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Topic: Surrealist techniques

	Surrealism - MSN Encarta
		The surrealists were heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.
		One strategy the surrealists used to elicit imagery from the unconscious is called the “Exquisite Corpse.” In this collaborative art form, a piece of paper was folded in four, and four different artists contributed to the representation of a figure without seeing the other artists' contributions.
		Some surrealists, including Ernst, Yves Tanguy from France, and Roberto Matta from Chile, used a combination of techniques to suggest a dream state or to produce an abstract vocabulary of forms.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554397/Surrealism.html (1560 words)

	Modern art surrealism prints: George Grie neosurrealism gallery
		Surrealism is often approached primarily as a preoccupation with au- tomatic techniques and the exploration of the unconscious.
		The results of such investigations tend to neutralize the significance of Surrealist iconography by subordinating it to formal experiment or by assuming it is an expression of unalterable psychic truths.
		This study begins with the assumption that Surrealist images of Woman were produced nei- ther as formal experiment nor as psychic truth but as things to be used by men for a purpose peculiar to men.
	www.neosurrealismart.com /3d-artist-gallery (1270 words)

	Mark Harden's Artchive: "Dada and Surrealism"
		Surrealists approved of desire in its attack on reason and the Veristic Surrealism of Paul Delvaux (b 1897), in which women appear in the cool surroundings of noble architecture and exude an hallucinatory eroticism.
		In the work of the Veristic Surrealists, the surface of the painting tends to be flat and glossy: the viewer is reminded as little as possible that the illusion is composed of paint and the hallucinatory effect is thereby enhanced.
		After the end of the Surrealist epoch, this approach was carried into painting in New York by Arshile Gorky (1904-1948), the 'white writing' paintings of Mark Tobey (1890-1976) and, above all, the vast abstractions of Jackson Pollock which contain a strong element of drawing with paint while the artist was in an ecstatic trance.
	www.artchive.com /artchive/surrealism.html (1916 words)

	Mythical Records - surrealist literature
		To speak of the techniques of surrealist poetry is necessarily to speak of the theory behind their practice, a theory that is unique in literature because it transcends literature and art altogether and invades the domains of philosophy, psychology, and even politics.
		And this is quite apart from the curiosity one might have about the various techniques employed by the surrealist poet; though in fact an understanding of the concepts lends credibility to the techniques and thus one begins to regard them in the light of their own purported expansive possibilities.
		First of all, if we adopt a surrealist viewpoint, then, as we have seen, art logically must be and naturally will tend to be surrealist, and thus be justifiable only in its ability to reveal the new, the "never seen," the parallel activity of thought and chance in consciousness.
	www.mythicalrecords.com /forum/viewtopic.php?p=377 (975 words)

	Surrealist techniques Details, Meaning Surrealist techniques Article and Explanation Guide
		Entoptic graphomania is a surrealist and automatic method of drawing in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots.
		Grattage is a surrealist technique in painting in which (usually dry) paint is scraped off the canvas.
		Parsemage is a surrealist and automatic method in the visual arts invented by Ithell Colquhoun in which dust from charcoal or colored chalk is scattered on the surface of water and then skimmed off by passing a stiff paper or cardboard just under the water's surface.
	www.e-paranoids.com /s/su/surrealist_techniques.html (1423 words)

	GradeSaver: Everything is Illuminated Essay: Foer's Use of Surrealist Techniques to Convey Tone, Mood and Theme
		Surrealists utilize this method because they view it as a way to break down the mental barrier between the conscious and subconscious, thus providing a clearer vision of the thought process.
		This is reminiscent of the surrealist idea of automatic writing; it is as if Foer simply wrote the entire book as an automatic writing exercise, and did not take the time to go back and edit it.
		Because of this technique, it is not necessary for the author to recount the bombing itself; his method conveys just as much, if not more, of the emptiness and loss of the tragedy.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/titles/illuminated/essay1.html (1995 words)

	ARTSEDGE: Dalí & Desnos: Surrealism in Poetry and Art
		The lesson will culminate in the student's creation of an original poem utilizing surrealistic techniques, which students will be able to revise after participating in a writer's workshop with their peers.
		Dalí's incendiary political statements, including his admitted fascination for Hitler, caused tensions among the Surrealists, and in 1934, a "trial" was held in an attempt to expel him from the group.
		The Surrealist movement was very influential among the Abstract Expressionist visual artists and the New York School poets.
	artsedge.kennedy-center.org /content/3798 (2310 words)

	Surrealism
		According to André Breton, the first surrealist work was Les champs magnétiques (1920; The Magnetic Fields, 1985), a collection of automatist writings that he produced in collaboration with French writer Philippe Soupault.
		Like surrealist painters, these writers later modified the pure automatism of their early efforts by editing, often with a deliberate emphasis on symbolic imagery.
		The surrealist writers revived interest in two 19th-century French poets whose work seemed to anticipate that of the surrealists: Arthur Rimbaud and Isidore Ducasse, whose pen name was Le Comte de Lautréamont.
	www.springstun.com /surreal.htm (1957 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The surrealist diagnosis of the problem of the realism and capitalist civilization is that both utilize a restrictive overlay of false rationality, including social and academic convention, on the free functioning of the instinctual urges of the human mind.
		Surrealist philosophy connects with the theories of psychiatrist Sigmund Freud in that Freud asserted that unconscious thoughts (the thoughts of which one is not aware) motivate human behaviour, and he advocated free association and dream analysis to reveal unconscious thoughts.
		Feminists have in the past critiqued the surrealist movement, claiming that it is fundamentally a male movement and a male fellowship, despite the occasional few celebrated woman surrealist painters and poets.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Surrealism (2128 words)

	Politics and Culture
		Harris documents in his second chapter the difficult task of the surrealists in the 1930s to achieve recognition as an avant-garde in the cultural sphere by the leaders of the revolutionary avant-garde in the Communist Party of France.
		Harris highlights in chapter three the effort to reframe the surrealist object as scientific research, as opposed to aesthetic experimentation, which challenged the unity of the movement and even the definition of what surrealism was meant to represent.
		Finally, a key moment for the expression of the surrealist approach to the tension between art and politics, the exhibition of surrealist objects in the Exposition surréaliste d'objects, is the focus of the fifth chapter entitled "Beware of Domestic Objects: Vocation and Equivocation in 1936".
	aspen.conncoll.edu /politicsandculture/printer_page.cfm?key=412 (1012 words)

	André Breton surrealist
		He is by far the most diverse artist, having been a leader of both the Dada and French Surrealist movements, he later moved to America and became a figure in the American Surrealist movement of the 30s and 40s along with fellow import Man Ray.
		A Self-Made Surrealist sets out to provide a view of Miller different from both earlier vindications of him as sexual liberator and prophet and more contemporary feminist critiques of him as pornographer and male chauvinist.
		Matta, a painter who was a latecomer to the surrealist movement, was described by Breton as 4The most profound painter of his generation.
	www.geocities.com /johndoeclone/706/surrealist.html (425 words)

	Irreal (Re)views 3: Irrealism is not a surrealism by G.S. Evans
		The surrealist’s claim that they aren’t interested in art, only in “researching” the unconscious, is confirmed by the approach they have taken with this issue, the majority of which is composed of straightforward recountings of dreams that the group's members have had.
		That this surrealist research continues to the present day is probably nowhere better illustrated than by the thirty-second issue of the journal Analogon, published by the Skupina ceských a slovenských surrealistu (Group of Czech and Slovak Surrealists), which came out in the summer of 2001.
		Thus, a surrealist is first and foremost interested in describing the "reality" of surreality and the unconscious, which ironically places him or her more in the mode of a realist writer then a writer of fantasy.
	home.sprynet.com /~awhit/review3a.htm (5456 words)

	Up & Coming Magazine
		Andre Benton and the other Surrealist artists of the 1920s and '30s explored the direct expression of the unconscious through their art by automatic writing, creating hallucinatory worlds on paper or canvas in which the idea of the rational is not present.
		To the male Surrealists women were only valued as muses, lovers, and the femme-enfant (the Surrealist idea of the child-women).
		His dreamlike perception of space and the Surrealist techniques of automatic and spontaneous marks are evident.
	www.zwire.com /site/news.cfm?BRD=1147&dept_id=483409&newsid=10316823&PAG=461&rfi=9 (813 words)

	49th Parallel Spring Issue 2005
		However, Surrealist techniques and strategies that provided means for getting at repressed areas of the psyche were also helpful to women attempting to assert aspects of the self unacceptable within their traditionally prescribed roles.
		The Surrealist desire to dissolve any difference by blending the bodies with furnishings, architecture, or nature, responded to their belief in the possibility for dualities to coexist in a state of disunity; in fact for Breton, even the ultimate polarity between life and death could potentially coexist52.
		The Surrealist assault on Western assumptions of bodily wholeness and integrity, and obsessively on female bodily wholeness and integrity, follows the dissolution of the natural and the assumption that woman, being herself the fetish par excellence, is nowhere in nature.
	www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk /back/issue15/rus.htm (5987 words)

	Shambhala - A Book of Surrealist Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Surrealist games and procedures are intended to free words and images from the constraints of rational and discursive order, substituting chance and indeterminacy for premeditation and deliberation.
		This is not the occasion for a history of Surrealist political interventions and provocations, nor for the retelling of the complex story of its own political travails, the bitter arguments, confrontations, expulsions and reconciliations.
		It is for those who wish to employ for themselves the techniques of Surrealist enquiry and discovery; it sets out the rules and directions for playing the games.
	www.shambhala.com /html/catalog/items/isbn/1-57062-084-9.cfm?selectedText=EXCERPT_CHAPTER (759 words)

	Surrealismo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Breton, as the central figure of the surrealist movement, not only published its most thorough explanations of its techniques, aims and ideas, but was the individual who drew in, and occasionally expelled, writers, artists and thinkers.
		Surrealists believe that "non-Western" cultures also provide a continued source of inspiration for surrealist activity because some may strike up a better balance between instrumental reason and the imagination in flight than Western culture.
		He has never participated in the surrealist movement or in any surrealist activity, but there are arguably some aspects of many of his films that are of surrealist interest.
	dks.thing.net /Surrealismo.html (3929 words)

	ARTSEDGE: Dalí & Desnos: Surrealism in Poetry and Art
		The lesson will culminate in the student's creation of an original poem utilizing surrealistic techniques, which students will be able to revise after participating in a writer's workshop with their peers.
		Dalí's incendiary political statements, including his admitted fascination for Hitler, caused tensions among the Surrealists, and in 1934, a "trial" was held in an attempt to expel him from the group.
		The Surrealist movement was very influential among the Abstract Expressionist visual artists and the New York School poets.
	www.artsedge.kennedy-center.org /content/3798 (2310 words)

	Into the Mystic - Surrealist painter Remedios Varo Art in America - Find Articles
		After apprenticing in Paris, where she was admitted to the Surrealists' innermost circle, Spanish-born painter Remedios Varo fled the Nazi Occupation for Mexico.
		She was not befriended, as one might have expected, by Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera, but by fellow refugees; like them, she struggled to put the war behind her and piece together a modest existence.
		From Wolfgang Paalen she learned fumage--the technique of passing an image over a flame to form suggestive, smoky swirls--and from Oscar Dominguez, decalcomania--pressing a sheet of paper over a painted surface and lifting it off to create spongy patterns rich with imagistic possibilities.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1248/is_4_89/ai_73236324 (835 words)

	Some Rants and Notes about Automatic Poetic Practices in the 21st Century
		For this reason, automatic writing (and other forms of automatism, such as the visual kind) is highly prized by surrealists as a technique of liberating the human psyche when it is temporarily visible in its nakedness, without the interference from moral or rationalistic filters.
		Such techniques also provide a glimpse of an unalienated life not driven by economics by instead by desire, new possibilities, providing a means for brave individuals to dream, and ultimately, to effect a new and improved world that does not require people to exploit each other.
		To the surrealist, the marvelous may be found in either high or low art, so the museum walls which demand the distinction must be seen as an impediment.
	www.surrealcoconut.com /automatic_writing/about_automatism.htm (6246 words)

	Pavel Tchelitchew View Magazine and Surrealism in the United States: 1940-1945
		This difference in intent was critical: Tchelitchew valued the ability of automatic techniques to aid in his layering of meaning and image, as in his major work Hide and Seek of 1940-42, while the Surrealists used the technique to reveal meaning and images that they could not otherwise access.
		Kirstein wrote of Tchelitchew's technique that "the behavior of his talent in the expression of his sentiment is not amorphous, subjective, or accidental, but rather disciplined and objective." This statement contrasted Tchelitchew's ideas with Surrealist dogma.
		The Surrealists on the other hand used a debased understanding of metamorphosis in their simple "double images," like Dali's biomorphic forms that become loaves of bread or other symbols.
	www.heyotwell.com /work/arthistory/tchelitchew.html (6354 words)

	[No title]
		Based on an old parlor game, it was played by several people, each of whom would write a phrase on a sheet of paper, fold the paper to conceal part of it, and pass it on to the next player for his contribution.
		The technique got its name from results obtained in initial playing, "Le cadavre exquis boira le vin nouveau" (The exquisite corpse will drink the young wine).
		Originally, the intention of the exquisite corpse was provocative, like the majority of the surrealist anticreations.
	web.mit.edu /vhsu/Public/cadaverexquisito.doc (577 words)

	ArtandCulture Movement: Surrealist Theater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the early 1930s, Federico Garcia Lorca, the filmmaker Luis Bunuel, and Dali adapted Surrealist techniques for a series of dramas for Spanish theater, including "Blood Wedding" (1933) and "The House of Bernarda Alba" (1936).
		Surrealists tried to break the bonds of familiar reality with the introduction of a theatrical form uninhibited by the restraints of the ego.
		Ultimately, their creative journey to the center of the psyche was unexpectedly waylaid by the surfacing of a two-headed ideological monster: political and theoretical factionalism.
	www.artandculture.com /cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/movement?id=943 (189 words)

	Imaging the Subconscious: A Study of Surrealist Painting Techniques by Nancy Ritcher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Surrealist artists used a number of techniques that were aimed at finding uncensored truth.
		Some surrealists believed their unconscious mind provided a connection with the spirit world, and so the automatic processes they used generated images from beyond their psyche and the natural world.
		Wispy deposits of carbon are left on the paper or canvas where the surrealist artist would see images, just as you might see in the clouds.
	www.csuchico.edu /art/contrapposto/Contrapposto97/Pages/Nancy.html (314 words)

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