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Topic: Surrender of Japan

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	Japan - Search View - ninemsn Encarta
		Japan has limited sources of traditional natural energy yet it sustains a rapidly expanding industrial sector and a large population with one of the highest standards of living in the world.
		Japan was one of the leading textile manufacturers in the world and among the three largest world producers of synthetic fibre.
		Japan was awarded the lease (to 1923, later extended to 1997) of the Liaodong Peninsula, including the Guangdong (Kwangtung) territory, and the southern half of Sakhalin, thereafter known as Karafuto.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761566679__1/Japan.html (18547 words)

	Japan - MSN Encarta
		It is bounded on the north by the Sea of Okhotsk, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, and on the west by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
		Japan proper consists of the large islands of Hokkaido, the northernmost; Honshu, the largest, called the mainland; Shikoku; and Kyushu, the southernmost.
		The Kuril Islands, north of Hokkaido and formerly included in Japan proper as Chishimaretto, were occupied by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) at the conclusion of World War II under an agreement reached at the Yalta Conference in 1945.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566679/Japan.html (1216 words)

	Surrender of Japan
		Upon the successful testing of the atomic bomb, the Americans believed Japan could be forced to quickly surrender and enlisted the allies at Potsdam on 26 July 1945 to prepare a proclamation defining the conditions for the surrender of Japan.
		Japan was limited to the four home islands and such minor islands as we determine.
		Japan accepts the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration and agrees to surrender.
	www.ww2pacific.com /surrender.html (1388 words)

	Interwar Japan
		Japan and Britain, both of whom wanted to keep Russia out of Manchuria, signed the Treaty of Alliance in 1902, which was in effect until in 1921 when the two signed the Four Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, which took effect in 1923.
		Japan's military expansionism and quest for national self- sufficiency eventually led the United States in 1940 to embargo war supplies, abrogate a long-standing commercial treaty, and put greater restrictions on the export of critical commodities.
		The terms of surrender included the occupation of Japan by Allied military forces, assurances that Japan would never again go to war, restriction of Japanese sovereignty to the four main islands "and such minor islands as may be determined," and surrender of Japan's colonial holdings.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/IntJapan.html (8730 words)

	The Surrender of Japanese Forces in the China Theatre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Because the surrender of Japan is alleged by China to be the event transferring sovereignty of Formosa to China, an examination of the events surrounding the surrender and the Act of Surrender is warranted.
		China’s claim that by accepting the surrender of Japanese forces on Formosa, Chiang’s forces had acquired sovereignty over the island for China is severely weakened by the fact that she does not make a claim for Indochina based on the same principle.
		Neither the circumstances surrounding Japan’s surrender in 1945 nor the provisions of the surrender documents evidence, or even suggest, that Japan transferred sovereignty over any of her former possessions as a result of her defeat in war.
	www.taiwandocuments.org /japansurrender.htm (3481 words)

	Unconditional Surrender and Japan’s Loss of Integrity and Pride
		Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and unconditionally surrendered to the Allied Powers in August of 1945.
		Although these two countries surrendered in more or less the same way, in comparison to Germany, Japan seems to have retained its post-war trauma for more than half a century and the shock of defeat seems to be so powerful that even foreign observers of Japanese society and politics can sense it today.
		It is even stranger to study Japan’s political history since 1950, as it has gradually built its ultra-modern army, navy and air forces while never seriously attempting to revise the 1946 constitution in which article IX clearly and explicitly prohibits the rearmament of Japan.
	www.carleton.ca /cjc2002/FinalProgram/TakemotoToru.htm (424 words)

	Hiroshima: the Article
		Japan's Prime Minister Suzuki spelled out the problem of "unconditional surrender" well for doves and hawks alike when he publicly announced on June 9, 1945, "Should the Emperor system be abolished, they [the Japanese people] would lose all reason for existence.
		While some of Japan's military leaders preferred additional conditions for ending the war, ultimately their control proved to be secondary to the desire of the Emperor - and Japan's doves - for surrender.
		The conditions under which Japan was willing to surrender were not clearly spelled out in the messages, aside from a willingness to give up territory occupied during the war and a repeated rejection of "unconditional surrender".
	www.doug-long.com /hiroshim.htm (3441 words)

	Japan's Surrender, 1945
		De spite heavy destruction of Japanese cities by long-range bombers and the looming defeat that now faced the country, it seemed unlikely that there would be a voluntary surrender in view of the "unconditional surrender" demands of the Allied forces and the apprehensions of the military regarding the person of the emperor.
		Though these terrible events failed to induce the military leaders to concede defeat, their resistance was o vercome by the emperor who pushed for acceptance of the surrender terms, since amended to leave some hope for retention of the imperial system in a democratic Japan.
		The decision to surrender was broadcast to the nation by the emperor--an unprecedented ev ent in itself--on August 15 while further rescripts were issued to the armed forces ordering them to lay down their arms.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob101.html (935 words)

	SURRENDER OF JAPAN, 2 September 1945
		Formal Surrender of Japan, 2 September 1945 -- Aircraft Flyover as the Ceremonies Conclude;
		One was issued to each man who was on board the ship on 2 September 1945, when the surrender of Japan was formalized on her decks.
		At anchored in Tokyo Bay, Japan, 2 September 1945, the day that Japanese surrender ceremonies were held on her deck.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/events/wwii-pac/japansur/js-8.htm (1134 words)

	Japan
		One of the most troubling implications for Japan, he said, is a strengthening of right-wing groups seeking to glorify the country's role in the war and move beyond the traditional view, held since the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that Japanese soldiers and civilians who died in the war were victims.
		The US occupation of Japan, Clemons argued, was "designed in many ways to give Japan a lobotomy" and keep ordinary Japanese from knowing the truth about post-war leaders who had served the militarist and imperialist cause during the war.
		The best thing for Japan, he said, would be to develop a "better sense of nationalism" that would help the country break away from its Cold War dependence on the United States and face up to its past.
	www.atimes.com /japan-econ/DE23Dh02.html (1189 words)

	A Soviet Push Helped Force Japan to Surrender
		"The impact of atomic bombs [on the Japanese army's decision to surrender] is being overestimated," said Arai Shinichi, historian and professor emeritus of Ibaragi University and Surugadai University.
		More important in persuading Tokyo to surrender were the Soviet decision to enter the war in the Far East, the Red Army's lighting advance through Manchuria, and the collapse of Japanese efforts to enlist the Soviets as peace intermediaries, Arai said.
		Japan's forces in northeast Asia, known as the Kwantung Army, had already tangled with the Russians in 1939 when the Japanese tried to invade Mongolia.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2005/08/08/016.html (741 words)

	Japan's Evolving Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Article nine of Japan's constitution states "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes."
		There is a lingering discomfort having to do with Japan's historical experiences of the use of military force as an instrument of pursuing foreign policy goals.
		Japan needs to get beyond its old anachronistic pacifism that is not realistic in a complex and messy world.
	www.voanews.com /english/NewsAnalysis/2005-01-13-voa36.cfm (886 words)

	The Japanese surrender (John Ongtooguk)
		Japan in the summer of 1945 was governed, in the name of the emperor, by the Supreme War Council or Big Six.
		The issue on the table in late summer of 1945 was the surrender of Japan.
		They believed that the US would allow Japan to retain its government structure and independence if it were clear that the price of insisting on occupation was too high.
	yarchive.net /mil/japanese_surrender.html (1799 words)

	SURRENDER OF JAPAN, 2 September 1945, Surrender Ceremonies Begin
		For a special selection of views of the 2 September 1945 Japanese surrender ceremonies, and for links to other views of the ceremonies, see: Formal Surrender of Japan, 2 September 1945 -- Selected and Miscellaneous Views.
		Surrender ceremonies in progress, as seen from USS Missouri's foredeck, with the Marine guard and Navy band in the center foreground and the ship's embarkation ladder at lower left.
		Spectators and photographers crowd USS Missouri's superstructure to witness the formal ceremonies marking Japan's surrender, 2 September 1945.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/events/wwii-pac/japansur/js-8e.htm (1002 words)

	Japanese Instrument of Surrender - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The date is sometimes known as Victory over Japan Day, although that designation is more frequently used to refer to the date of Emperor Hirohito's announcement of the acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration on August 15.
		The instrument was first signed by the Japanese foreign minister Mamoru Shigemitsu "By Command and on behalf of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese Government" and then Gen. Yoshijiro Umezu "By Command and on behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters" at 9:04 a.m.
		Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in the wartime capital of Chongqing, to toast to the surrender of Japan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_of_Japan (656 words)

	The Surrender of Japan August 14 - September 2, 1945
		The idea that the Emperor would support surrender was inconceivable to many in both the Army and the Navy.
		Using formal Japanese, the public was unsure if the Emperor was surrendering or exhorting his subjects to continued resistance.
		Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan by Yukiko Koshiro
	www.worldwar2database.com /html/japansurrender.htm (671 words)

	SURRENDER OF JAPAN
		The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people.
		The terms and conditions upon which the surrender of the Japanese Imperial forces is here to be given and accepted are contained in the instrument of surrender now before you.
		His purpose was to bring to Japan an era of enlightenment and progress by lifting the veil of isolation to the friendship, trade, and commerce of the world.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/war.term/093_03.html (7394 words)

	A Negotiated Surrender for Japan Was Another Alternative (July 2001)
		In his Memorial Day article, “Harry Truman’s A-Bombing of Japan Left Intact Ethics and Law,” which was in response to my article, “A-Bombings of Japan Were Acts of Cowardice and Criminality,” Col. Kevin Winters overlooks the importance of Roosevelt’s and Truman’s demand that the Japanese “unconditionally surrender” to Allied forces (http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2001/052001/05282001/292660).
		There was a third alternative — to negotiate a Japanese surrender, which could have avoided an invasion of Japan and also saved the lives of all the ordinary people at Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were nuked in the name of “unconditional surrender” and “shortening the war.”
		In his article, Winters pointed to the many war crimes committed by the Japanese, but as far as I know, the United States has never considered war crimes committed by enemy forces to be a defense of war crimes committed by U.S. forces or a justification for having committed them.
	www.fff.org /comment/ed0701d.asp (743 words)

	DOF: Hirohito/Japan-Post-war ventriloquism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A few days after the surrender of Japan to Allied forces, a diminutive Hirohito paid a visit to General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces.
		MacArthur arranged for this one photo to be taken, sending that the Japanese people an indisputable message that their Emperor was, in fact, a small man, and leaving no doubt about who was in charge.
		Hirohito was spared execution for his war crimes, because the Allies felt that as a purely symbolic Emperor, he could be useful to them in carrying out their plans for post-war Japan.
	cidc.library.cornell.edu /dof/japan/captioned/ventrilo.htm (226 words)

	Formal Surrender of Japan, 1945
		After finishing his introductory statement General MacArthur directed the representatives of Japan to sign the two Instruments of Surrender, one each for the Allied and Japanese governments.
		We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever situated.
		Accepted at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0903 I on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945, for the United States, Republic of China, United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in the interests of the other United Nations at war with Japan.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/printer_107.shtml (420 words)

	CBC News In Depth: Japan
		Post-war Japan is occupied by the Allied powers, which demilitarize the country and supervise return of all territories seized by Japan.
		Japan outrages China by approving school textbooks that gloss over Nanjing massacre as an "incident." China allows several anti-Japan protests.
		Japan may be the world's second-biggest economy, but it's looking over its shoulder at China's "economic miracle" and knows that it faces an increasingly formidable competitor – and one with a long memory.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/japan/index.html (1380 words)

	Museum of WWII -- Virtual Tour -- Surrender of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Douglas MacArthur signing the surrender treaty; his copy of the surrender terms presented to Japanese forces in Manila; and his map of Japan with the zones of occupation marked in ink are displayed.
		The original teletype stating that Japan was surrendering bears General George Marshall's annotations and initials, with notations to advise Eisenhower of this news.
		Two of the twenty photographic facsimiles MacArthur had made of the surrender terms, eleven for nations that fought along with the United States, and nine individuals are displayed.
	www.museumofworldwarii.com /TourText/Area16c_SurrenderofJapan.htm (373 words)

	Asia Marks 60th Anniversary of Japan's WWII Surrender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Asia on Sunday is beginning to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the surrender of Japan, which brought a close to the Second World War.
		It was on August 14, 1945, that Japan communicated to the Allied powers that it would surrender.
		Although August 14 and 15th are celebrated as the end of the war, it was not until September 2, 1945, that Japan finally signed surrender documents and all its forces around Asia came under the command of local or Allied authorities.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-08-14-voa5.cfm (552 words)

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