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Topic: Suprasegmental features

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	Gues the Stress: glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Suprasegmental features are traditionally defined as pitch, stress, and quantity (or F0, loudness/intensity, and duration — details of definition depend on whether you have a phonetic, psychophysical, or acoustic perspective).
		Suprasegmental features may be part of the lexical make-up of individual words (e.g.
		In a narrower use of the term, intonation is restricted to pitch, and excludes paralinguistic features such as range and voice quality.
	www.hrelp.org /student_projects/guess_the_stress/glossary.html (206 words)

	English Teaching Forum Online – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
		The course design was based on the view that training in suprasegmental features may be more valuable than work on individual sounds or phonemes for accurate perception and production of the target language, even at the segmental level.
		This view hinges on the notions that suprasegmental features are the key to pronunciation teaching and that "accurate production of segmental features does not in itself characterize native-like pronunciation, nor is it the primary basis of intelligible speech" (Pennington and Richards 1986: 218).
		Thus, teaching suprasegmental aspects of pronunciation was found to be of limited value because students had little desire to modify their speech patterns in this respect.
	exchanges.state.gov /forum/vols/vol39/no3/p10.htm (2670 words)

	Linguistics 201: Prosody (suprasegmental features)
		The study of phonological features which apply to groups larger than the single segment, such as the syllable or the word, are known as suprasegmental features.
		Accent or stress is another suprasegmental feature. It is a meaure of relative volume of sound between syllable peaks. Auditorily, we hear an accented syllable of a word as relatively louder than the unaccented syllables. Acoustically, this difference can be measured in decibels.
		Tone languages also have intonation, a gradual increase or decrease in pitch over an utterance as well as an increase in general volume of sound on various parts of the utterance to indicate emotion.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test2materials/prosody.htm (1200 words)

	English Teaching Forum Online – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
		Although rules for suprasegmental use exist, these rules are broader and have much more variation than is involved in learning articulation of the individual sounds.
		This is true for both the segmental features and the suprasegmental elements.
		As noted, the suprasegmentals generally are among the most difficult features of English for nonnative speakers to recognize and acquire.
	exchanges.state.gov /forum/vols/vol38/no1/p24.htm (2417 words)

	Scott's Suprasegmental features article 1
		The suprasegmental features are those which operate over longer stretches of speech, such as, stress, rhythm, intonation, pitch, and voice quality as opposed to the segmental features which are referred to as the individual sounds.
		Although the suprasegmental features are sometimes called the 'unteachables', Laroy (1995) suggests that they are not 'unlearnable'.
		By beginning with the overall voice setting or voice quality of English and engaging the learner in activities which raise his or her awareness to the way the language sounds, (perhaps by comparing it with other languages), is in line with a holistic, "top-down" approach.
	www.developingteachers.com /articles_tchtraining/supra1_scott.htm (941 words)

	Quotes on Pronunciation
		Command of these features is therefore as critical as command of the segmental features … in achieving successful communication for second language learners.
		It has been found that suprasegmentals can be most effectively taught through the use of equipment which extracts pitch and intensity from the speech signal and presents the information on a video screen in real time, providing instantaneous visual feedback on stress, rhythm, and intonation.
		That syllable is perceived more prominent because of a complex of features such as loudness, length of vowel, etc. If the learner doesn’t stress one syllable more than the another or stresses on the wrong syllable, it may be very difficult for the listener to identify the word.
	www.betteraccent.com /papers/quotes_on_pronunciation.htm (1167 words)

	LLT Vol8Num1: REVIEW OF CONNECTED SPEECH
		CS claims to do so by helping learners to identify suprasegmental features of spoken English, to reproduce them, and to be able to evaluate whether they did it well.
		The speech recognition features of CS provide opportunities for learners to test whether their language is intelligible, but there are several problems with this feature.
		Finally, this feature can recognize intonation, stress, and other suprasegmental features of language, but it cannot determine whether the sentence is grammatical or semantically plausible.
	llt.msu.edu /vol8num1/review2/default.html (1893 words)

	Speech Synthesis with Improved Prosody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The goal of this project is to improve the intelligibility and naturalness of synthesized diphone speech by incorporating suprasegmental information into the speech.
		Suprasegmental information, or prosody, includes pitch and intonation, rhythm, lexical and phrasal stress, emphasis, and all other information in speech that is separate from the segmental information.
		In addition, certain suprasegmental features such as ambiguous phrase boundaries and contrastive stress cannot be reliably inserted automatically.
	www.asel.udel.edu /speech/Sp_syn/diph_synth_prosody.html (263 words)

	Course Descriptions - The University of Iowa
		In this area we will learn that the meaning of words is constructed from semantic features, while the meaning of sentences depends not only on the meaning of words but also on how they are combined.
		Furthermore, suprasegmental features such as the syllable, stress, and intonation, which determine the rhythm of the language, are also described and practiced.
		The interaction between the segmental and suprasegmental levels is also evinced by the fact that segments may be deleted or inserted in order to improve the structure of a prosodic constituent (e.g.
	www.uiowa.edu /~spanport/personal/Pineros/crsDescr.htm (1285 words)

	LLT Vol8Num1:GENERALIZATION OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED PROSODY TRAINING: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE FINDINGS THROUGH ...
		These features began to draw the greatest attention from teachers and materials developers with the advent of the discourse-level focus of the communicative approach to language teaching and remained the principal focus throughout the 1980s (e.g., Morley, 1991; Pennington and Richards, 1986).
		The mean prosody rating for that group declined from 4.28 in the pretest to 4.18 in the posttest; the mean rating for segmental accuracy was 4.12 in the pretest and 4.16 in the posttest.
		This is not surprising given that little attention can be paid in their classes to features of the spoken language and the students were not engaged in any pronunciation practice outside of class.
	llt.msu.edu /vol8num1/hardison/default.html (7743 words)

	EUROSPEECH'99 Abstract: Mathew et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The suprasegmental features used for this study are pitch accent and durational features.
		These features are extracted using properties of intonation patterns and duration.
		We have proposed an approach to combine evidence present at the segmental and suprasegmental levels to improve the performance of the verification system.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/eurospeech_1999/e99_0995.html (124 words)

	[No title]
		Students should focus on suprasegmentals and how they reinforce the tone of the dialogue.
		Have students guess at the suprasegmental placement based on body language.
		Students should not have to guess at words or they will be distracted from working on the suprasegmentals.
	www.uiowa.edu /~iiepesl/IIEP/colloquium3activities2003.doc (825 words)

	International Phonetic Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets ("[" and "]").
		For example the English word pretzel in a phonetic (or "narrow") transcription would be, which notes several phonetic features that are not contrasted phonologically.
		Instead of IPA's general principle of one symbol per sound, analphabetic notation uses long sequences of symbols to precisely describe the component features of an articulatory gesture (MacMahon 1996:842-844).
	international-phonetic-alphabet.iqnaut.net (1176 words)

	City National Bank, Atlantic City, Value City Furniture - Shopping, Services and Information at CITIESIWORLD.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At one end of the spectrum is narrow transcription, in which every feature of every sound is specified, down to the dialect and speech habits of the individual speaker.
		These symbols describe the suprasegmental features of a language, collectively known as a language\'s prosody.
		Many suprasegmentals are often reserved for very specific transcriptions intended to convey the differences in speech between individuals or dialects.
	www.parisiworld.com /wiki-International_Phonetic_Alphabet (4736 words)

	A Style Adaptation Technique for Speech Synthesis Using HSMM and Suprasegmental Features -- TACHIBANA et al. E89-D (3): ...
		A Style Adaptation Technique for Speech Synthesis Using HSMM and Suprasegmental Features -- TACHIBANA et al.
		A Style Adaptation Technique for Speech Synthesis Using HSMM and Suprasegmental Features
		state duration and to adapt both the spectral and prosodic features.
	ietisy.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/short/E89-D/3/1092?rss=1 (304 words)

	Ian H. Witten: Resume
		I have worked on the design of speech synthesizers, for which I was consultant to the Essex Electronics Centre (1973-1974) and attracted an SRC research grant (1975-1977).
		Much of this work has proceeded in collaboration with the Phonetics Department at the University of Edinburgh, the Department of Computer Science at the University of Calgary, Bell-Northern Research at Montreal, the Polish Academy of Sciences in Poznan, and the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Sussex.
		Metamouse induces the procedure, identifying key features of individual program steps and disregarding coincidental events, and uses it to predict upcoming actions and perform them for the user, thereby reducing the tedium of repetitive graphical editing.
	www.cs.waikato.ac.nz /~ihw/resume.html (1684 words)

	HESP403 Exam II Study Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Be able to recognize salient features of the northern (NYC, Boston) dialects
		merely recognize some of these simple salient features of specific that languages that we discussed in class.
		When you transcribe these words, be sure to transcribe what you hear; transcribe them as voiceless.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /hesp/mwinn/ExamII_guide.htm (944 words)

	Title 84Testing Some Suprasegmental Features of English Speech
		Title 84Testing Some Suprasegmental Features of English Speech
		Listening skills in English require an ability to identify stressed syllables, tonic stress in an utterance, and tones.
		Rather than individual sentences or utterances, compact and meaningful contexts should be selected for testing listening skills communicatively.
	members.fortunecity.com /yusufgungoray100/id84.htm (673 words)

	Language
		But speech sounds may also have suprasegmental features
		Not only may they belong to a single phonetic segment,
		Suprasegmental features are difficult to transcribe because they are ‘superimposed’ on the other features.
	www.csub.edu /~ecase/Phonology_two.htm (892 words)

	Martindale's Language Center: English
		Phonetics Course Chapters include: "...Articulation and Acoustics; Phonology and Phonetic Transcription; The Consonants of English; The Vowels of English; English Words and Sentences; Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types; Consonantal Gestures; Acoustic; Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations; Syllables and Suprasegmental Features; Linguistic Phonetics..."
		"...Over 200,000 entries feature 10,000 new words and senses, 70,000 audio word pronunciations..."
		"...Over 90,000 entries feature 10,000 new words and senses, 70,000 audio word pronunciations, 900 full-page color illustrations, language notes..." For more information see Bartleby
	www.martindalecenter.com /Language_3_English.html (8901 words)

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