Surface runoff - Factbites

Surface runoff - Factbites
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Topic: Surface runoff

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In the News (Fri 13 Nov 09)

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	GCM September 1998 -- Reducing pesticide and nutrient runoff using buffers
		Surface runoff losses of pesticides and nutrients increased when the soil was saturated at the time of application.
		From the plot with no buffer, pesticide loss to surface runoff was 3 percent of applied amounts and nutrient loss to surface runoff was 2 percent.
		Again, the greatest surface runoff losses occurred from the treatment containing no buffer.
	www.gcsaa.org /gcm/1998/sep98/09reducing.html

	runoff - Wiktionary
		That which is lost without entering the soil is called surface runoff.
		(In soil science runoff usually refers to the water lost by surface flow; in geology and hydraulics runoff usually includes both surface and subsurface flow.)
		That which enters the soil before reaching a stream channel is called ground water runoff or seepage flow from ground water.
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/Runoff

	Is Highway Runoff A Serious Problem?
		Surface waters are not as vulnerable to deicing chemicals as are ground waters because their turbulent actions blend and dilute plumes of incoming liquids almost immediately after the chemicals enter the main stream.
		Ground waters, on the other hand, are more susceptible to pollution since there may be no turbulent actions to dissolve the chemicals when the runoff percolates through the soil and enters the water table.
		Surface waters (streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes) are particularly vulnerable because they are directly exposed to contaminants released into the air and to direct discharges from point or non-point sources.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/runoff/runoff.htm (3696 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > Current Drinking Water Standards
		EPA's surface water treatment rules require systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to (1) disinfect their water, and (2) filter their water or meet criteria for avoiding filtration so that the following contaminants are controlled at the following levels:
		Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water.
		National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs or secondary standards) are non-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking water.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/mcl.html (1952 words)

	Runoff: transfer of landwater to the oceans
		Runoff consists of precipitation that neither evaporates, transpires nor penetrates the surface to become groundwater.
		Precipitation totals were so large and of such extended duration that normal means of surface water removal (transpiration, groundwater, and runoff) were inadequate.
		Runoff is the movement of landwater to the oceans, chiefly in the form of rivers, lakes, and streams.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/run.rxml (1952 words)

	Science in Your Watershed -- Glossary
		Runoff, 17; direct runoff, 7; stormflow, 18; overland flow, 14; base runoff, 5; base flow, 5; surface runoff, 20; subsurface runoff, 19; ground-water runoff, 12; storm seepage, 18; depression storage, 7; effective precipitation, 8; rainfall excess, 15; time of concentration, 20.
		The terms ground-water runoff and surface runoff are classifications according to source.
		The hydrograph of direct runoff from a storm uniformly distributed over the drainage basin during a specified unit of time; the hydrograph is reduced in vertical scale to correspond to a volume of runoff of 1 inch from the drainage basin.
	water.usgs.gov /wsc/glossary.html (1952 words)

	NRDC: Stormwater Strategies - Chapter 12
		Surface runoff that discharges through separate sewer systems and combined sewer overflows are the most significant sources of pollutants to District waters, causing almost 70 percent of their overall impairment.
		The result is a landscape functionally equivalent to predevelopment hydrologic conditions, which means less surface runoff and less pollution damage to lakes, streams, and coastal waters.
		Runoff is directed to the tree-box, where it is cleaned by vegetation and soil before entering a catch basin.
	www.nrdc.org /water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp (1952 words)

	Geography 327-- Runoff
		stream response to hydroclimatic events reflects the relative contributions of surface and subsurface runoff and thus all aspects of the physcial and cultural geography of drainage basins
		much less than 5% and usually less than 1% of runoff reflecting the area of surface water as a proportion of basin area, i.e.
		regional precipitation versus runoff is analogous to total water input versus effective precipitation
	uregina.ca /~sauchyn/geog327/runoff.html (1952 words)

	What is Surface Water?
		Precipitation, evaporation/transpiration, and runoff (surface runoff and subsurface infiltration) are the primary phases in the hydrologic cycle.
		Surface streams have an effect on the groundwater table.
		Water on Earth is known by different terms, depending on where it is and where it came from.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/hydr/concepts/surfhyd/srfwtr.htm (1052 words)

	Surface Water Study Guide, Physical Geography, College of Alameda, Rita Haberlin, Instructor
		Over time, surface water runoff and stream flow combine to form a drainage system (a branched network of streams and slopes) that efficiently removes surface water runoff and sediment (material picked up by the stream).
		Impermeable surfaces such as concrete and asphalt reduce infiltration and thus the amount of baseflow available from groundwater.
		Water quality in streams may be reduced by pollution from industrial wastes, acid mine drainage, agricultural wastes, sewage, radioactive wastes, and thermal outflows (heated water).
	members.aol.com /rhaberlin/swstyg.htm (913 words)

	Water Quality
		are effective in slowing surface runoff and increasing infiltration of nutrients
		ment of pesticides to surface and ground water.
		most soil-applied herbicides leave the field in the runoff water.
	www.ilcorn.org /Water_Quality/water_quality.html (669 words)

	Stormwater Agricultural Runoff
		The third function of an RFBS is control of dissolved phosphorus (P) in surface runoff or shallow groundwater.
		Runoff quantity varies significantly according to soil type, presence of vegetation and plant residue, physical soil structures such as contoured rows and terraces, field topography, and the timing and intensity of the rainfall event.
		Control of water pollution in agricultural runoff is most effectively achieved by reducing erosion from the field, and the primary method of doing this is by maintaining a vegetative or plant residue cover on the field at all times or minimizing bare areas of the field.
	www.forester.net /sw_0305_impact.html (669 words)

	Treating and Recycling Irrigation Runoff
		The potential contamination of surface and groundwater from runoff presents a major challenge for the greenhouse industry.
		Since up to the first 2 inches of storm runoff must be collected reservoir capacity should be designed on the basis of predict-able storm events.
		Obviously, the less runoff you have to deal with, the less of a problem it creates.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /GREENHOUSE/nursery/environ/wmrecyc.html (669 words)

	8(n) Introduction to Surface Runoff
		On a global scale, runoff occurs because of the imbalance between evaporation and precipitation over the Earth's land and ocean surfaces.
		The rapid movement of surface runoff into the stream's channels and subsequent flow causes the discharge to rise quickly.
		If the amount of water falling on the ground is greater than the infiltration rate of the surface, runoff or
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/8n.html (669 words)

	Predicting Runoff from Rain Events I
		The index, called "curve number" runs from 0 (no runoff, all water retained on site; could be thought of as coarse gravel having infinite drainage capacity) to 100 (all runoff, no retention whatever; could correspond to a smooth impervious surface).
		When attempting to treat (remove) constituents in the runoff and when attempting to manage the hydraulic effects of runoff, it is necessary to estimate the volume and velocity of runoff that will come from that site.
		Precipitation - The amount of runoff is directly related to the amount of precipitation that occurs during a "rain event." When designing a structure, an engineer usually uses a "design storm".
	grapevine.abe.msstate.edu /classes/abe4312/2001e/lec3/runoff_1.html (669 words)

	Rainfall runoff
		Runoff may be classified according to speed of appearance after rainfall or melting snow as direct runoff or base runoff, and according to source as surface runoff, storm interflow, or ground-water runoff.
		Runoff is extremely important in that not only does it keep rivers and lakes full of water, but it also changes the landscape by the action of erosion.
		Drainage ditches to carry stormwater runoff to storage ponds are often built to hold runoff and collect excess sediment in order to keep it out of streams.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/runoff.html (669 words)

	ARS Publication request: A Simple Method to Predict Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Surface Applied Manures
		The approach provided a good prediction (R2 = 0.83) of dissolved P release from manures and composts for data from leaching experiments, but gave a poor prediction (R2 = 0.14) of dissolved P in runoff from boxes packed with soil where manures had been surface applied.
		One weakness of such models is their poor simulation of the release of P from surface applied manures to runoff.
		Based on the observed positive correlation between measured P in runoff and runoff volume, multiplying predicted runoff P by the ratio of runoff:rainfall improved the relationship between measured and predicted runoff P (R2 = 0.43).
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=148890 (669 words)

	Surface Water Runoff: Algorithm (Background Mathematics
		) includes all losses before runoff begins, and includes water retained in surface depressions, water taken up by vegetation, evaporation, and infiltration.
		The runoff curve numbers here represent average antecedent runoff condition (describes the soil before it is saturated by a storm to the point of runoff).
		The most important are the hydrologic soil group (HSG), the ground cover type, treatment, hydrologic condition, the antecedent runoff condition (ARC), and whether impervious areas are connected to drainage systems, or whether they first outlet to pervious area before entering the drainage system.
	www.shodor.org /master/environmental/water/runoff/RunoffAlgorithm.html (669 words)

	Is Highway Runoff A Serious Problem?
		The most common contaminants in highway runoff are heavy metals, inorganic salts, aromatic hydrocarbons, and suspended solids that accumulate on the road surface as a result of regular highway operation and maintenance activities.
		Highway runoff that soaks into soil with or without the presence of any type of vegetation, channel, or basin is usually harmless to the environment.
		Recent studies on the migration paths of deicing chemicals have indicated that, in places where highway runoff is discharged through open-drainage systems, as is typically done in many highways, concentrations of deicing chemicals tend to be substantially higher downgradient than upgradient from the highway.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/runoff/runoff.htm (669 words)

	Surface Water Runoff
		It allows for the modification of such variables as soil type, ground cover type, and of rain duration in order for the user to obtain a greater understanding of the quantity of water runoff and the effect of different soil and cover types on the water runoff.
		The amount of runoff for differing conditions can be modeled through the use of this Internet application.
		To examine the effect of soil type, ground cover type, and rainfall amount on the quantity of water runoff.
	www.shodor.org /master/environmental/water/runoff (669 words)

	Runoff (water) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urbanization is another major culprit in causing excessive runoff, as impermeable surfaces such as pavement and buildings do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the water table.
		The area within which runoff flows into a given body of water is a watershed, usually bounded by ridges of hills or mountains.
		Run-off, composed of a mixture of water and soil along with any other organic or inorganic substances that may exist in the land, is the product of precipitation, snowmelt, over-irrigation, or other water coming in contact with the earth and carrying matter to streams, rivers, lakes, and other surface water bodies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Runoff_(water) (274 words)

	Hydrosphere: Surface Water
		Surface runoff generally occurs when the rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration, or if the soil is at its water holding capacity.
		Water that runs along the surface may become trapped in depressions and held as depression storage.
		Stream discharge is the volume of water passing through a particular cross-section of a stream in a unit of time.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/hydrosphere/surface_water.html (457 words)

	Surface Water as a Source of Public Drinking Water- WA State Office of Drinking Water
		Water that is open to the atmosphere and vulnerable to surface water runoff is not safe to drink without complete treatment.
		Surface water sources are open to contamination from human and animal waste and other pollution.
		Both Group A and Group B surface water sources are subject to requirements identified in Part 6 of the Washington State Board of Health drinking water regulations, Chapter 246-290 WAC.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/dw/Programs/surface_water.htm (681 words)

	Rainfall runoff
		Runoff may be classified according to speed of appearance after rainfall or melting snow as direct runoff or base runoff, and according to source as surface runoff, storm interflow, or ground-water runoff.
		Runoff is extremely important in that not only does it keep rivers and lakes full of water, but it also changes the landscape by the action of erosion.
		Flooding is less significant in these conditions because some of the runoff during a storm is absorbed into the ground, thus lessening the amount of runoff into a stream during the storm.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/runoff.html (479 words)

	Reducing Erosion and Runoff
		Often soil particles are carried by runoff, water that does not soak into the ground, but flows over the surface and runs to another area- such as into stormdrains, streams, or lakes.
		Runoff from roofs and paved areas can contribute to erosion by directing large amounts of water in a short time period to nearby areas that are unable to absorb it quickly enough.
		Runoff entering lakes and stream, in addition to carrying pollutants, is water that is needed to soak through the soil to resupply our groundwater.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/envirohort/426-722/426-722.html (1223 words)

	Northeast Sea Grant: Stormwater Runoff Best Management Practices For Marinas: A Guide for Operators
		Runoff carrying sediments, chemicals and nutrients is slowed by the vegetation, which allows particles carrying pollutants to settle out before reaching the surface water.
		Runoff is directed to a catch basin or other suitable inlet connected to a chamber or system of chambers buried underground that retain some or all of the water, depending on the design.
		Runoff is directed or channeled into the top of an underground chamber or series of chambers that contain a permanent pool of water.
	www.seagrant.sunysb.edu /pages/BMPsForMarinas.htm (6375 words)

	Soil Conditioner Effects on Runoff and Potato Yield under Sprinkler Irrigation -- Ben-Hur 93 (5): 1156 -- Agronomy Journal
		Surface runoff, uniformity of water distribution, and yield of peanut irrigated with a moving sprinkler system.
		Surface runoff was collected from each plot in a barrel
		Surface application and anionic conditioners to reduce crust formation.
	agron.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/93/5/1156 (6375 words)

	WETLANDS AND WATER QUALITY
		Runoff from the field is from left to right, moving toward a stream not visible in the photo.
		Runoff water from developed areas, like agricultural fields, often contains large amounts of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphorus, which are nutrients essential to crop growth but harmful to humans and animals in high doses.
		This water moves quickly across the soil surface on its way toward an outlet; although many pollutants are removed and trapped, the water does not have time to recharge the groundwater.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html (2662 words)

	Evaluation of Agricultural Best Management Practices (I)
		The magnitudes of the losses in surface runoff water were small for all chemicals measured.
		Runoff volume was not changed by tillage system and sediment loss and N and P losses in runoff were less, on average, from NT than from CT. Runoff averaged 1.3 ML ha-1 annually for both CT and NT.
		Runoff amounts, sediment loss, and N and P losses were measured for each rainfall event that produced runoff.
	www.nal.usda.gov /wqic/Bibliographies/qb9366.html (15793 words)

	USGS OFR 039-97: Pesticides in Surface Waters
		Pesticide concentrations in surface waters follow strong seasonal patterns that result from the timing of pesticide applications and runoff conditions.
		Many pesticides are rarely detected in surface waters because of relatively low use, how they are applied, chemical properties, or elevated detection limits.
		This report summarizes a comprehensive analysis of existing information on national and regional patterns of pesticide occurrence in surface waters of the United States and the major influences on the sources and transport of pesticides.
	ca.water.usgs.gov /pnsp/rep/fs97039 (212 words)

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In the News (Fri 13 Nov 09)