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Topic: Surface-to-air

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SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE SIMULATIONS Surface air temperature is the most common and classical meteorological parameter to indicate climate change resulting from either internal processes, such as air-sea interaction, or external forcing, such as the change of greenhouse gas concentrations and volcanic aerosols. Nevertheless, we suggest that one possibility of the poor land air temperature simulation during the three extraordinary NH winters is the inadequate representation of the stratosphere and its interaction with the troposphere. The good correspondence of the observed land temperature fluctuations and stratospheric polar vortex for both years with and without volcanic eruptions suggests that the interaction between the stratosphere and the troposphere is an important mode of the internal variability of land air temperature. climate.envsci.rutgers.edu /robock/amiptemp/temp4.html

Air, Surface Temperature comparison Air temperature may be several degrees higher than the surface temperature (typically so at night) or several degrees lower than the surface temperature (typically so during the day). An official temperature that is reported on radio or TV is the temperature that is measured at 6 feet above the ground by a thermometer that is located in a louvered white enclosure that has air freely passing through it. This white box is about 2 feet on a side and is situated in an open space away from the influence of any trees or buildings, so that the sun can shine on it but not on the thermometer inside. www.iitap.iastate.edu /jhodson/idot/frost/airsurf.html

The Surface Temperature Record The differences between the surface temperature record since 1978 and that recorded by the MSU satellites in the lower troposphere must therefore be largely due to local heating which is highly regional, and is particularly evident in cold climates. The surface temperature record, which plots annual temperature anomalies with respect to a given reference period, has an in-built upwards bias because of population increase and expansion of human activity. The records of annual global surface temperature anomalies and their regional distribution are not explicable by a theory of steady almost uniform global temperature increase, such as the supposed effects of increases in greenhouse gases. www.john-daly.com /graytemp/surftemp.htm

CHAPTER 3: AIR TEMPERATURE Air temperature rises sharply in the morning hours and continues to rise long after the noon peak of net radiation. Keep this in mind as you study: The main cause of air temperature differences is the difference in the amount of the sun's energy that strikes the earth's surface. Air temperatures in the central region of a city are typically several degrees warmer than those of the surrounding suburbs and countryside. www2.una.edu /geography/classes/ge101/101ch3.html

FORECAST CONCEPTS The surface air temperature is 86 F with a dewpoint of 74 F. In the over night hours, clear skies are expected along with light and variable winds. Temperature have to be extremely cold for ice fog (fog composed of ice crystals) to occur. The latent heat release slows the rate the temperature falls once the air is saturated. www.theweatherprediction.com /fxconcepts

Climate / Weather Terms Glossary A theoretical air temperature at which the heat loss from exposed skin under calm conditions is equivalent to the heat loss at the actual air temperature and under the actual wind speeds. The rising of heated surface air and the sinking of cooler air aloft is often called free convection. With constant pressure, the temperature of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the density of the gas. www.wrcc.dri.edu /ams/glossary.html

NCDC: Global Surface Temperature Anomalies Surface land air temperature (LAT) climatology (at instrument shelter height) is derived from the Global Historical Climatology Network version 2 data set (GHCN, Peterson and Vose 1997). The combined land-air surface temperature and sea surface temperatures global climatological index; the data indicates that 1997 was probably the warmest year of the century. The global monthly surface temperature averages in the table below can be added to a given month’s anomaly (departure from the 1880 to 2003 base period average) to obtain an absolute estimate of surface temperature for that month. www.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa/climate/research/anomalies/anomalies.html

Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis All runs with uncorrected SST (only the average is shown) give too cold a simulation of land-surface air temperature for much of the period before 1941 relative to the 1946 to 1965 base period, with a dramatic increase in 1942. The difference in trend between global SST and global land air temperature since 1976 does not appear to be significant, but the trend in NMAT (despite any residual data problems) does appear to be less than that in the land air temperature since 1976. All six individual runs with bias-adjusted SST (only the average is shown) give simulated land air temperatures close to those observed so that internal model variability is small on decadal time-scales compared to the signal being sought. www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup1/055.htm

Vinnikov-Groisman-Lugina Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies from Instrumental Surface Air Temperature Records, CDIAC Vinnikov, Groisman, and Lugina have compiled annual and monthly surface air temperatures mainly from the "World Weather Records", "Monthly Climatic Data for the World", and "Meteorological Data for Individual Years over the Northern Hemisphere Excluding the USSR". Vinnikov-Groisman-Lugina Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies from Instrumental Surface Air Temperature Records, CDIAC "Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies from instrumental surface air temperature records", pp. gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_VINNIKOV_GROISMAN_LUGINA.html

Turkmenistan - CLIMATE CHANGE - SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE he comparison between average temperatures for 1961 - 1990 and for previous three decades has shown that this period has appeared warmer, especially in northern part of the territory, where the air temperature has increased by 0.6 A tendency of a small increase of average seasonal and annual air temperatures was observed over a period of 65 years (1931-1995). The analysis of the air temperature data, averaged for Turkmenistan for 65-year period has been made. enrin.grida.no /htmls/turkmen/soe2/english/ecology/climats1.htm

Temperature data The problems are reduced using night only marine air temperature (NMAT) but at the expense of discarding approximately half the MAT data. This technique uses information on how temperatures at each location co-vary, to weight the data to take best account of areas where there are no observations at a given time. Over the ocean areas the most plentiful and most consistent measurements of temperature have been taken of the sea surface. www.cru.uea.ac.uk /cru/data/temperature

EDCS Reference Manual The elevations of some vertices in the object are determined by the local configuration of the terrain < SURFACE >, e.g., they are adjusted to conform to the terrain < SURFACE >. A cindery, vesicular crust formed on the < SURFACE > of basaltic or andesitic lava as a result of the escape and expansion of gases before solidification. A previously molten mass of rock material that is extruded by a volcano or through a fissure in the terrain < SURFACE >. www.sedris.org /sdk_3.1.1/src/lib/edcs/docs/dictionary/EAC_P.htm

NASA GISS: Goddard Institute for Space Studies Although natural variability resulted in a cool summer in the United States, the average global surface temperatures for climatological 2004 turned out the fourth warmest. Cassini flyby images are revealing Saturn's moon Titan has has a surface shaped largely by Earth-like processes of tectonics, erosion, winds, and perhaps volcanism. Descriptions of our areas of study: climate modeling, Earth observations, climate impacts, planetary atmospheres, and more. www.giss.nasa.gov

Encyclopedia: Surface to air missile A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile - United States (this missile is a derivative of the AIM-9 Sidewinder and the FIM-92 Stinger). The Stinger missile, a full-dimensional protection weapon, is the Army's system for short-range air defense that provides the ground maneuver commander force protection against low-altitude airborne targets such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and cruise missiles. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Surface_to_air-missile   (383 words)

Javelin surface-to-air missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Javelin is a British man-portable surface-to-air missile, used by the British Army and Canadian Army. Although Javelin is somewhat susceptible to smoke, fog or clouds, it is claimed to be virtually impossible to decoy it away from a target with flares. The missile was developed as a replacement for the Blowpipe missile, which had proven largely ineffective in the Falklands war (9 hits recorded out of more than 100 missile launches) and in Mujahideen hands during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Javelin_surface-to-air_missile   (221 words)

UM-Weather This page provides easy accesss to over two dozen surface, upper air, temperature, and computer model maps from around North America. cirrus.sprl.umich.edu /wxnet/maps.html   (221 words)

The Forecast Surface Air Temperature Group Page Title: The Forecast Surface Air Temperature Group Normally it is used to forecast the minimum temperature in the section of the forecast covering the period of time when the minimum temperature is expected to occur, and to forecast the maximum It is included only in the sections of the forecast where necessary. www.tpub.com /weather3/4a-7.htm   (221 words)

Merged surface air temperature data "High index" values of the Arctic Oscilation (AO) (below normal Arctic sea-level pressure) is associated with below normal surface air temperatures in the Arctic, Greenland, Baffin Island, Alaska, and eastern Siberia, and temperatures more than 1C above normal in central Siberia, and Canada. International Arctic Buoy Programme and Polar Exchange at the Sea Surface (IABP/POLES). The merging process employed is simple, but yields a useful data set. www.jisao.washington.edu /data/satmergedarctic   (221 words)

Live Access to the National Virtual Ocean Data System (NVODS) Relative Humidity Monthly Number of Observations at Surface Diurnal Cycle Anomaly of Surface Pressure for April Sea Surface Temperature Monthly Number of Observations at Surface ferret.wrc.noaa.gov /NVODS/servlets/index?page=19   (221 words)

Navy Matters Type 45 Section Even though the crucial role of air defence was shared by all, and the ships were to share the same missile, the Franco-Italian Aster, the navies had somewhat different missions in mind. While this caused no essential clash, the missile being capable of both missions, the radar needed to perform the area defence role (as required by the Royal Navy) would have to be of a markedly different nature to that required by the point defence role (France and Italy). The Astor 15 missile had just been successfully tested in a 'hit-to-kill' engagement with a live MM38 Exocet anti-ship missile, demonstrating that it could carry out the local-area defence mission, against a crossing target, as required by the Royal Navy. navy-matters.beedall.com /cngf.htm   (10464 words)

Blowpipe missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Blowpipe is a man-portable surface-to-air missile which was in use with the British Army and Royal Marines from 1968. The official British report stated that of the 95 missiles fired, only 9 managed to destroy their targets and all of these where slow flying planes and helicopters [1], however later research indicated that only 1 kill could be attributed to the Blowpipe. Blowpipe missile systems are still being found in weapon caches as recently as June 2003 in Afghanistan [4] [5]. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blowpipe_missile   (313 words)

18 Air Defence Regiment From that point forward the role of the unit changed to Air Defence and the Regiment was tasked to provide an air defence battery, the 20th, in support of Canadian Forces units in Western Canada. The role of air defence artillery is to defend our ground forces against attack from enemy aircraft and helicopters. To meet this role, 18th Air Defence Regiment, RCA employs the Javelin Missile System. www.army.dnd.ca /18AIR_DEF_REGT/history/history.htm   (161 words)

Anti-aircraft warfare - Art History Online Reference and Guide Air defence by air forces is typically taken care of by fighter jets carrying air-to-air missiles which is beyond the scope of this article, however most air forces choose to augment air base defence with surface-to-air missile systems as they are such valuable targets for enemy aircraft. Starting in the post-World War II era the guns were joined by the guided missile, specifically the "surface-to-air missile", and today both are used in combination in most roles. Originally missiles were useful only as a replacement for the very largest of anti-aircraft guns, but by the 1960s they had been scaled down to the point where they were also replacing smaller weapons previously serviced by guns in the 40 mm to 57 mm range. www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Flak   (3367 words)

Anti-aircraft warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Air defence by air forces is typically taken care of by fighter jets carrying air-to-air missiles which is beyond the scope of this article, however most air forces choose to augment air base defence with surface-to-air missile systems as they are such valuable targets for enemy aircraft. Starting in the post-World War II era the guns were joined by the guided missile, specifically the "surface-to-air missile", and today both are used in combination in most roles. Larger vessels (patrol boats, frigates, destroyers and on up) are typically equipped with surface-to-air missile systems, with increased range and deadliness as the vessel size increases. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery   (3367 words)

Satellite versus Surface Estimates of Air Temperature since 1979 Satellite versus Surface Estimates of Air Temperature since 1979 If your browser does not support frames, and you should not be here if it did, you can view this document here. This document is intended for viewing with a frames compatible browser. www.cgd.ucar.edu /cas/papers/jclim96   (3367 words)

III - AIR DEFENSE EFFECTIVENESS Soviet-made SA-2 surface-to-air missiles achieved a single-shot kill probability of about 1% during the Viet Nam war, the American AIM-9E Sidewinder air-to-air missile achieved a 8% to 10% kill probability in Viet Nam, while the AIM-7E Sparrow achieved a disappointing 12% to 15% kill probability, versus the 70% demonstrated in tests. The growing complexity of air defense systems has increased the extent to which the effectiveness of the defense is heavily influenced by tactical innovations and surprise, aimed at disrupting the functioning of the system as a whole, rather than simply altering attrition rates. Assessments of the prospective effectiveness of air defenses against attacking aircraft are complicated by the wide range of historical experience, both with individual anti-aircraft weapons as well as with air defense systems as a whole. fas.org /spp/aircraft/part03.htm   (5383 words)

Javelin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the anti-aircraft weapon, see Javelin surface-to-air missile. For the aircraft, see Gloster Javelin or ATG Javelin. For the automobile, see AMC Javelin or Jowett Javelin. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Javelin   (140 words)

Air Force - Serbia The primary air force missions were to contest enemy efforts to establish air superiority over Yugoslavia and to support the defensive operations of the ground forces and navy. Air Force operations have been limited to deterrent low overflights by airplanes and helicopters. NATO undertook to monitor the no-fly zone to ensure that the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina did not spread to the air. www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/serbia/airforce.htm   (1582 words)

AWST STORY While this does not mean that Iraqi missile air defenses will cease to function, it does mean that their effectiveness will be significantly lower than a decade ago when they last had access to regular maintenance. This revolution in air warfare is not yet over and it is likely to continue in at least two further directions. Missile defense is back in the headlines with the Bush administration's announcement, late last year, to deploy, by 2004, a very limited antiballistic missile defense system to protect the U.S. against weapons launched by rogue nations. aviationnow.com /avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/sb03_15.xml   (3388 words)

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