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	Surface - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In mathematics, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold.
		The surface of a fluid object, such as a rain drop or soap bubble, is an idealisation.
		This notion of a surface is distinct from the notion of an algebraic surface.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Surface (352 words)

	Surface Energy
		The surface tension is the two-dimensional analog to the pressure.
		The tendency to minimize surface energy is a defining factor in the morphology and composition of surfaces and interfaces.
		S in surface of Ni In this diagram, the adsorption energy from the gas phase is 4.54 eV (1.54 –(-2.01)), and the segregation energy is –2.01 eV.
	www.virginia.edu /ep/SurfaceScience/Thermodynamics.html (909 words)

	Surface energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Contact angle measurements can be used to determine the surface energy of a material.
		In the physics of solids, surfaces must be intrinsically less energetically favourable than the bulk of a material; otherwise there would be a driving force for surfaces to be created, and surface is all there would be (see sublimation (physics)).
		They are found to be highly dynamic regions, which readily rearrange or react, so that energy is often reduced by such processes as passivation or adsorption.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Surface_energy (292 words)

	Read about Surface at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Surface and learn about Surface here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A surface with empty boundary is said to be closed if it is compact, and open if it is not compact.
		Compact surfaces with boundary are just these with one or more removed open disks whose closures are disjoint.
		This notion of a surface is distinct from the notion of an
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Surface (547 words)

	Surface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Surfaces are tangible in three-dimensional space only as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid objects.
		Algebraic surfaces are more akin to algebraic curves than they are to topological surfaces; in fact, a non-singular complex projective algebraic curve is a smooth surface.
		In painting surface is the support upon which paint is applied and the character and texture of the visible paint.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/su/surface.html (453 words)

	Surface Energy
		At the liquid-solid surface interface, if the molecules of the liquid have a stronger attraction to the molecules of the solid surface than to each other (the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces), then wetting of the surface occurs.
		The surface energy across an interface or the surface tension at the interface is a measure of the energy required to form a unit area of new surface at the interface.
		First, the surface energy of the solid-gas interface must be greater than the combined surface energies of the liquid-gas and the solid-liquid interfaces.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/CommunityCollege/PenetrantTest/PTMaterials/surfaceenergy.htm (1022 words)

	An Integration of a Surface Energy Balance Climate Model with TIN and GRID in GIS
		A surface energy balance model simulates surface temperature and sensible, latent, and subsurface heat fluxes of the boundary layer, the atmospheric layer near the ground level.
		Equations of a surface energy balance model are usually established based on the assumption that the surface in the modeling area is homogeneous in radiative, thermal, and geometrical properties.
		The surface energy balance model used in this study was established based on the principles of energy balance equations (Bornstein, 1986; Oke, 1987; Terjung, 1978) which were developed based on the assumption that the surface in the modeling area is homogeneous in radiative, thermal, and geometrical properties (Carlson et al., 1981; Outcalt, 1971; 1972).
	www.ncgia.ucsb.edu /conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/wu_lin/wu_lin.html (3165 words)

	Articles - Surface tension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In physics, surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet.
		Surface tension is caused by the attraction between the molecules of the liquid, due to various intermolecular forces.
		At the surface of the liquid, the molecules are pulled inwards by other molecules deeper inside the liquid, but there are no liquid molecules on the outside to balance these forces, so the surface molecules are subject to an inward force of molecular attraction which is balanced by the resistance of the liquid to compression.
	www.cbasket.com /articles/Surface_tension (550 words)

	CIMSS Land Surface Energy/Water Budget Studies
		Current land surface energy/water budget studies at the CIMSS are designed to exploit combinations of remote sensed and in-situ data types to better understand land surface exchanges at regional and larger scales.
		The relationship of the surface 12-hour Bowen ratio and NDVI for 5 June 1988 shows agreement with the pattern of developing drought conditions in the area.
		The yellow contours represent the temporal change of surface skin temperature, which is evaluated from GOES data by subtracting the measured skin temperature at three hours after local sunrise from the maximum skin temperature measured during the day.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /model/seb/seb.html (604 words)

	APS - 2005 APS March Meeting PostDeadline - Event - Substrate Surface Energy Effects in Triply-Periodic Block Copolymer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Surface energy gradient libraries were generated on silicon wafers coated with a chlorosilane SAM, accelerated under a UV/ozone lamp.
		Surface energy and composition influenced the polymer nanostructures and the film's terrace structures.
		For several triblock films, the morphologies were surface energy dependent, and polymer morphologies often varied from the 1/2 d terrace to the 3/2 d terrace.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/MAR05/Event/22208 (205 words)

	Surface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mathematics (topology), a surface is a two-dimensional manifold.
		In what follows, all surfaces are considered to be second-countable 2-dimensional manifolds.
		A simple review of the embedding of a surface in n dimensions, and a computation of the area of such a surface, is provided in the article volume form.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Surface (640 words)

	Slide coating apparatus having a low surface energy region - US Patent 6231929 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first slide surface is positioned relative to the second slide surface such that at least a portion of the first liquid flowing from the first slot may flow onto the first slide surface rather than to flow directly from the first slot over the second slide surface.
		The first slide surface may have a center region, a right side region, and a left side region, and the low surface energy region may be positioned on at least one of the right and left side regions.
		The first slide surface may be positioned relative to the second slide surface such that at least a portion of the first liquid may flow onto the first slide surface rather than to flow directly from the first slot and down the second slide surface.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6231929.html (9972 words)

	Surface Energy of Titanium and RGD Peptide Attachment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the surface energy changes that accompany oxidation treatments and RGD peptide attachment to titanium.
		Three standard solutions were used for surface energy determinations on six disc shaped samples and an average of three determinations were made of each surface.
		Surface energy was determined before and after silane tratement and chemical attachment of an RGD peptide.
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/2004Hawaii/techprogram/abstract_47763.htm (294 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction The representation of surface processes in numerical models is critical for studies of climate change and variability; likewise, seasonal prediction relies on adequate characterization of land surface-atmosphere energy exchanges.
		Our objective is to evaluate land surface energy budgets at regional scales and help operational centers to calibrate their model data assimilation and forecast systems.
		Surface parameterizations: Evaluation of daily variability Scatter plots Daily values of the components of the surface energy fluxes during the winter season are compared to observations (see scatter plot in Fig.
	www.atmos.umd.edu /~wanchen/Scholar_paper/Paper.doc (1450 words)

	Surface Tension
		The surface energy is made a minimum by the spherical shape, which has the least surface area for a given volume.
		Surface tension encourages the evaporation of small droplets (the added pressure inside a convex surface), and the collapse of small bubbles, for the same reason.
		If the surface of a body of water is deformed in a wavelike manner, the higher parts will create a positive pressure from surface tension and their curvature, and the lower parts a negative pressure for the same reason.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/surftens.htm (1551 words)

	Surface Science Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Energy is lost by transfer to vibration modes and, at higher energy losses, to electronic state transitions of the surface and surface-absorbed molecules (Fig.
		In quantum theory, however, when the metals are polarized with a potential that is less than the barrier energy, there is still a finite probability of net current flow from the occupied states in the metal with the higher electron energy to the unoccupied states in the other metal.
		High energy ions are slightly deflected by the small retarding field anddepending on their angle of entrythey hit cylinder wall exit endcap or axial stop.
	www.lesker.com /cfdocs/newweb/Surface_Science/Technotes.cfm (2738 words)

	Effects of Surface Microstructure of Copper on Surface Energy after Pulse Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Laser surface treatment effect on surface energy of copperplate was investigated in terms of the microstructure in surface layer in this paper.
		The surface of copperplate was treated with different laser power using a Nd:YAG pulse laser, the microstructural characteristics and wettability of the surface of copperplate were determined using optical microscopy, X-Ray diffraction techniques and wetting experiment.
		Furthermore, the surface energy of copper surface was affected by surface laser irradiation.
	asm.confex.com /asm/ms2004/techprogram/paper_2714.htm (236 words)

	MURI Research - Total-Variation Surface Energy Model
		Unless the strain-gradient coefficient equals 0, deformations with finite energy for this thin film model cannot have sharp interfaces between two compatible variants of martensite or between austenite and martensite, and the variational principle requires the use of high-order finite element approximations for the deformation [4].
		Deformations of finite energy can have sharp interfaces with this model, and it can be seen that the interfacial energy is concentrated along the surfaces separating regions of constant deformation gradient.
		We remark that a similar approach to the interfacial energy has been studied in [5] and that a rigorous analysis of the relation between the two models for the interfacial energy has been given in [6-8] for some scalar models.
	www.math.umn.edu /~belik/muri/part4.html (519 words)

	Global Climate Animations
		The surface energy balance is the resultant of radiative components such as incoming and outgoing short-wave and long-wave radiation, and also non-radiative components such as sensible heating, latent heating, and the change in energy storage in water or substrate on land.
		The water balance is the inflow, outflow, and storage of moisture on the earth's surface.
		Atmospheric circulation and winds are generated by the pole-equator-pole variation in the energy balance and in turn, redistribute energy and moisture around the globe.
	geography.uoregon.edu /envchange/clim_animations (651 words)

	Enhanced Sampling of the Molecular Potential Energy Surface Using Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares: Application to ...
		energy surface of the molecule in a systematic manner.
		The energy for the MOLS structure as calculated by Eq.
		The MOLS energy for this structure is -5.8 kcal/mol.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/5/2897 (4458 words)

	Diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and its impact on the lower atmospheric boundary layer over eastern Siberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Using the system, diurnal variation in the surface energy fluxes over the larch forest was determined during different snow-free seasons, when the amount of soil moisture varied.
		These results imply that the surface (canopy) resistance, which was derived using the big-leaf Penman-Monteith equation, is almost the same as the value estimated in a semi arid region of the Sahelian bush.
		The surface fluxes of the sensible and latent heats in the grass field were quite small compared to the values over the larch forest.
	www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp /dv1/hydrological/hi-sibe1.html (313 words)

	Class Meeting Summary for METR 302: The Violent Atmosphere and Oceans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Of the 105 units of longwave IR radiative energy leaving an average unit of area of the earth's surface, on an average over the whole earth, 99 units are absorbed by greenhouse gases (mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide) and by clouds.
		Above an average unit of are of the earth's surface, the atmosphere is observed to emit 64 units of longwave infrared radiative energy upward to space and 85 units downward, where it is absorbed by the earth's surface.
		Hence, although desert and non-desert areas might start out emitting radiation at the same rate (and hence losing energy at the same rate by emission), the surface in the desert absorbs longwave IR radiation emitted by the atmosphere at a slower rate than in non-desert areas (because the atmosphere is emitting less in desert areas).
	squall.sfsu.edu /courses/m302/lectures/cm.04_06_00.html (1762 words)

	The /ah Surface Energy Modification System
		In the process of measuring and dispensing liquids, carry over, or the liquid that clings to the substrate after dispensing, is principally a result of the intermolecular attraction between the substrate and the liquid.
		A damage defect penetrating the coating to the surface of the substrate is very hard to avoid, even from routine handling and this problem increases considerably as attempts are made to produce thinner coatings.
		The working temperature range of surfaces with the /ah system is –20°C to +300°C. Other surface energy modification processes use plasma energy which may damage the surface of the substrate; plasmas are not involved in applying /ah.
	www.vp-scientific.com /hydrophobic_coating.htm (747 words)

	Surface energy of CdS nanocrystals in glass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Surface energy plays a critical role in the nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, and in the resultant electronic and vibrational properties.
		Of particular concern is the likelihood that a high surface energy would lead to the formation of energy-reducing structural defects which could degrade linear and nonlinear optical properties.
		We have estimated the surface energy of CdS nanocrystals grown in alkali borosilicate glasses based upon a detailed study of interatomic distances as a function of particle size.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR99/CENT99/abs/S3160003.html (123 words)

	Antireflective coatings comprising a lubricating layer having a specific surface energy - Patent 5744227 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One method for reducing light reflection from a substrate (such as a polymer surface) is to coat the surface with an antireflective layer having a thickness of about a quarter wavelength.
		Such surfaces can be provided by solid bodies, by sheet films such as plastic sheet films ranging in thickness from about 0.25 mils to about 50 mils or by plastic films applied or laminated onto nonpolymeric surfaces such as glass.
		The surface energy of the coated surface was reduced from 60 dynes/cm to less than 30 dynes/cm as a consequence of applying the fluoropolymer lubricant.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5744227.html (6389 words)

	Ivars Peterson's MathTrek - Climbing a Watery Slope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The curvature of a liquid's surface at a boundary is a consequence of the liquid's surface tension.
		The sloped surface marking the border between wet and dry is called the meniscus.
		In meniscus climbing, the researchers note, instead of moving its legs back and forth, an insect deforms the liquid's surface, converting muscular strain to the surface energy that powers its ascent.
	www.maa.org /mathland/mathtrek_11_07_05.html (556 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to water greatly reduces the surface energy of the liquid, because IPA is an organic molecule.
		The 50/50 solution wetted into the surface so quickly it was difficult to determine which surfaces had a high or low surface energy.
		Even though both the water and 90/10 showed a difference in surface energies, the 90/10 mixture is the best to use when testing because it took less time to wet than the 100% water.
	filebox.vt.edu /j/johowert/adhesion1lab.doc (1647 words)

	COLL 504 - Aspects of adsorption, surface energy, and capillary action related to oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Adsorption of polar components from the crude oil markedly reduces the surface energy of the minerals that compose the rock and hence the surface energy that drives imbibition.
		There is strong evidence that the connate water originally coexistent with oil in a virgin reservoir determines the area of rock surface over which adsorption occurs, leading to a condition referred to as mixed wettability.
		Although these films reduce the reservoir surface energy and the rate of oil recovery, under some circumstances capillary action under mixed wettability conditions results in increased displacement efficiency.
	membership.acs.org /c/coll/neworleans/P607422.HTM (269 words)

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