses Kotane, South African Revolutionary by Brian Bunting
		In the chair was the Acting President-General of the ANC Mr D. Nyembe, who declared the conference closed before it had been able to complete its business.
		In any event in terms of the Suppression of Communism Act everybody was a ‘communist’ who disliked the Nationalist Government’s policies and said so.” Tambo asked what would have happened to the allied cause if the West had refused Russia’s aid against the Nazis during the war.
		The legally elected leaders of the Congresses were removed under the Suppression of Communism Act, and those who were elected to replace them were likewise banned.
	www.marxists.org /subject/africa/bunting-brian/kotane/ch15.htm (6255 words)

	BookRags: Albert John Luthuli Biography
		It was while he was teaching at Adams that the Groutville community requested him to become its chief.
		The law under which he was charged (1956) was the Suppression of Communism Act.
		Three years later he was banned for five years under the Suppression of Communism Act.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/albert-john-luthuli (934 words)

	South Africa - Black Resistance in the 1950s
		The government reacted by banning leaders and newspapers under the Suppression of Communism Act and by arresting participants in the demonstrations.
		The ANC had grown enormously, however: its paid membership had increased from fewer than 7,000 at the beginning of 1952 to more than 100,000 by the end of the year.
		Its leadership had also changed: James Moroka had been dismissed in disgrace for having pleaded guilty to charges placed under the Suppression of Communism Act, and Albert Luthuli had been made president.
	countrystudies.us /south-africa/26.htm (901 words)

	[No title]
		The thing that scares me the most about Bill C-36 is its similarities to two of Apartheid South Africa’s bills, namely the 1950 Suppression of Communism Act and the 1967 Terrorist Act.
		Quoting Nelson Mandela (from his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom): "Essentially, the [Suppression of Communism] bill permitted the government to outlaw any organisation and to restrict any individual opposed to its policies" and "the 1967 Terrorist Act gave the government unprecedented powers of arrest and detention without trial." Two key terms are ‘security’ and ‘terrorism’.
		It enabled the police and military to perform their own acts of terrorism against individuals and other countries, without any recourse to the law.
	images.indymedia.org /imc/calgary/re__bill_c.txt (774 words)

	July 2001: SF Revival of Fugard's Apartheid-Era Masterpiece
		He set his play in 1950, the year that the Suppression of Communism Act was passed in South Africa.
		The law was written in such ambiguous terms that virtually anyone and any organization opposed to the ruling National Party could be censored or arrested.
		Also at that time, the Population Registration Act classified South Africans according to race and the Group Areas Act split cities and towns into segregated sections.
	www.socialistaction.org /news/200107/sf.html (869 words)

	Apartheid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		In the years following the victory of the South African National Party in the general election of 1948, a flood of laws were enacted, formally instituting the dominance of white people over other races.
		The principal apartheid laws were as follows: The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act* (1949) Amendment to The Immorality Act* (1950) **This law made it a criminal offence for a white person to have any sexual relations with a person of a different race.
		* Black Homeland Citizenship Act (1971) **This law changed the status of the inhabitants of the 'homelands' so that they were no longer citizens of South Africa, and therefore had none of the rights that came with citizenship.
	brandt.kurowski.net /projects/lsa/wiki/view.cgi?doc=63 (919 words)

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