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	Water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Water (from the Old English waeter; c.f German "Wasser", from PIE wod-or, "water"*), in its pure form, is a tasteless, odorless substance that is essential to all known forms of life and is known also as the most universal solvent.
		Water is lost from the body in urine and feces, through sweating, and by exhalation of water vapor in the breath.
		Polluting water may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the pollutor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water (5148 words)

	USGS Water Science Glossary of Terms
		With respect to water movement, it is not just the total magnitude of porosity that is important, but the size of the voids and the extent to which they are interconnected, as the pores in a formation may be open, or interconnected, or closed and isolated.
		In water quality, specific conductance is used in ground water monitoring as an indication of the presence of ions of chemical substances that may have been released by a leaking landfill or other waste storage or disposal facility.
		The coefficient of transmissibility is the rate of flow of water, at the prevailing water temperature, in gallons per day, through a vertical strip of the aquifer one foot wide, extending the full saturated height of the aquifer under a hydraulic gradient of 100-percent.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/dictionary.html (5521 words)

	The Groundwater-Surface Water Dilemma
		The question of the interconnection of groundwater and surface water is itself interconnected with current efforts to resolve other important Arizona water issues; i.e., the adjudication of surface water rights and the preservation of riparian areas.
		The Court claimed the water in the pool was set aside for a federal purpose, and therefore was protected "from subsequent diversion, whether the diversion is of surface or groundwater," regardless of state law.
		Surface water users could be encouraged to shift to CAP water and wells as an alternative to surface water diversion.
	ag.arizona.edu /AZWATER/arroyo/081con.html (4958 words)

	Surface water: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Water (from the anglo-saxon and low german languagelow german wæter) is a colourless, tasteless, and odourless substance that is essential to all...
		A sea is a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the caspian sea and...
		Water abstraction is the process of taking water from the environment for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/su/surface_water.htm (522 words)

	Groundwater & Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Groundwater is the water that saturates the tiny spaces between alluvial material (sand, gravel, silt, clay) or the crevices or fractures in rocks.
		The upper surface of this zone, open to atmospheric pressure, is known as the water table (phreatic surface).
		Surface watersheds are defined by a simple process of identifying the highest elevations in land that drains to the surface waterbody (i.e.
	www.ctic.purdue.edu /KYW/Brochures/GroundSurface.html (3791 words)

	What is Surface Water?
		Water on Earth is known by different terms, depending on where it is and where it came from.
		Precipitation, evaporation/transpiration, and runoff (surface runoff and subsurface infiltration) are the primary phases in the hydrologic cycle.
		Ocean water is too saline to be economically useful, while glaciers and icecaps are "inconveniently located." Click here to see a chart with these data.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/hydr/concepts/surfhyd/srfwtr.htm (1052 words)

	Hydrosphere: Surface Water
		Surface runoff generally occurs when the rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration, or if the soil is at its water holding capacity.
		Water that runs along the surface may become trapped in depressions and held as depression storage.
		Stream discharge is the volume of water passing through a particular cross-section of a stream in a unit of time.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/hydrosphere/surface_water.html (457 words)

	Water Resources Department Oregon Surface Water Resources
		Water Availability Report System - Estimated streamflow and surface water availability in Oregon.
		Water availability is the amount of water that can be appropriated from a given point on a given stream for new out-of-stream consumptive uses.
		Access surface water availability and flood frequency data using the interactive mapping program.
	www.oregon.gov /OWRD/SW/index.shtml (434 words)

	Surface Water as a Source of Public Drinking Water- WA State Office of Drinking Water
		Water that is open to the atmosphere and vulnerable to surface water runoff is not safe to drink without complete treatment.
		Surface water sources are open to contamination from human and animal waste and other pollution.
		Both Group A and Group B surface water sources are subject to requirements identified in Part 6 of the Washington State Board of Health drinking water regulations, Chapter 246-290 WAC.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/dw/Programs/surface_water.htm (681 words)

	[No title]
		Surface water on and near the Hanford Site is monitored to determine the potential effects of Hanford operations.
		Surface water at Hanford includes the Columbia River, riverbank springs, ponds located on the Hanford Site, and offsite water systems directly east and across the Columbia River from the Hanford Site.
		Radionuclides of interest were selected based on their presence in effluent discharges or ground water near the river, and their importance in determining water quality, verifying effluent control and effluent monitoring systems, and determining compliance with applicable standards.
	www.pnl.gov /env/Surface-Water_Surveillance.html (1098 words)

	Suburban Water Testing Labs: Water Tests
		Water contamination can have a negative affect on the health of you and your family.
		A simple water test can restore your confidence in the safety of you and your family.
		When it comes to your drinking water, quality is not optional.
	www.h2otest.com (182 words)

	Pretreatment
		One of the requirements of the Clean Water Act is that each state develop standards for their waters to ensure the beneficial uses, such as swimming and fishing, were protected.
		The water quality standards regulations establish the use or uses to be made of a water body, set criteria necessary to protect the uses, and establish policies to maintain and protect water quality.
		South Dakota's water quality standards are designed to protect public health and welfare, enhance the quality of water, and uphold the goals of the federal Clean Water Act.
	www.state.sd.us /denr/DES/Surfacewater/surfacequality.htm (184 words)

	Mars Case For Liquid Surface Water
		Indications of running water can be seen on the upper edge of the gully.
		There is also what looks like foam on the surface of the open water near the lower half of the image.
		The surface is smooth compared to the rougher higher terrain.
	www.rense.com /general63/marscase.htm (329 words)

	Water is Life - Surface water drawdown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Surface water drawdown is often caused by diverting water and keeping it from reaching its natural destination.
		With the reduction in the amount of water the salinity of the sea increased from 10% to 23% and higher.
		In the areas where the water receded, dust made of salt and chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides was left.
	academic.evergreen.edu /g/grossmaz/LENONTM (878 words)

	Surface Water Study Guide, Physical Geography, College of Alameda, Rita Haberlin, Instructor
		Running water is the most important agent of geologic erosion shaping the landscape.
		Over time, surface water runoff and stream flow combine to form a drainage system (a branched network of streams and slopes) that efficiently removes surface water runoff and sediment (material picked up by the stream).
		Water quality in streams may be reduced by pollution from industrial wastes, acid mine drainage, agricultural wastes, sewage, radioactive wastes, and thermal outflows (heated water).
	members.aol.com /rhaberlin/swstyg.htm (913 words)

	Surface Water
		These actions are conducted in response to violations of state water pollution control statutes and rules, violations of surface water discharge permits, and any violations of administrative or judicial orders.
		Click here for: The Water Bureau (WB), within the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), has responsibility for processing NPDES permits under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and Part 31 of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, 1994 Pa 451, as amended.
		The purpose of this permit is to control the discharge of pollutants into surface waters of the State to protect the environment.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3682---,00.html (530 words)

	DSW: Laws and Rules
		Water quality standards for surface waters of the State.
		Regulations for administering a water quality monitoring program to collect credible data for surface water monitoring and assessment.
		Section 401 water quality certification requirements for activities that may result in any discharge to waters of the state (construction, placing fill, grading, dredging, ditching, stream diversion, etc.).
	www.epa.state.oh.us /dsw/rules (461 words)

	Surface Water Modeling Links
		TOPOG is a physically based distributed parameter hydrological model written by researchers and scientists at CSIRO Land and Water, a party in the CRC for Catchment Hydrology.
		Flow Pro 2.0 by ProSoft Apps: a gradually varied water surface profile program for pipes, culverts, channels, and sluiceways with a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
		A significant number of surface and groundwater models are included along with a large number of strictly ecological models.
	www.mindspring.com /~rbwinston/surf.htm (861 words)

	EPA Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
		Disinfection of drinking water is one of the major public health advances in the 20th century.
		The new Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule are the first of a set of rules under the Amendments.
		In addition, States are required to conduct sanitary surveys for all surface water and GWUDI systems, including those that serve fewer than 10,000 people.
	www.epa.gov /OGWDW/mdbp/ieswtr.html (972 words)

	USGS OFR 039-97: Pesticides in Surface Waters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This report summarizes a comprehensive analysis of existing information on national and regional patterns of pesticide occurrence in surface waters of the United States and the major influences on the sources and transport of pesticides.
		Pesticide concentrations in surface waters follow strong seasonal patterns that result from the timing of pesticide applications and runoff conditions.
		Many pesticides are rarely detected in surface waters because of relatively low use, how they are applied, chemical properties, or elevated detection limits.
	ca.water.usgs.gov /pnsp/rep/fs97039 (212 words)

	USGS Water Resources: National Research Program (NRP) - unsaturated zone and temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A comprehensive understanding of the transport of water and chemicals between surface water, such as lakes and streams, and underlying ground water is essential for improved management of our Nation's water resources.
		Increases in surface-water diversions and ground-water pumping have clearly demonstrated that surface water and ground water are a single water resource, rather than separate components of the watershed.
		Environmental tracers hold great potential for examining exchanges between surface water and ground water, since tracers migrate freely across the surface-water/ground-water interface, and can be monitored easily in both surface-water and ground-water bodies.
	water.usgs.gov /nrp/proj.bib/constantz.html (2340 words)

	Toxics Program Bibliography-Ground- and Surface-Water Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The exchanges of carbon dioxide and water vapor between Williams Lake and the atmosphere, in Winter, T.C., and Averett, R.C., eds., Interdisciplinary Research Initiative--Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4215, p.
		Heat as a ground water tracer at the Russian River RBF facility, Sonoma County, California, in Hubbs, S.A., ed., Riverbank Filtration Hydrology: Dordrecht, Springer, p.
		Water solubility enhancements of nonionic organic contaminants by dissolved humic substances, in Suffet, I.H., and MacCarthy, P., eds., Influence of aquatic humic substances on the fate and treatment of pollutants: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series 219, p.
	toxics.usgs.gov /bib/bib-research-gw-sw.html (13260 words)

	Surface Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kentucky has many activities and programs to protect its waters and to protect aquatic life and Kentucky's citizens.
		The intention of the federal Clean Water Act was to make the nation's waters "fishable" and "swimmable." See the links listed in the left-side navigation bar for information about how Kentucky is working to attain those goals.
		Also see what progress was made in the state during the first 30 years of the Clean Water Act and how Kentucky's waters continue to fare by reviewing the state's Water Quality Report to Congress (305b Report).
	www.water.ky.gov /sw (333 words)

	Water Boards: Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program
		The Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) was proposed in a Report to the Legislature to integrate existing water quality monitoring activities of the State Water Resources Control Board and the Regional Water Quality Control Boards, and to coordinate with other monitoring programs.
		Ambient monitoring refers to any activity in which information about the status of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the environment is collected to answer specific questions about the status, and trends in those characteristics.
		SWAMP is a statewide monitoring effort designed to assess the conditions of surface waters throughout the state of California.
	www.swrcb.ca.gov /swamp (388 words)

	Lower Illinois River Basin: Surface Water
		In the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, surface water activities focus on assessing physical and chemical characteristics of streamwater, including physical parameters, suspended sediment, dissolved solids, major ions and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, and dissolved pesticides, and relating these characteristics to hydrologic conditions, sources, and transport.
		The program also includes selected studies of other water-quality conditions, such as dissolved oxygen and pathogenic bacteria, where they are likely to be important.
		Since the Illinois Waterway is less able to cleanse itself due to construction such as damming and diking, excess wastes remain in the water and produce ammonia nitrogen, which consumes oxygen.
	il.water.usgs.gov /proj/lirb/sw (352 words)

	Surface Water Quality
		Lee, G. F., and Jones-Lee, A., “Unrecognized Environmental Pollutants,” Water Encyclopedia: Surface and Agricultural Water, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ pp 371-373 (2005).
		Lee, G.F., "Outline of Issues in Regulating Heavy Metals in Surface Waters in a Technically Valid, Cost-Effective Manner," Presented at IPC The Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits 36th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California May 8-10, (1993).
		Lee, G. and Jones-Lee, A., "Regulating Heavy Metals in Surface Waters in a Technically Valid, Cost-Effective Manner," IPC 36th annual meeting, San Francisco, CA, 48pp, May (1993).
	www.gfredlee.com /pwwqual2.htm (3423 words)

	SWQ Program
		The primary responsibilities of the Surface Water Program are:
		conduct routine monitoring of surface water to ensure the state's natural resources are protected.
		To find information about a surface water issue, choose a topic from the left border of this page or browse the list in this box:
	www.state.sd.us /denr/DES/Surfacewater/surfwprg.htm (48 words)

	Solinst Groundwater Monitoring Instruments and Surface Water Monitoring Instruments
		Uses: Groundwater Monitoring Instruments are designed to obtain surface or ground water samples, continuous or manual water level measurements and recordings of concentrations of various water parameters.
		The data collected can be used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and other aquifer conditions; to monitor potable water recharge areas; and to monitor tailings ponds, dewatering activities and water supply levels of mines.
		Solinst equipment is used to monitor groundwater for general site investigations and for contaminant plume monitoring on: spill sites, remediation sites, chemical storage facilities, landfill sites and hazardous waste storage sites.
	www.solinst.com (122 words)

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