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Topic: Surf clam

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	Clam -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clams are shelled marine or freshwater (Invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell) molluscs belonging to the class (Oysters; clams; scallops; mussels) Bivalvia.
		An exception is the (Marine clam having a long narrow curved thin shell) razor clam, which has an elongate shell that suggests an old-fashioned (A razor with a straight cutting edge enclosed in a case that forms a handle when the razor is opened for use) straight razor.
		Clams can live to be up to 150 years old -- or perhaps longer (science suspects that some larger (An edible American clam) quahogs found off the East Coast of the US are as old as the Republic).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cl/clam.htm (189 words)

	AllRefer.com - clam (Zoology: Invertebrates) - Encyclopedia
		clam, common name for certain bivalve mollusks, especially for marine species that live buried in mud or sand and have valves (the two pieces of the shell) of equal size.
		The large freshwater clams (family Unionidae) are also called freshwater mussels; the nacreous inner layer of their shells is a source of mother-of-pearl.
		Clams are classified in the phylum Mollusca, class Pelecypoda or bivalvia.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/clam.html (547 words)

	RISAA Affiliate [Save The Bay Corner: Atlantic Surf Clam]
		Surf clams have two short siphons which, when extended into the water column, are used to collect and expel water and plankton.
		Surf clams are filter feeders, using one of the siphons to intake water and plankton.
		Surf clams are preyed upon by sea gulls, who often drop them from the air onto hard surfaces such as boat decks, docks, and parking lots in an effort to break open the shell.
	www.risaa.org /savethebay/surfclam.html (394 words)

	Articles - Clam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clams are shelled marine or freshwater molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia.
		The term "clam" has no taxonomic significance in biology, but is often used to refer to any bivalve (a mollusc whose body is protected by two symmetrical shells) that is not an oyster, mussel, or a scallop, and that has a more-or-less oval shape.
		Clams can live to be up to 150 years old -- or perhaps longer (science suspects that some larger quahogs found off the East Coast of the US may be 200 years old).
	www.foreverd.com /articles/Clam (199 words)

	DEC Revises Surf Clam Draft Management Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ITQ proposal allocated the annual surf clam harvest quota equally among the 22 permit holders and allowed them to sell or lease their quota allocation to others within limits stated in the plan.
		Surf clams are large, oceanic clams that are harvested throughout the Mid-Atlantic region by vessels equipped with hydraulic dredges.
		Surf clams are processed for use in frozen strip clams, baked clams and chowders.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/press/pressrel/1998/98x45.html (559 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Proposed 1999 Fishing Quotas for Atlantic Surf ...
		The intent of this action is to propose allowable harvest levels of Atlantic surf clams and ocean quahogs from the exclusive economic zone and propose an allowable harvest level of Maine mahogany quahogs from the waters north of 43 deg.50'N. lat.
		The surf clam and Maine mahogany quahog quotas would be unchanged from the 1998 level, and the ocean quahog quota would be increased from the 1998 level by 13 percent.
		Since surf clams reach a harvestable size in 6 to 7 years and recruitment is evident, this level of quota will not harm the long-term sustainability of the resource.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/1998/November/Day-13/e30288.htm (1900 words)

	Fact Sheets - Atlantic Surf Clam
		Surf clams range from 4 to 8 inches in length (surf clams are more oval or triangular than round).
		Surf clam meat is white to light tan in color with some pieces having an orange cast.
		Surf clams have a sweet, delicate flavor and are appropriate for use in familiar clam recipes such as chowders, clams in white sauce or with linguine.The surf clam is the only clam which is used in manufacturing frozen, breaded clam strips.
	www.virginiaseafood.org /consumers/factsheets/atlanticsurfclam.htm (276 words)

	1998 Offshore Surf Clam Management Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Canadian surf clams or “hokkigai” (as the product is known in Japan), were first introduced in late 1988 to Northern Japan (Hokkaido) where a local clam with similar colour and taste was consumed in sushi bars.
		As the Arctic surf clam is sedentary (i.e., non-migratory and bottom dwelling in the adult stage), environmental variations are thought to mainly influence the survival of the larval stages.
		Arctic surf clams are filter feeders and are in turn preyed upon by large groundfish such as cod and also by some species of whelks.
	www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /fisheries/res/imp/98srfclm.htm (7146 words)

	Status of Fisheries Resources off Northeastern United States -Atlantic Surfclam
		The principal fishing gear for surfclams is the hydraulic clam dredge.
		Clams in the Delmarva region have grown at substantially slower rates and have lower yields than those off New Jersey, due to high density and perhaps other factors.
		The size limit was suspended for the 1991 fishing season due to the relatively low abundance of prerecruit-sized clams and the likely incentive under Amendment 8 to target beds of larger surfclams.
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /sos/spsyn/iv/surfclam (859 words)

	Marine Times News
		Where surf clams occur, it is usually in high density, in dynamic environments composed of characteristic coarse sand, labelled appropriately Spisula sand, washed by strong currents.
		Surf clam patches like this may have been more numerous in the past although this was the only one on which we could gather data when we surveyed the area in 2001.
		The Waterford clam patch typifies the likely patterns of surf clam biology in Irish waters: small beds which are erratically productive; yet, the outlook for the maintenance of surf clam fisheries is better than for other interstitial bivalves, such as razor clams which can be harvested using the same gear.
	www.marinetimes.ie /Assets/_archive_2003/0803_news_11.htm (1398 words)

	U.S. Newswire : Release : Though Still Abundant, MidAtlantic Surf Clams May Be Stressed by Global Warming; Sea Clamming ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Some scientists suspect that the decline of the surf clam stock was caused by warm water in the southern end of the mid-Atlantic clam habitat.
		Concerned with the rapidity with which the mid-Atlantic clam stocks seem to be declining, the North Atlantic Clamming Association teamed with the National Fisheries Institute, NOAA Fisheries, and Rutgers University to conduct a survey of Mid- Atlantic surf clam stocks in federal waters, a year ahead of the next scheduled federal clam survey in 2005.
		Fortunately, since surf clams were not over harvested prior to the current die-off, there is a biological "cushion" in abundance that has resulted in little impact on current clam landings from federal waters.
	releases.usnewswire.com /printing.asp?id=33873 (1412 words)

	Seafood Business
		Instead of racing to catch clams a few months a year (and sometimes sinking in the process), the remaining boats fish year-round at a leisurely pace, returning to port when the weather is bad.
		The surf clam quota was raised in 2002 to 3.1 million bushels, the highest level since the fishery went to ITQs.
		When buying surf clams and ocean quahogs, be aware that many processors soak their clams in tripolyphosphate and pack them in water, so compare quality from supplier to supplier because the quality and net weight can vary more than you would think.
	www.seafoodbusiness.com /buyersguide03/issue_clams.htm (1076 words)

	NYSDEC Regulations Subpart 43-2 Surf Clam/ocean Quahog Fishery Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The purpose of this Subpart is to promote and support the maintenance of viable surf clam and ocean quahog populations in select areas of the Marine and Coastal District.
		(a) A "Special permit to take surf clams and/or ocean quahogs from public underwater lands other than the Atlantic Ocean by hydraulic or other mechanical means" (hereafter "permit") must be obtained by any person prior to participating in the harvest of surf clams and/or ocean quahogs.
		(a) The maximum number of industry standard bushels of surf clams to be taken shall not exceed 50,000 industry standard bushels in a calendar year.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/regs/part43a.html (1180 words)

	Clams, Surf Profile
		The surf clam is the most important commercial species of clam in the United States.
		Although there is a species specifically named the surf clam, which lives off the coast of the northeastern United States, several species are also called surf clam.
		The clam grows to an average of 16 cm (6.5 in) in width.
	www7.taosnet.com /platinum/data/light/species/clamssurf.html (160 words)

	Re: What is a Surf Clam?
		Dear Pete, According to the American heritage dictionary, a surf clam can be described as any of various usually large edible clams of the family Mactridae, commonly living in the surf of coastal waters.
		Surf clams are often the "fried clams" featured on menus across the country.
		The fast-growing, vegetarian clam matures in five to seven years and is found from Long Island to southern Virginia.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/jan2001/980999923.Zo.r.html (142 words)

	Offshore Surf Clam Management - Maritimes Region - Fact Sheet
		The offshore fishery for surf clams (also known as stimpson surf clams) takes place on Banqereau Bank and the Grand Banks.
		Management plans are developed in consultation with the fishing industry and are amended as required to update quotas and management measures considered appropriate by DFO and the fishing industry.
		The multi-year plan for the offshore surf clam fishery introduced in 1998 applies to the 2004 season.
	www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /media/infocus/2004/20040325/sheet-feuillet4_e.htm (191 words)

	Species References: Surfclam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Assessment of surf clam stocks in nearshore waters along the Delmarva Peninsula and in the fishery south of Cape Henry.
		Ropes, J.W. Reproductive cycle of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima, in offshore New Jersey.
		Ropes, J.W. Hermaphroditism, sexuality and sex ratio in the surf clam, Spisula solidissima, and the softshell clam, Mya arenaria.
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /femad/pbio/fbi/age-man/surf/surfref.htm (271 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; 2001 Fishing Quotas for Atlantic Surf Clams, Ocean ...
		The intent of this action is to specify allowable harvest levels of Atlantic surf clams and ocean quahogs from the exclusive economic zone and an allowable harvest level of Maine mahogany ocean quahogs from the waters north of 43 deg.50'N. lat.
		It is the policy of the Council that the levels selected allow fishing to continue at that level for at least 10 years for surf clams [[Page 8905]] and for 30 years for ocean quahogs.
		However, the 2001 surf clam quota is 11 percent higher than the 2000 quota.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2001/February/Day-05/i2197.htm (1571 words)

	Surf Clam
		Previous Management- In the 13 years preceding the adoption of the Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog ITQ system, the surf clam fishery was managed through limited entry, quarterly quotas, and fishing time restrictions.
		Impact on Vessel Safety- A point of contention in the Surf Clam ITQ plan is whether or not vessel safety has been improved or reduced compared to the former management system.
		When the Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog ITQ plan was developed and implemented, a small fishery for mahogany quahogs (“little neck” ocean quahogs) in federal waters off the coast of eastern Maine was overlooked.
	www.lobsterconservation.com /surfclam (1382 words)

	Secrets of genetic disease hidden in clams - Science - MSNBC.com
		If researchers in the so-called “Clam Project” can learn enough about clam genes to link them to human genes, their observations of normal and abnormal clam cell division can also be compared with humans.
		A primary job of the Clam Project is identifying the roughly 12,000 to 20,000 genes in the clam (compared to about 26,000 in humans) which Palazzo describes as a simple matter of time and money, neither of which is guaranteed.
		Assuming the Clam Project can map all the genes in a clam, years of painstaking observation and experimentation are ahead to study cell mutations and apply that knowledge to fight human disease.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6620376 (908 words)

	Surf Clam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This triangular shaped clam is the largest found along the East Coast of the US.
		They can grow up to 6 inches long and live in the surf zone, where the waves break.
		Sea stars and whelks prey on surf clams but the clams can sometimes use their strong foot to "jump" to safety.
	omp.gso.uri.edu /discovery/biota/basurfcm.htm (66 words)

	Groundspeak Travel Bug Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The goal is for this Clam to make it from Hawaii to a local cachers Cache on the Oregon coast.
		The "Clam's" next home will be west of our location, hopefully to continue west on to the state of Oregon....
		Sorry about that, but we are going to leave Red Surf Clam a bit of the ways from the ocean surf.
	www.geocaching.com /track/details.aspx?ID=458 (907 words)

	Bv8n2s08 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Unharvested quotas would rollover into the next quarter and be added to the normal quota for that quarter; the larger quota would then be divided among all license holders.
		A majority of the Surf Clam/Ocean Quahog Management Advisory Board felt this proposal was more attractive than competing proposals that either allowed quota to be transferred between license holders or that instituted quarterly individual harvest quotas with no rollover of uncaught quota (a.k.a.
		Colvin stated said that the proposal had been developed explicitly in response to criticisms of previous DEC surf clam proposals that incorporated transferability of quota, including opposition to these proposals by the Marine Resources Advisory Council.
	www.msrc.sunysb.edu /MRAC/pages/Bv8n2s08.html (222 words)

	Channeled Surf Clam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Description: 2.5 inches they are the least common clams.
		They live in offshore shallow sands and are rarely seen alive.
		The sculpture is visible inside to the shell as well.
	www.coastal.edu /science/marine/msci302/SClam.html (43 words)

	Surf Clam Ridge Excavations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During 2003 and 2004, excavations were conducted in the south pasture area of the Pineland archaeological site, focusing on the exploration of a 5th-century A.D. occupational surface on the summit of the low sand ridge known as Surf Clam Ridge.
		Under the supervision of Dr. John Worth, and in coordination with a team of scholars from several other disciplines at the Florida Museum of Natural History, RRC volunteers participated in excavating some 26 square meters of the uppermost ridge deposits, exposing archaeological evidence of the first centuries of human occupation along the Pineland shoreline.
		View of block excavations in progress, showing upper shell layer underlain by fl and finally gray sand forming the core of Surf Clam Ridge.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /rrc/scrdig.htm (231 words)

	Reproduction and longevity for Spisula solida (A surf clam)
		Reproduction and longevity for Spisula solida (A surf clam)
		Male and female white clams are distinguishable externally since the colour of the gonad in this species is reddish in the females and yellowish-orange in the males (Gaspar and Monteiro, 1999).
		However, irregular settlement rather than erratic gamete production might be the explanation for the occasional strong representation of a year class in Waterford Harbour clam population (Fahy, 2003).
	www.marlin.ac.uk /species/reprod_Spisulasolida.htm (387 words)

	surf clam - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 5 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word surf clam:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "surf clam" is defined.
		surf clam : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=surf+clam (97 words)

	Aquatic Life Criteria: Silver - U.S. EPA
		Inhibition of embryonic development of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, by heavy metals.
		Development of the surf clam (Spisula solidissima) following exposure of gametes, embryos and larvae to silver.
		Respiratory response of larval, juvenile and adult surf clams Spisula solidissima to silver.
	www.epa.gov /waterscience/criteria/silver/silref.html (4312 words)

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