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Topic: Surface temperature

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	7(m) Global Surface Temperature Distribution
		Temperatures over oceans tend to be hotter because of the water's ability to hold heat energy.
		Terrestrial areas are warmer because of the rapid heating of land surfaces under frequently clear skies.
		Temperatures over oceans tend to be relatively cooler because of the land's ability to heat quickly.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7m.html (893 words)

	The Surface Temperature Record
		The pronounced different phases in the surface temperature record over the past century, and its highly regional character are incompatible with theoretical explanations based on steady global change, such as the proposed effects of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
		The records of annual global surface temperature anomalies and their regional distribution are not explicable by a theory of steady almost uniform global temperature increase, such as the supposed effects of increases in greenhouse gases.
		The differences between the surface temperature record since 1978 and that recorded by the MSU satellites in the lower troposphere must therefore be largely due to local heating which is highly regional, and is particularly evident in cold climates.
	www.john-daly.com /graytemp/surftemp.htm (4431 words)

	Earth's Surface Temperature Is Rising
		The report examines the apparent conflict between surface temperature and upper-air temperature, which has led to the controversy over whether global warming is actually occurring.
		Climate models generally predict that temperatures should increase in the upper air as well as at the surface if increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing the warming.
		The differences between surface temperature and upper-air temperature records also may be partially attributed to uncertainties in temperature measurements, the panel said.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/greenhouse-00a.html (623 words)

	TRENDS: Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies
		These global and hemispheric temperature anomaly time series, which incorporate land and marine data, are continually updated and expanded by P. Jones of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) with help from colleagues at the CRU and other institutions.
		The marine data used are compiled at the Hadley Centre of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office and consist of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that incorporate in situ measurements from ships and buoys.
		Trends in annual mean temperature anomalies for the globe show relatively stable temperatures from the beginning of the record through about 1910, with relatively rapid and steady warming through the early 1940s, followed by another period of relatively stable temperatures through the mid-1970s.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/temp/jonescru/jones.html (1555 words)

	GIS/EM4 - Mean dail spatial surface temperature at Like Ladoga
		Water temperatures and the main statistical characteristics of the water body as recorded in 8 horizons (0,5,10,20,30,40,50 and 100 m) since May 15 were calculated for each region of Lake Ladoga.
		A.Tikhomirov (1982) calculated the spatial distribution of monthly mean surface temperatures for Lake Ladoga over the period 1957-1963, but it is known that during the warming season the mean daily increase in surface temperature can reach 0.1° C. The daily trend in temperatures is dependent on latitude and the bottom morphology of the lake.
		For the analysis of "typical" daily water temperature distribution, the lake surface was divided up by means of a grid with side 10' in longitude and 5' in latitude, giving a total of 235 grid squares to cover the lake area, each having an area of about 10 x 10 km.
	www.colorado.edu /research/cires/banff/pubpapers/246/index.html (2248 words)

	12.5 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Temperature measurement by remote sensing is based on the principle that any object emits electro-magnetic energy corresponding to the temperature, wavelength and emissivity.
		As the actual brightness temperature includes emitted radiance from the atmosphere, this will cause a temperature error ranging 2-3 degrees Centigrade between the actual sea surface temperature and calculated brightness temperature from satellite data.
		Figure 12.5.2 shows the sea surface temperature in pseudo color in Northern Japan using NOAA AVHRR data which were atmospheric ally as well as geometrically corrected with overlays of sea coast lines and latitude and longitude grid lines.
	www.profc.udec.cl /~gabriel/tutoriales/rsnote/cp12/cp12-5.htm (270 words)

	TRENDS: TEMPERATURE
		The departures of the individual station mean monthly temperatures from an average for the period 1951 to 1975 were spatially averaged.
		In the 60°S-90°S latitude band, an increase in the annual surface temperatures is shown (0.17°C/10 yrs; most of the warming having occured by 1970), with the largest trend apparent in the winter (June-August) months (0.47°C/10 yrs).
		The most recent year of the data record, 2005, saw the warmest global mean annual temperature departure (0.84°C), the warmest northern hemisphere annual temperature departure (1.08°C), and a tie with 1998 for the warmest southern hemisphere annual temperature departure (0.57°C).
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/temp/lugina/lugina.html (1169 words)

	NASA'S live tropical sea surface temperature Web site gives climate, hurricane clues
		The second is called a sea surface temperature anomaly that compares present temperatures to the long-term average.
		Hurricane forecasters rely on daily sea surface temperatures to determine the behavior of tropical cyclones, the general name for tropical depressions, tropical storms, typhoons and hurricanes.
		Sea surface temperatures must be at least 82 degrees Fahrenheit (28 degrees Celsius) for a tropical cyclone to develop and maintain itself.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/nsfc-nlt100506.php (821 words)

	Surface Temperature
		The Surface Temperatures experiment can be adapted for use in grades k thru 12 (Note: This experiment can be simplified or made more challenging depending on the developmental levels of your students.
		Is an excellent method of reinforcing use of metric/temperature measurement and assessing student knowledge of temperature, measurement, data collection/presentation/graphing and environmental issues, and addresses numerous cross-curricular standards.
		It is important to always take temperatures in the same manner, and allow 3 minutes for the thermometer to take an accurate measurement (removal too quickly will result in poor data collection).
	web.stclair.k12.il.us /splashd/surfcexp.htm (2310 words)

	Polar Climate - Temperature
		The temperature of a ground, water or ice surface (surface temperature) and the temperature of the air just above the surface (near-surface air temperature) are not always the same, although they are usually closely related.
		Here is a list of the most important indirect factors which control surface temperature, along with an explanation of how each one affects the direct factors and the annual cycle of surface temperature.
		Moisture at the surface will often decrease the albedo, but usually a more important effect is to convert sensible heat to latent heat by evaporation when warmed by short wave radiation.
	www.weather.nps.navy.mil /~psguest/polarmet/climate/tempcauses.html (1176 words)

	Artemis Project: Surface Temperature of the Moon and Mars
		A habitat on the surface of either Luna or Mars will need some kind of thermal capacitor to smooth out the temperature swings, but this would be a greater challenge on the moon because of the length of its day and the wide variation in temperature.
		On the other hand, due to the bitterly cold temperatures of Mars, a habitat on the surface of Mars would require quite a bit of power for heaters and probably exotic materials for any equipment used outside.
		We can expect that on the moon, people will conduct most of their surface activities in the balmy mornings and afternoons (each of which is an Earth week long), and put the equipment in garages at noon and midnight.
	www.asi.org /adb/02/05/01/surface-temperature.html (701 words)

	Surface Temperature Sensor
		The driver is alerted in advance of temperatures that may be approaching the freezing point.
		The objective of the Control Products system is to continuously monitor road surface temperatures from vehicle moving at normal highway speeds.
		When ambient temperatures are near freezing, road surface temperatures can be substantially different, presenting continuously changing driving hazards.
	www.sicard-snowblast.com /SURFACE_TEMP_SENSOR.html (727 words)

	MGS: Martian Surface Temperature
		The temperature was measured by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
		Freezing temperatures may have something to do with the thin atmosphere and lack of a greenhouse effect.
		Temperature data from the surface of Mars is being returned everyday now that Mars Global Surveyor has reached Mars.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/mars/exploring/MGS_surfaceT.html (262 words)

	Global Climate Change: Research Explorer - Sea Surface Temperatures
		One of the easiest ways to track changes in sea surface temperature is to view the temperature anomaly, that is, the difference between the expected temperature and the actual one.
		Slight differences between the expected and actual sea surface temperature are to be expected, but more severe anomalies can affect fisheries and the health of coral reefs.
		For now, researchers must correlate and correct microwave and infrared readings of sea surface temperature with data from in situ buoys that measure sea surface temperature directly.
	www.exploratorium.edu /climate/hydrosphere/data2.html (323 words)

	Institute for Marine Remote Sensing (IMaRS) - Sea Surface Temperature
		Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was derived from infrared (IR) observations collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors flown on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) series.
		Minnett, P. Consequences of sea surface temperature variability on the validation and applications of satellite measurements.
		On the bulk-skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature.
	imars.usf.edu /sst/index.html (491 words)

	RealClimate » Are Temperature Trends affected by Economic Activity? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		They propose that surface temperature trends may be linked to various local economic factors, such as national coal consumption, income per capita, GPD growth rate, literacy rates, and whether or not temperature stations were located within the former Soviet Union.
		Temperature station data between 75.5S and 35.2N were used to calibrate the statistical model, while the remaining data (stations north of 35.2N representing less representing something under 25% of earth's surface) were used for validation of the model.
		The conclusion of McKitrick and Michaels that surface temperature measurements are significantly influenced by the non-climatic factors used in their statistical model, hence appears to be false.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=41 (3002 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature
		Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) provides both a synoptic view of the ocean and a high frequency of repeat views, allowing the examination of basin-wide upper ocean dynamics.
		The satellite measures two or more wavelengths in the infrared part of the spectrum; these wavelengths are chosen to be within the peak of the flbody radiation expected from the Earth and to transmit through the atmosphere.
		This method of measurement represents the temperature of the "skin" of the ocean, approximately the surface one millimeter (1 mm) or less, and it may not represent the bulk temperature of the upper meter of ocean.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /crs/definitions/SST.html (150 words)

	Sea surface temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature at the surface.
		A satellite infra-red radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to a moored or drifting buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature as a specific depth (e.g.
		As an aside, away from the immediate sea surface, general temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_surface_temperature (932 words)

	NCDC: Global Surface Temperature Anomalies
		The temperature anomaly time series presented here were calculated in a way that did not require knowing the actual mean temperature of the Earth in these inaccessible areas such as mountain tops and remote parts of the Sahara Desert where there are no regularly reporting weather stations.
		The Smith and Reynolds analysis (2005) merges a new analysis of in situ SST anomalies [Smith and Reynolds, 2004] with an analysis of Land Surface Temperature (LST) anomalies from a gridded version of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) [Peterson and Vose, 1997].
		The global monthly surface temperature averages in the table below can be added to a given month's anomaly (departure from the 1901 to 2000 base period average) to obtain an absolute estimate of surface temperature for that month.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa/climate/research/anomalies/anomalies.html (1697 words)

	Instrumental temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans as measured by thermometers.
		While temperature changes vary both in size and direction from one location to another, the numbers from different locations are combined to produce an estimate of a global average change.
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent [6], sea level rise, precipitation [7], cloud cover [8], El Niño and extreme weather events [9].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Historical_temperature_record (680 words)

	Data @ NASA GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The NASA GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) provides a measure of the changing global surface temperature with monthly resolution for the period since 1880, when a reasonably global distribution of meteorological stations was established.
		The temperature index is formed by combining the meteorological station measurements over land with sea surface temperatures obtained primarily from satellite measurements, the HadISST data.
		The temperature anomaly tells us how much warmer or colder than normal it is at a particular place and point in time, the 'normal temperature' being the mean over many (30) years (same place, same time of year).
	data.giss.nasa.gov /gistemp (815 words)

	NASA Oceanography - Sea Surface Temperature
		The distribution of temperature at the sea surface tends to be zonal, that is, it is independent of longitude.
		Long term averages of sea surface temperature are used to calculate the normal seas surface temperature conditions for a specific time of year and location.
		Its bright colors represent temperature data of the water: the Gulf Stream is shown in shades of orange and yellow, which puts it near 20°C (68°F) on the scale provided in the image.
	science.hq.nasa.gov /oceans/physical/SST.html (2410 words)

	Surface temperature in Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The extreme temperatures at the permanently-manned South Pole station are -14 to -81°C, and at Vostok -21 to -89°C. Near the coast above-freezing temperatures occasionally occur, and they are common on the Palmer Peninsula.
		A diurnal oscillation of temperatures is virtually absent, except along the coast, because of the high latitude and snow cover.
		The resulting equilibrium temperature profile is very stable: this is consistent with a downward sensible heat flux, which compensates the net radiational loss at the surface.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap03/antarctica.html (885 words)

	Tiempo Climate Portal, Global surface air temperature
		The global surface air temperature record shows that an overall warming of about 0.5°Celsius has occurred since the middle of the 19th century, in keeping with model predictions of the effect of the changing atmospheric composition over that time.
		The global temperature record is based on many millions of observations taken at standard meteorological stations on land and by so-called ships of opportunity in marine areas.
		The gridded global temperature data set used to produce large-scale temperature averages is maintained by the, University of East Anglia, and the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom.
	www.tiempocyberclimate.org /portal/datagltemp.htm (876 words)

	Sea Surface Temperatures for the Sea of Cortez - Baja East Cape Sportfishing Web
		Remember that the ocean is three-dimensional, and that the correlation of surface temperature (where the sun and wind play a big effect) with deep water temperature (governed by deep ocean currents) is indirect, at best.
		And while we catch species such as tuna and marlin on or near the surface, the fact is that these species do much of their living and hunting in deeper water.
		Changes in water temperature, however, are a very good indicator of water activity, i.e., currents, upwellings, etc. Moving water carries nutrients, which fosters plankton growth, which brings the baitfish, which brings the gamefish.
	www.eastcape.org /SSTNew.html (600 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The general definition of sea surface temperature (SST) is that it is the water temperature at 1 meter below the sea surface.
		The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships.
		In general, a SST cooling is observed after the passing of a hurricane primarily as the result of mixed layer deepening and surface heat losses.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /crs/cohab/hurricane/sst.htm (493 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature
		Monthly mean subsurface temperatures at the depths of 100m, 200m and 400m analyzed for 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree grid points in the seas around Japan from 121E to 161E between 24N and 48N.
		Monthly mean subsurface temperatures at the depths of 100m, 200m and 400m analyzed for 0.5 degree-latitude x 1 degree-longitude grid points in the Pacific from 120E to 80W between 20S and 60N.
		Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) and related parameters, climatologies and anomalies, Night Marine air temperature and Sea Ice coverage spanning the period 1851-1995.
	www.science.gmu.edu /~yvikhlya/data/sst.html (1735 words)

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