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Topic: Supranational

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Supranationalism

Intergovernmentalism

Supranational union

International organization

European Union

European Union law

SACN

Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

World government

Common Market

Ratification

European Union member states

Maastricht Treaty

Qualified Majority Voting

Neofunctionalism

	Moravcski: Supranational Entrepreneurs & International Cooperation
		The existence of supranational entrepreneurs, "neo-functionalists" have argued since the pioneering work of Ernst Haas and Leon Lindberg forty years ago, is one of two major factors feeding the self-sustaining and path-dependent process of unintended consequences -- "spillover" -- which powers regional integration.
		Theories of supranational entrepreneurship, like strategy-based theories of bargaining or functional theories of international regimes, rest on the assumption that the (transaction) costs of interstate bargaining negotiations are high, even when coercive force is absent -- thus leading states, unaided, to bargain inefficiently.
		Yet supranational entrepreneurs in the EC lack the characteristics required to influence such negotiations; they are not generally more creative, impartial, legitimate, or expert than national governments.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /irforum/papers/morav-int.html (1480 words)

	Supranationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Few international organizations today operate on the basis of supranationalism; the main exceptions are the European Union and the South American Community of Nations, often called supranational unions, as they incorporate both intergovernmental and supranational elements.
		Supporters of a Federal World Government wish it to be extended.
		The United Nations holds a limited degree of supranational power insofar as governing important matters of global security through the binding decisions of the Security Council.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supranational (125 words)

	Yale Law Journal \| Archive
		Supranational adjudication in Europe is a remarkable and surprising success.
		Such "supranational" jurisdiction has allowed the European courts to penetrate the surface of the state, to forge direct relationships not only with individual citizens but also with distinct government institutions such as national courts.
		Over time, this penetration and the deepening relationships between supranational jurists and domestic legal actors have led to the evolution of a "community of law," a web of nominally apolitical relations among subnational and supranational legal actors.
	www.yale.edu /yalelj/107/107-2ab1.html (422 words)

	Hospitality Net - Industry News - Supranational Hotels And Its Affiliated Companies Now Live With The Amadeus Dynamic ...
		Supranational Hotels are delighted to be the first customer of WizCom International, Ltd. to launch to market the highest hotel connectivity level to our Amadeus agency customers.
		"Supranational's decision to rapidly upgrade to Dynamic Access is further evidence of their timely adoption of technology to increase efficiency and maintain a competitive edge in the hospitality sector" said Stéphane Durand, Director Travel Services Partners, Amadeus.
		Supranational Hotels, headquartered in London, is one of the world's largest representation company, supplying reservations, sales, marketing and technology solutions to the hotel industry.
	www.hospitalitynet.org /news/4013390.html (609 words)

	Evolution of Supranational Systems
		In 1980, “Multinational enterprise and urbanism” argues that as the supranational system develops, states are weakened while cities (and private corporations) grow relatively stronger.
		Supranational Networks: States and Firms,” an update of the 1987 paper, was published in
		Supranational Networks: States and Firms.” [This document, unpublished at the time, is an expanded version of papers presented at the Sun Belt Social Network Conference, Clearwater Beach, Florida, February, 1987, and at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, in Chicago, November 20, 1987.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~wolfe/Supranational-AWW.html (1136 words)

	Beyond the EU Membership-Non-Membership Dichotomy? Explaining Supranational Identities among EU Decision-Makers
		The enactment of supranational identifications amongst individual decision-makers is thus accounted for by the EU membership versus non-membership distinction.
		In the following, two non-aggregate explanations of supranational allegiances are suggested: First, the intensity and length to which national civil servants participate on EU committees, and second, national co-ordination processes occurring prior to meetings within EU committees.
		Supportive to our hypothesis, officials evoking supranational allegiances tend to do relatively few clearances with the MFA before attending EU committees (-.15* and -.16), tend to co-ordinate poorly with all relevant ministries (-.12), and have unclear instructions as to what ‘positions’ to pursue during EU committee meetings (-.14**).
	www.arena.uio.no /publications/wp01_5.htm (4799 words)

	EU Learning
		In economic and other areas, the EU is supranational and in most other areas, such as the military and foreign policy the EU is intergovernmental.
		A supranational organization is different because member states do surrender power in specific areas to the higher organization.
		Decisions taken by a supranational organization must be obeyed by the member states.
	www.carleton.ca /ces/EULearning/introduction/int_orgn.htm (386 words)

	Bringing Negotiations Back Into the Study of the European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Regarding the choice of supranational institutions to be analyzed, the European Parliament is not investigated, as it does not formally participate in IGC’s, and prior to the 2000 IGC the European Parliament was not even able to attend IGC meetings even as an observer.
		Intergovernmental conferences would therefore not be purely intergovernmental affairs, with the level of supranational influence over IGC outcomes contingent upon both the context of the negotiations, and the actual strategies employed by supranational actors in the negotiations.
		In this scenario, as supranational actors lack material power resources, and as the negotiation process does not offer them opportunities to utilize their comparative informational advantages to gain influence, supranational actors then have little if any significant influence upon the final Treaty.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/beach.html (7284 words)

	Moravcski: Supranational Entrepreneurs & International Cooperation
		A fifth, "two-level" explanation of supranational political entrepreneurship seeks to overcome this theoretical weakness by relaxing the assumption of the unitary, rational state and directing our attention instead to the ways in which supranational actors might help overcome domestic and transnational collective action problems.
		Supranational actors also may have access to a wider international network of societal groups.
		First, obstacles to informational transfers within governments and domestic polities are severe, leaving national leaders unaware of viable proposals backed by latent coalitions, whereas supranational actors may have a greater knowledge, due to their experience with everyday policy-making.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /irforum/papers/morav-IB5.html (828 words)

	Supranational union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A supranational union, sometimes called also a supranational state, is a group of countries that has:
		But some countries, in a given world region, like a continent or subcontinent, feel the need for more integration, without adopting immediately all the institutions of a federal nation.
		Whence their idea to become united into supranational entities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supranational_union (463 words)

	Levant Supranational Hotels
		Ever since its formation in 1974, Supranational Hotels has enjoyed a unique position within the international hospitality industry and has grown into one of the world's largest Hotel representation corporations, supplying reservation, sales, marketing and technology solutions to this industry.
		Supranational's mission is to remain a world leader in the Hotel reservations arena, achieving global visibility and delivering incremental business to its members through an impressive Sales, Marketing and Distribution Network.
		All of Supranational's local voice reservation centers are operated by members who use the Columbus system to generate bookings.
	www.htdco.com /levant.htm (477 words)

	SSRN-Creating European Rights: National Values and Supranational Interests by Francesca Bignami
		One of the longest-running debates over European integration is the balance between sovereign states and supranational institutions in setting the pace of European integration.
		While some scholars argue that traditional state interests and the balance of power among states are critical, others take supranational institutions - and their interest in expanding their powers and pushing forward integration - as the decisive force behind integration.
		More importantly, the empirical analysis brings to light two important constraints on the ability of states and supranational institutions to design European rights to their advantage, often overlooked in the political science literature.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=648541 (471 words)

	American Forces under Supranational Control -- JSCOPE XIX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Secondly, there could be conditions such that basic human values could not be maintained unless Americans were willing to submit to supranational control even at the cost of sacrificing their own national interest.
		If it were to choose to submit to the wishes of the U.N. in order to preserve the basic human values of political and religious freedom, it would find itself in the second kind of condition in which it would sacrifice its own national interests.
		If we fail to to punish those who have engaged in “ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia, for example, we become co-participants in their crime, and if the only way we can arrest and punish the guilty is by means of placing our forces under U.N. command, then we have an ethical obligation to do so.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE97/dav97.htm (1956 words)

	Law above Nations:Supranational Courts and the Legalization of Politics - a book from the University Press of Florida
		In this first book to examine the four so-called supranational courts, authors compare the legitimacy, effectiveness, and political impact of the courts of the European Union, European Council on Human Rights, Organization of American States, and World Trade Organization.
		Though the ranges of jurisdiction, political clout, and potential for influence of these courts are varied, the authors argue that comparisons are instructive because each of the newer supranational judicial bodies was consciously patterned on its predecessors.
		Supranational Courts in a Political Context, by Mary L. Volcansek
	www.upf.com /FALL1997/volcansek.html (388 words)

	Hospitality Net - Industry News - Supranational Hotels Launches Galileo International's 'Insider Shopper' Technology
		Parsippany, NJ, Supranational Hotels is proud to announce that it has implemented "next generation seamless" technology with WizCom International and Galileo's Inside Shopper.
		Managing Director of Supranational Hotels, Niels Pedersen added: "Inside Shopper enables us to better target our offerings and ensure there are never any errors in what we return.
		Supranational Hotels Ltd - Supranational Hotels, headquartered in London, is one of the world's largest representation companies, supplying reservations, sales, marketing and technology solutions to the hotel industry.
	www.hospitalitynet.org /news/4015105.html (641 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Supranational control of U.S. military?
		A professor at Texas A&M University says sometimes there is "an ethical justification" for placing American troops under the command of supranational organizations such as the United Nations.
		In his study, published on the United States Air Force Academy website, Dr. Manuel Davenport said "two kinds of conditions are logically possible" in considering subjecting U.S. forces to supranational authority.
		Alan Keyes, vying for the Republican Party nomination in 2000, believes that "the fundamental goal for an American statesman must be to maintain an independent sense of sovereign American interests and principles." In the end, "the United States is responsible for its own destiny -- not the United Nations or anybody else.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15228 (844 words)

	TRANSNATIONAL PROGRESSIVISM... GOVT CONTROL VIA SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
		As free-market capitalism has raised living standards, outperformed state socialism and led to flourishing commerce without regard to national borders, transnational progressives have concluded that the nation-state is no longer viable.
		For the U.S., this doesn’t just mean the continued surrender of national sovereignty to supranational organizations ranging from the U.N. to the World Trade Organization.
		It means the continued debasement of U.S. citizenship by breaking down all distinctions between immigrants and citizens and even legal immigration and illegal immigration.
	www.etherzone.com /2002/antl101502.shtml (1026 words)

	Einstein \| American Museum of Natural History
		In Einstein's view, world peace would be guaranteed only when the leaders of individual nations answered to a single, supranational government.
		In 1947, Einstein addressed a letter to all United Nations delegates; the letter was published in the magazine United Nations World.
		...the United Nations is an extremely important and useful institution provided the peoples and governments of the world realize that it is merely a transitional system toward the final goal, which is the establishment of a supranational authority vested with sufficient legislative and executive powers to keep the peace....
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/einstein/global/world.php (697 words)

	Gruber, L.: Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions.
		Gruber, L.: Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions.
		The last few decades have witnessed an extraordinary transfer of policy-making prerogatives from individual nation-states to supranational institutions.
		Bold and compelling, this book will appeal to anyone interested in understanding how "power politics" really operates and why, for better or worse, it is fueling much of the supranational activity we see today.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/6869.html (422 words)

	WCFIA: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The European Community features a number of important supranational institutions, including the European Commission, the European Court of Justice and the European Parliament.
		The nature and extent of supranational autonomy, however, is hotly disputed within the existing literature on European integration, which depicts the Commission alternately as the obedient servant of the member states, or as a runaway Eurocracy independent of any meaningful member state oversight.
		The paper then concludes by generating a number of spe cific hypotheses about delegation, agency and agenda setting, and discussing how researchers might go about testing such hypotheses.
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /rsrchpapsum.asp?ID=460 (132 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: European Integration and Supranational Governance
		Creating Supranational Authority in Monetary and Exchange-Rate Policy: The Sources and Effects of EMU
		Supranational Autonomy and Influence in the European Union
		5 The Emergence of a Supranational Telecommunications Regime
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/politicalscience/0198294646/toc.html (350 words)

	Definition of supranational - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		: transcending national boundaries, authority, or interests supranational authority, regulating ocean usage -- N. Jacoby>
		For More Information on "supranational" go to Britannica.com
		Get the Top 10 Search Results for "supranational"
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=supranational (58 words)

	European Welfare State and Supranational Governance of Social Policy by Ailish M. Johnson and Allan Larsson : ...
		European Welfare State and Supranational Governance of Social Policy by Ailish M. Johnson and Allan Larsson : Booksamillion.com (1403939950, Hardcover)
		Ailish Johnson examines national welfare state regimes of EU Member States and the features of the European Union and the International Labour Organization that encourage cooperation and assure outcomes of supranational cooperation better than theories of inter-state bargaining or social dumping would predict.
		She concludes with an analysis of the forms and outputs of supranational social policy and suggests limits of social policy in an enlarged European Union.
	www.booksamillion.com /ncom/books?pid=1403939950 (363 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Book Review - The Money Mandarins: The Making of a Supranational Economic Order - Howard M. Wachtel
		3/23/2007 11:36:36 AM Foreign Affairs - Book Review - The Money Mandarins: The Making of a Supranational Economic Order - Howard M. Wachtel
		A daily guide to the most influential analysis from the Council on Foreign Relations, publisher of Foreign Affairs.
		The Money Mandarins: The Making of a Supranational Economic Order.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19861201fabook11137/howard-m-wachtel/the-money-mandarins-the-making-of-a-supranational-economic-order.html (216 words)

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