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Topic: Surface temperature record

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	The Marshall Institute - Hot Times or Hot Air: The Sun in the Science of Global Warming*
		The record of natural variability indicates that the warming of the early 20th century is not unusual, either in amplitude or speed.
		Neither the surface records nor the lower tropospheric temperature records show the substantial increasing warming trends expected from increased greenhouse gases, in contradiction to the projections from the computer scenarios.
		When the gain in temperature due to water vapor feedback is removed, doubling carbon dioxide yields roughly only 1° C warming or less, which is more consistent with the observed trends in the surface temperature records.
	www.marshall.org /article.php?id=11 (2564 words)

	The Surface Temperature Record
		The pronounced different phases in the surface temperature record over the past century, and its highly regional character are incompatible with theoretical explanations based on steady global change, such as the proposed effects of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
		The records of annual global surface temperature anomalies and their regional distribution are not explicable by a theory of steady almost uniform global temperature increase, such as the supposed effects of increases in greenhouse gases.
		The differences between the surface temperature record since 1978 and that recorded by the MSU satellites in the lower troposphere must therefore be largely due to local heating which is highly regional, and is particularly evident in cold climates.
	www.john-daly.com /graytemp/surftemp.htm (4431 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		However, the overall trend in natural forcing over the last two, and perhaps four, decades of the 20th century is likely to have been small or negative (Chapter 6, Table 6.13) and so is unlikely to explain the increased rate of global warming since the middle of the 20th century.
		All models produce a response pattern to combined greenhouse gas and sulphate aerosol forcing that is detectable in the 20th century surface temperature record (e.g., Figures 12.10, 12.12 (one model produces an estimate of internal variability which is not consistent with that observed)).
		Given that sulphate aerosol forcing is negative, and hence tends to reduce the response, detection of the response to the combined forcing indicates the presence of a greenhouse gas signal that is at least as large as the combined signal.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/467.htm (1621 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: The Satellite Temperature Records: Parts 1 and 2
		Temperature is perhaps the most common measure of the climate of a region, whether it is the cold temperatures of winter in Minnesota or the hot temperatures of summer in Arizona.
		The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles.
		The temperature record since that time suggests an overall warming of 0.3 to 0.6°C from the 1860s to the 1990s, with the early decades of this century being slightly cooler than in the mid-19th century and with a secondary maximum of temperatures (compared to the 1990s) in the decades around 1940.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/960521SM.html (2260 words)

	[No title]
		The earliest records of temperature measured by thermometers are from western Europe beginning in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
		The network of temperature collection stations increased over time and by the early 20th century, records were being collected in almost all regions, except for polar regions where collections began in the 1940s and 1950s.
		The temperature record of the past 1000 years describes the reconstruction of temperature for the last 1000 years on the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.lycos.com /info/temperature--global-temperature.html (572 words)

	Validity Of Global Climate Change Study Tool Doubted
		Temperature data from scientific buoys scattered across the Pacific Ocean are raising doubts about the validity of one of the most important tools used by scientists to track global climate change.
		Because reliable low-level air temperature data from over the oceans are more scarce and more difficult to assess than water temperatures, scientists monitoring Earth's climate have used sea surface temperatures as a proxy for air temperatures, assuming that the two rise and fall proportionally.
		All three records indicated the tropical air between the surface and five miles actually cooled at a rate of about 0.05 degrees C per decade, while the sea water was warming by about 0.13 degrees C per decade.
	unisci.com /stories/20011/0109014.htm (889 words)

	Travel Matters \| Climate Change Science \| Temperature Increases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Determination of temperature prior to this period is obtained from the measurement of certain trace elements recovered from ice cores that are known to correlate to surface temperature.
		Records of global temperature are well established for the period, over the last century and a half, since consistent measurements have been taken.
		A call by NASA Goddard Institute researcher James Hansen for closer study of oceanic temperatures was recently answered by a project at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) to establish a database of ocean temperature measurements from 1948 to 1998.
	www.travelmatters.org /about/avg-temp (690 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		Three of the five years (1995, 1996 and 1998) added to the instrumental record since the SAR are the warmest in the instrumental record of global temperatures, consistent with the expectation that increases in greenhouse gases will lead to continued long-term warming.
		The impact of observational sampling errors has been estimated for the global and hemispheric mean surface temperature record and found to be small relative to the warming observed over the 20th century.
		New reconstructions of the surface temperature record of the last 1,000 years indicate that the temperature changes over the last 100 years are unlikely to be entirely natural in origin, even taking into account the large uncertainties in palaeo-reconstructions.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/440.htm (679 words)

	Global Warming — Is the Earth warming up or not?
		Systematic temperature recordings were not taken everywhere or universally for more than about 150 years, and even at that, not even in the whole world, only in some portions of it.
		Temperatures at our farm (the thermometer probe is located at the north side of the house, about 2.40 m above ground and about 0.75m away from the house) are on average about 3°C lower than the readings taken at the Edmonton International Airport.
		Of course, those records are unbiased by human error and undistorted by the fact that temperature readings taken in urban areas are affected by the heat-island effects of the cities in which many are taken and that taint the results of global averaging of global temperature records.
	www.fathersforlife.org /REA/warming6.htm (2035 words)

	1998 GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE SMASHES RECORD
		lobal surface temperatures in the 1998 meteorological year (Dec. 1, 1997, to Dec. 1, 1998) set a new record for the period of instrumental measurements, report researchers at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies who analyze data collected from several thousand meteorological stations around the world.
		Temperatures in the United States were also warm in the meteorological year 1998.
		One of the elements in the "common sense" index is the frequency of unusually warm seasons, where the local temperature required to qualify as a warm season is chosen such that one-third of the seasons in the period 1951-80 were in this category.
	www.ecomall.com /greenshopping/nasa98.htm (830 words)

	SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE SIMULATIONS
		Surface air temperature is the most common and classical meteorological parameter to indicate climate change resulting from either internal processes, such as air-sea interaction, or external forcing, such as the change of greenhouse gas concentrations and volcanic aerosols.
		Dutton and Christy (1992) suggested that the temperature depression (in absolute terms in the observational record) during 1984-86 was a result of the cooling of the oceans by volcanic aerosols from the El Chichón eruption in 1982, and not an ENSO signal, because during that period the atmosphere did not present an ENSO-like circulation anomaly.
		The good correspondence of the observed land temperature fluctuations and stratospheric polar vortex for both years with and without volcanic eruptions suggests that the interaction between the stratosphere and the troposphere is an important mode of the internal variability of land air temperature.
	climate.envsci.rutgers.edu /robock/amiptemp/temp4.html (8213 words)

	The UN IPCC's Artful Bias
		Likely sources of bias in the surface temperature record of the last 150 years, which are well known and considerable, are ignored.
		The profound inconsistency between the recent warming in the surface temperature record, and the absence of warming in the satellite record, is simply shrugged off.
		If this science is correct, then one of the temperature records must be incorrect, most likely the surface record that shows the warming, because of known errors.
	www.john-daly.com /guests/un_ipcc.htm (4385 words)

	Global Temperature Changes
		Willis Eschenbach made an excellent analysis that shows that the global surface temperature record is riddled with errors, and that it just doesn't measure up to the quality of the satellite-measured temperature data that has been compiled since 1979.
		It is obviously of interest to many individuals to know what the temperatures are where they live at a given time and location, hence the great popularity of the TV weather reports in spite of their inconsistent predictions.
		The surface temperature record is not merely inaccurate, it is misleading.
	www.fathersforlife.org /REA/globaltempchanges.htm (635 words)

	RealClimate » Surface Temperature Record
		The instrumental record of surface temperature change is based on a combination of land air, marine air, and ocean surface temperature changes recorded over roughly the past century and a half.
		Issues of consistency and homogeneity of the measurements through time have been taken into account in constructing this global surface temperature database, and measures have been taken to ensure that all non-climatic inhomogeneities (including Urban Heat Island effects) have been removed.
		The data and additional information about the surface temperature dataset including answers to frequently asked questions, are available at the CRU website.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=45 (531 words)

	Satellite-based observations of tropospheric temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is clear that the two datasets, in the last 20 years show a different temperature trend: a surface data trend of +0.17°C/decade, and a MSU data trend of +0.045°C/decade.
		In the Tropics, the trade-wind inversion decouples the surface and the troposphere, as confirmed by radiosonde data (Spencer and Christy, 1992a; Gaffen et al., 2000).
		The troposphere temperature is highly influenced by the tropical region, while the surface record respond to the NH continents (Hurrell and Trenberth,1996).
	clima.ictr.pd.cnr.it /microclima/sturaro/MSU/MSUintro2.html (1153 words)

	One hundred seventeen year coastal temperature record reveals warming trends
		After compiling what may be the longest coherent coastal sea surface temperature record in North America, oceanographers from the University of Rhode Island and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have discovered some surprising and not-so-surprising trends.
		The record shows that a warming trend in the late 1940s was reversed by a cooling during the 1960s.
		The scientists also found that while the mean annual water temperature only exceeded 11?C five times during the 50-year period between 1886 and 1948, it surpassed this temperature 26 times in the 30-year period between 1970 and 2000.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/uori-ohs082404.php (538 words)

	Short title of the article
		From 1980 to 1991 satellite and surface records were were in essential agreement through several swings of ENSO and the cooling caused by a major eruption of the volcano, El Chichon.
		The reason for the difference in temperature trends between the two remains only partially explained; however, possible errors in the surface record from urban heat island and sea surface temperature approximation of marine air temperatures do not appear large enough to explain the discrepancy in recent warming trends.
		Temperature indicators during the present interglacial (Holocene) from (a) ice melt in core from Ellsmere Is., (b) elevation of tree line (Sweden), and (c) oxygen isotope temperature proxy from stalagmites (Norway).
	www.solarstorms.org /ReviewGlobalWarming.html (11339 words)

	Global Climate Change Student Guide
		Early attempts to produce a global surface temperature record from instrumental data were confined to land surface air temperatures (e.g.
		The combined land air and sea surface temperature is shown in Figure 6.9 (DoE, 1994).
		Both hemispheres had relatively stable temperatures from the 1940s to the 1970s, although there is some evidence of cooling in the Northern Hemisphere during the 1960s.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /resources/gcc/6-7-1.html (378 words)

	Climate change responsible for increased hurricanes
		To determine the contributions of sea surface warming, the AMO and any other factors to increased hurricane activity, the researchers used a statistical method that allows them to subtract the effect of variables they know have influence to see what is left.
		The researchers looked at the sea surface temperature record in the tropical Atlantic and compared it to global sea surface temperatures.
		When Mann and Emanuel use both global temperature trends and the enhanced regional cooling impact of the pollutants, they are able to explain the observed trends in both tropical Atlantic temperatures and hurricane numbers, without any need to invoke the role of a natural oscillation such as the AMO.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-05/ps-ccr053006.php (633 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: Reconstruction of the Earth's Temperature Record for the Last Six Centuries: Are the Earth's Glaciers ...
		By using modern statistical techniques to match the widespread instrumental record of the 20th century to natural archives or "proxy" climate indicators such as tree-ring, coral, and ice-core records, combined with the suite of long historical climate records, global patterns of annual temperature have been reconstructed several centuries back in time, with relatively small uncertainties.
		The results of this analysis suggests that the significant temperature variations in past centuries likely have their origins in natural climate forcingÐÐvariations in the brightness of the Sun in particular.
		These data are important because they record changes in precipitation and temperature in high mountains and at high latitudes where other data are sparse.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/980714FO.html (2152 words)

	Image:Satellite Temperatures.png - Global Warming Art
		This figure compares the global average surface temperature record, as compiled by Jones and Moberg (2003; data set TaveGL2v with 2005 updates), to the microwave sounder (MSU) satellite data of lower atmospheric temperatures determined by Christy et al.
		Each record is plotted as the monthly average and straight lines are fit through each data set from January 1982 to December 2004.
		This prediction is consistent with the RSS vs. surface comparison, though by contrast the UAH vs. surface comparison suggests a troposphere warming by slightly less than the surface of the Earth.
	www.globalwarmingart.com /wiki/Image:Satellite_Temperatures_png (633 words)

	'The temperature record is simply unreliable' \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist
		Objection: The surface temperature record is full of assumptions, corrections, differing equipment and station settings, changing technology, varying altitudes, and more.
		It is not possible to claim we know what the "global average temperature" is, much less determine any trend.
		And while it is true that differing weather station locations, from proximity to lakes or rivers or elevation above sea level, probably make it impossible to arrive at a meaningful figure for global average surface temperature, that is not what we are really interested in.
	gristmill.grist.org /print/2006/10/31/15216/865?show_comments=no (373 words)

	CO2 Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Finally, we have the radiosonde or weather balloon record of temperature in the same part of the atmosphere that is monitored by satellite. Both Balling and Daly point out that its temperature history of the past two decades closely mirrors that of the satellite record, and that it once again shows no warming.
		Daly, J.L. 2000. The surface record: "Global mean temperature" and how it is determined at surface level. Report to the Greening Earth Society. Available at www.greeningearthsociety.org.
		Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K. 1999. Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters 26: 759-762.
	www.co2science.org /scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/articles/V3/N12/EDIT.jsp (257 words)

	ONE ° : Climate Change & Environment Blog from The Weather Channel
		What we call global warming comes, in part, from the surface temperature record which shows a warming trend of roughly 1 degree Fahrenheit over the past century.
		This surface temperature record is built from land air, marine air, and ocean surface temperature data.
		Some have argued that global warming is mostly due to the urban heat island and hence the temperature trend is coming mostly from cities.
	climate.weather.com /blog/9_10570.html (409 words)

	ERF - Coastal & Estuarine Science News
		They found that the record exhibits a distinct inflection point around 1970 with a significant increase in mean annual temperature from 1970 through 2002, while temperatures prior to 1946 fluctuated but did not increase or decrease significantly.
		The temperature increase observed in these data is larger than recent estimates of world-wide sea surface warming ascribed to global climate change, and is more pronounced than changes observed in areas of the southern Atlantic coast, such as Key West, FL.
		Long-term records such as this one are extremely valuable for describing or even predicting changes in biological conditions.
	erf.org /cesn/0203.html (1461 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This paper reports a detailed comparsion at the global, hemispheric, three 60 degree latitude zone, and grid-box scale between lower tropospheric temperatures from the microwave sounding units (MSU2R) on board NOAA polar orbiting satellites and surface temperatures.
		The surface data warms relative to MSU2R by 0.19 degrees C per decade over this period, with much of the change occurring as a jump in the difference series, particularly during 1991 but also in 1981.
		The differences either reflect problems in one or both of the surface or MSU2R records or, if both records are correct, a significant change in lapse rates in the lower part of the atmosphere on a global scale particularly since mid-1991.
	www.agu.org /pubs/abs/jd/97JD02432/97JD02432.html (256 words)

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