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Topic: Supraoptic nucleus

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	Supraoptic nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain.
		Anatomical studies using electron microscopy have shown that the morphology of the supraoptic nucleus is remarkably adaptable (7-9).
		Supraoptic neurons have typically 1-3 large dendrites, most of which project ventrally to form a mat of process at the base of the nucleus, called the ventral glial lamina.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus (1857 words)

	The Hypothalamus and Hypertension -- De Wardener 81 (4): 1599 -- Physiological Reviews
		median preoptic nucleus, the SFO and the paraventricular nucleus
		in the SFO, the median preoptic, supraoptic, the paraventricular
		the median eminence, and the arcuate nucleus (612).
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/4/1599 (10133 words)

	The V1a and V1b, But Not V2, Vasopressin Receptor Genes Are Expressed in the Supraoptic Nucleus of the Rat ...
		neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
		neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (6, 32, 34,
		in the magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/11/4701 (4310 words)

	supraoptic nucleus
		The influence of age on supraoptic nucleus glial cells of the mouse.
		Age-related augmentation of the dehydration-induced increase in the supraoptic nitric oxide synthase activity in rats.
		Ageing and the diurnal expression of the mRNAs for vasopressin and for the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/1608.html (552 words)

	Paraventricular nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an aggregation of neurons in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle.
		Although it is in the periventricular zone, it is not to be confused with the periventricular nucleus (PV) located nearby.
		Inputs from the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract and the ventrolateral medulla carry information from the heart and stomach.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus (527 words)

	Ice nucleus in TutorGig Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The caudate nucleus is a telencephalic nucleus neuroanatomy nucleus, one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
		In biology, the supraoptic nucleus is a nucleus neuroanatomy nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cell s in the hypothalamus, their axons extend into posterior pituitary.
		The paraventricular nucleus is a nucleus neuroanatomy nucleus of mostly magnocellular neurosecretory cell s in the hypothalamus, their axons extend into posterior pituitary.
	www.tutorgig.com /es/Ice+nucleus (775 words)

	[No title]
		The ventral posterior nucleus is in the sensory pathway with output to the primary sensory cortex.
		A lesion of the supraoptic nucleus or posterior lobe of the pituitary causes
		The efferent connections are mammillo- thalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and mammillotegmental tract to midbrain reticular nuclei.
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/ua16.wbc (1407 words)

	ScienceDaily: Hypothalamus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Oxytocin secretion in response to suckling or vagino-cervical stimulation is mediated by some of these pathways; vasopressin secretion in response to cardiovascular stimuli arising from chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, and from low-pressure atrial volume receptors, is mediated by others.
		To influence gene expression, estrogen binds to an intracellular receptor, and this complex is translocated to the cell nucleus where it interacts with regions of the DNA known as estrogen regulatory elements (EREs).
		Unlike gonadal steroid receptors, glucocorticoid receptors are very widespread throughout the brain; in the paraventricular nucleus, they mediate negative feedback control of CRF synthesis and secretion, but elsewhere their role is not well understood.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/hypothalamus (2927 words)

	DHEA, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair growth, buy Rx ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA levels were increased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and in the medullary raphe nuclei of mutant mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptors alpha1 and beta (alpha1(-/-)beta(-/-)), as compared to wild-type mice.
		In contrast, galanin messenger RNA levels were lower in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of mutant animals, as was galanin-like immunoreactivity in the internal layer of the median eminence.
		Direct pathways to the supraoptic nucleus from the brainstem and the main olfactory bulb are activated at parturition in the rat.
	www.twinpharm.com /ref-nucleus-1/nucleus-1-research-abs4.579.html (1330 words)

	Effect of histamine on chemotaxis and phagocytosis of human alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes. Depression of ...
		The effects of histamine on the firing of supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in the rat were examined in vitro using acutely prepared, hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explants perifused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
		Extracellular action potentials meeting the criteria of antidromic invasion from neurohypophysial stalk stimulation were recorded from 135 neurons in the tuberal portion of the supraoptic nucleus, which lies superficially along the tuber cinereum and consists of mostly vasopressin-containing neurons.
		Considered with data showing H1-receptor localization and histamine-immunoreactive fibers within the supraoptic nucleus, the present results, as well as those showing the potency of centrally applied histamine in releasing vasopressin, suggest histamine may act physiologically by altering the electrical activity of vasopressin-secreting neurons.
	www.hairmillion.com /rx-online-info/promethazine-online-rx/promethazine-online-rx.225.html (814 words)

	Fos expression following isotonic volume expansion of the unanesthetized male rat -- Randolph et al. 274 (5): 1345 -- ...
		in vasopressinergic neurons of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
		A and B are representative sections of the nucleus of the solitary tract, C and D are representative sections of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, and E and F are representative sections of the area postrema.
		A and B are representative sections of the paraventricular nucleus, and C and D are representative sections of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON).
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/5/R1345 (4186 words)

	Neurochemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is synthesized inside magnocellular neurosecretory cells as a precursor protein that is processed by proteolysis to its shorter active peptide form.
		Specific parts of the brain such as the supraoptic nucleus produce oxytocin which acts on cells in locations such as the ventral pallidum to produce the behavioral effects of oxytocin.
		A large amount of oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus, transported to the posterior lobe of the pituitary and released into the blood stream by which it reaches target tissues such as the mammary glands (milk letdown).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/neurochemistry (227 words)

	Dehydration-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Magnocellular Neurons of the Hypothalamic Supraoptic Nucleus -- Di and ...
		of magnocellular neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus induced
		nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus are responsible for the synthesis
		Heterogeneous chloride homeostasis and GABA responses in the median preoptic nucleus of the rat
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/11/5141 (5722 words)

	Effects of neurotensin on rat supraoptic nucleus neurones in vitro. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Effects of neurotensin on rat supraoptic nucleus neurones in vitro.
		Effects of neurotensin on rat supraoptic nucleus neurones in vitro.1.
		The electrophysiological actions of neurotensin on magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) were examined during intracellular recording from seventy-three supraoptic nucleus neurones in superfused explants of rat hypothalamus.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/202327.html (194 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Effects of the endogenous opioid peptide, endomorphin 1, on supraoptic nucleus ...
		Magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus project to the posterior pituitary where they secrete oxytocin or vasopressin directly into the systemic circulation (Hatton, 1990).
		DOI, N.,, DUTIA, M.B. and, RUSSELL, J.A. (1998a) Inhibition of rat oxytocin and vasopressin supraoptic nucleus neurons by nociceptin in vitro..
		SUMNER, B.E.,, COOMBES, J.E.,, PUMFORD, K.M. and, RUSSELL, J.A. (1990) Opioid receptor subtypes in the supraoptic nucleus and posterior pituitary gland of morphine-tolerant rats..
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v132/n5/full/0703911a.html (6660 words)

	UCR Faculty Listing
		supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus to transient focal ischemia.
		the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus.
		In addition, my laboratory examines the role of NMDA receptors in neuroendocrine cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON) which produce the anti-diuretic hormone, vasopressin.
	facultydirectory.ucr.edu /cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=715 (551 words)

	Glutamate Microstimulation of Local Inhibitory Circuits in the Supraoptic Nucleus From Rat Hypothalamus Slices -- ...
		The notion that the supraoptic nucleus may be surrounded by a discrete perinuclear zone was first proposed by anatomic studies
		of the synaptic boutons in the supraoptic nucleus are immunoreactive
		and parvicellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (Boudaba
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/6/3180 (4109 words)

	Histamine enhances the depolarizing afterpotential of immunohistochemically identified vasopressin neurons in the rat ...
		Previous studies have demonstrated that histamine primarily excites unidentified neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus.
		We investigated the neuromodulatory effects of histamine on immunohistochemically identified vasopressin neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus using intracellular recording techniques from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explant.
		In summary, these results show that the excitatory effect of histamine on immunohistochemically identified vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus is due in part to the H1-receptor-mediated enhancement of the depolarizing afterpotential independent of any change in the afterhyperpolarizing potential or membrane potential.
	www.hairmillion.com /rx-online-info/promethazine-online-rx/promethazine-online-rx.238.html (901 words)

	Endotext.com - Neuroendocrinology, Hypothalamus, And Pituitary, Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
		Neurons of this tract arise primarily from the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus (129), the latter situated as a cluster of cells dorsal and lateral to the optic chiasm (Fig.
		Magnocellular neurons of the parventricular and supraoptic nucleus possess large perikarya and prominant dendrites that interdigitate with adjacent perikarya and dendrites, respectively, of other magnocellular neurons.
		These dendrites contain numerous hormone-laden neurosecretory granules that can be released by exocytosis (134) and may be important to coordinate the secretion of vasopressin or oxytocin from individual neurons in unison through somato-somatic and/or dendro-dendritic interactions or alter the sensitivity of these neurons in response to a biologic stimulus such as suckling.
	www.endotext.org /neuroendo/neuroendo3b/neuroendo3b_5.htm (1453 words)

	Increased Morphological Diversity of Microglia in the Activated Hypothalamic Supraoptic Nucleus -- Ayoub and Salm 23 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bobak JB, Sedlmeyer T, Hawrylak N, Salm AK (1997) Evidence of astrocyte death in the glial limitans of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of normal and dehydrated adult rats.
		Hawrylak N, Salm AK (1999) Stereological analysis of the activated supraoptic nucleus (SON) and subjacent ventral glial limitans.
		Salm AK, Modney BK, Hatton GI (1988) Alterations in supraoptic nucleus ultrastructure of maternally behaving virgin rats.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/21/7759 (4330 words)

	Further Characterization of NMDA Receptor Channels on Cultured Supraoptic Neurons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus regulates body water and salt balance via the release of the peptide hormones vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin from magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs).
		Previously, we have used an in vitro model of supraoptic neurons to confirm the presence of functional NMDA receptors on SON neurons.
		Currás, M.C., J. Dao (1998) Developmental plasticity of the NR1 and NR2B subunit expression in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus.
	www.jyi.org /volumes/volume5/issue1/articles/rack.html (4797 words)

	APStracts 4:135N, 1997. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The hypothesis of a local inhibitory input to the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus was tested with combined glutamate microstimulation and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in slices from rat hypothalamus.
		Synaptic activity in supraoptic magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) was monitored and glutamate microdrops were applied in the perinuclear region of the supraoptic nucleus to evoke firing of action potentials in putative presynaptic inhibitory cells.
		These results suggest: (1) local inhibitory interneurons are present in the periphery of the supraoptic nucleus, (2) they contain functional glutamate receptors, (3) they form inhibitory synapses with supraoptic MNCs, and (4) activation of these interneurons inhibits firing in MNCs.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1997/jn/August/135N.html (391 words)

	kappa -Opioid Regulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rat Supraoptic Nucleus In Vivo -- Brown et al. 18 (22): 9480 -- ...
		-opioids on the activity of supraoptic neurons in vivo.
		(oxytocin), supraoptic neurons by increasing burst duration (by
		nucleus increased the burst duration (119 ± 57% increase) of vasopressin
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/18/22/9480 (489 words)

	Supraoptic nucleus: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		(the supraoptic nucleus is a nucleus nucleus (neuroanatomy) quick summary:
		In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a central nervous system structure that is composed mainly of gray matter, and which acts as a hub or transit point for electrical...
		The cell body or soma is a structure in a neuron consisting of the main part of the cell and containing the nucleus....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/su/supraoptic_nucleus.htm (286 words)

	Water Intoxication
		Vasopressin is mainly released from magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and is also secreted from parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus.
		CRH is produced and released from the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus.
		In addition, glucocorticoid possess an inhibitory effect on magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus and on the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus.
	www.diabetesinsipidus.org /4di_water_intox.htm (669 words)

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		Moderate numbers of these fibers were found in the olfactory bulb, insular, infralimbic and prelimbic cortex, amygdala, ventral, and dorsolateral parts of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus except the lateral magnocellular division, arcuate nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
		Small numbers of orexin fibers were present in the perirhinal, motor and sensory cortex, hippocampus, and supraoptic nucleus, and a very small number in the lateral magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus.
		Intracerebroventricular injections of orexins induced c-fos expression in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, locus coeruleus, arcuate nucleus, central gray, raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and paraventricular nucleus except the lateral magnocellular division.
	www.americanpeptide.com /corp/references/orexin/orexin4.html (291 words)

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