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	Surtsey - Colonization of the land
		At the beginning of research in Surtsey, each new individual among higher plants was observed and its place of discovery and growth registered on a map of the island.
		This first period of plant history in Surtsey was therefore characterized by species adapted to dispersal by the sea or wind and capable of growing and surviving under extreme conditions.
		This population explosion in the gull colony on Surtsey after 1986 was accompanied by a new wave in the colonization of higher plants and the succession of vegetation.
	www.surtsey.is /pp_ens/biola_2.htm (1652 words)

	Surtsey, Iceland
		Surtsey is 33 km south of the main island of Iceland and 20 km southwest of Heimaey.
		Surtsey is a classic example of the growth of a new volcanic island.
		The average temperature of the lava was 1140 C. Surtsey is made of alkali olivine basalt.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/europe_west_asia/surtsey.html (865 words)

	Surtsey - Encyclopedia.com
		Surtsey volcanic island, c.1.25 sq mi (3.2 sq km), S of Iceland in Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands).
		Scientists have been able to study the formation of tornadoes, waterspouts, hail, and lightning—all manifestations of the volcano itself—as well as the first evidence of life on the new island.
		With the birth of Surtsey, an island just off the coast of the mainland, from a volcanic eruption that began on the ocean floor, it is evident just why...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Surtsey.html (872 words)

	Surtsey: Iceland's Island of Fire - ExploreNorth
		Due to the relative ease of access to Surtsey, scientists were able to study the eruptions and related tornadoes, waterspouts, hail, and lightning in great detail.
		It very quickly became apparent that Surtsey would also be a superb place to study the evolution of a new land, both it terms of landform and life forms, and it was designated a nature reserve in 1965.
		Surtsey is one of the examples used to describe the changes that occur in the earth's crust.
	www.explorenorth.com /library/weekly/aa042601a.htm (455 words)

	Surtsey - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		Surtsey, the southernmost of the Vestmannaeyjar Islands, was formed during a volcanic eruption lasting from November 1963 to June 1967.
		When the Surtsey eruption ceased in June 1967, the volcano had produced 1.1 km3 of material, 70 % of which was tuff and 30% lava.
		As early as 1966, 23 species of birds were recorded on Surtsey and in 1970, the first nesting took place on the new island (Black guillemot.
	whc.unesco.org /en/tentativelists/1610 (726 words)

	volcanic eruption in surtsey
		This island was named Surtsey for Surtur, the fire possessing giant of Norse mythology who would set fire to the earth at the Last Judgment.
		Long before the eruption stopped the island was proclaimed a nature preserve and all travel there was restricted to scientist that used this unique opportunity to study the gradual development of life on a sterile landmass.
		Surtsey is a favorite resting place for migratory birds during seasonal flights to and from Iceland and Europe.
	www.eyjar.is /eyjar/surtsey.html (283 words)

	Primary Colonization of Surtsey..., by Thomas D. Brock
		The formation of Surtsey, a new volcanic island off the south coast of Iceland, is providing scientists from many nations with an unparalleled opportunity to study the processes and factors involved in the establishment of living organisms and ecosystems on pioneer substrata.
		Surtsey is the last in a chain of off-coast islands and is about 5 km from the closest island, Geirfuglasker, and is about 30 km from the main coast of Iceland (Thorarinsson et al.
		It is the purpose of this paper to report that as far as Surtsey is concerned, blue-green algae are not primary colonizers, and that mosses, vascular plants, and chlorophytan algae are the dominant pioneers.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/BROC1973.htm (1852 words)

	Icelandic Geographic / Surtsey Island / CNN Traveller
		Surtsey, the island of the terrible giant of fire in Nordic mythology, rises ahead.
		Surtsey is the most southerly island in the Westman Islands group (Vestmannaeyjar), located off the southern coast of Iceland.
		Surtsey was born in a great submarine eruption 33 km south of the Icelandic coast, along an active fissure belt linked to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
	www.icelandicgeographic.is /surtsey.html (860 words)

	Sandwort, Seabirds, and Surtsey, Alaska Science Forum
		Surtsey is similar to an island in the Aleutians, but its youth makes it unique.
		As a minor example, a species of small fly is one of the few animals to live full-time on the island; the flies feed on the marine algae growing on the shoreside rocks.
		For now, the scientists report, it is the only place on Surtsey where the vegetation looks like that elsewhere in Iceland---thanks to bird-processed fish fertilizer.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF11/1132.html (643 words)

	Nordic Sagas: Island Life
		Surtsey is the result of a relatively shallow water volcano (about 130 meters below the surface) -- unlike the Hawaiian Islands, which formed from eruptions originating deep on the ocean floor.
		The final eruptions that formed Surtsey sealed the island with a layer of rock that protected it from washing away immediately.
		The first plant observed on Surtsey was the sea rocket, but the first flowering plant to really take hold was the sea sandwort.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_803/4483_island.html (1072 words)

	The lessons of Surtsey
		By way of a specific example of rapid geomorphological development, we may refer to the volcanic island of Surtsey, off Iceland, which was produced during an eruption covering the period November 1963 to June 1967.
		‘On Surtsey only a few months sufficed for a landscape to be created which was so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief … wide sandy beaches … precipitous crags … gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs grayish white from the brine..
		The validity of the uniformitarian time-scale is thus based wholly upon the assumption that the forces acting historically within the earth’s crust were, on average, those observed in today’s generally quiescent conditions.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/3517.asp (417 words)

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	ISLAND SURTSEY WESTMAN ISLANDS SOUTH ICELAND
		Its main flows ran towards south and east and the lava shield by the crater grew 100 metres thick.
		At the end of May 1965, evidence of another submarine eruption east north east of Surtsey was seen on the surface.
		In 2003 its size had been reduced to 1,4 km/sq and in about 150 years from then, it most probably will only be a rock in the ocean.
	www.nat.is /travelguideeng/island_surtsey.htm (468 words)

	Volcanoes -- Earth's Plates: Surtsey
		Surtsey appeared from beneath the sea in November 1963.
		When it began to erupt, sea water mixed explosively with the fluid basalt lava coming out of the volcano's vent.
		Some parts of the island that were formed from ash are being slowly eroded by the ocean.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/volcanoes/activty2/case4.html (56 words)

	[NASA] Monitoring Oceanic Islands with Satellite Remote Sensing
		Surtsey, Iceland: this 2.5 km2 volcanic island lies approx.
		We have been monitoring it using a combination of airborne and spaceborne methods, and have mapped its topography on a 3 m grid using the scanning airborne laser altimeter known as the ATM.
		We have combined our 3 m digital elevation model (DEM) of Surtsey with a spectacular vertical aerial photograph from the National Land Survey of Iceland (formerly Landmaelingar Islands), acquired Aug. 1998, to produce perspective views of this rapidly eroding island.
	denali.gsfc.nasa.gov /islands/surtsey (118 words)

	MCAS Question - Massachusetts Department of Education
		Surtsey is unusual because it has only been in existence for about 40 years.
		Read this article about how the island of Surtsey was formed and then answer the questions that follow.
		behind its growth, for in one sense Surtsey was not a surprise.
	www.doe.mass.edu /mcas/question.asp?mcasyear=2006&district=087&school=305&grade=06&subjectcode=ELA&questionnumber=33 (828 words)

	NHBS - Surtsey - Sturla Fridriksson
		On Surtsey it was possible to demonstrate how seed and various living organisms are carried by air or ocean currents over great distances and how they manage to disperse on their own or are transported by other means.
		The thorough investigations carried out on Surtsey showed how the pioneers invaded the island and were gradually joined by others in forming primitive societies and simple ecosystems.
		These societies are then compared whith the more advanced communities on neighboring islands in order to predict the future development of life on Surtsey until it reaches its ecological climax.
	www.nhbs.com /surtsey_tefno_145575.html (129 words)

	The Surtsey Research Society
		The Surtsey Research Society was founded in 1965, two years after the onset of the Surtsey eruption.
		The articles appearing here were written by scientists, each one a specialist in a given field.
		Reports published by the Surtsey Research Society are now available in pdf-format.
	www.surtsey.is /index_eng.htm (166 words)

	Our Beautiful World: Surtsey - The Volcano Island, Iceland.
		Quite a few web-sites have stories about the volcano island named Surtsey, which so
		Now there are quite a few kinds of life, and it will be to much to include everything here, because there really is a lot of life on Surtsey today..
		Already about 60 different plants are growing on the island, ten different kinds of birds
	www.vulkaner.no /n/surtsey/esurtmenu.html (233 words)

	Kennel Surtsey - Showresults 2002
		BOS, Male CAC and new Danish Champion - Male: Surtsey's Atli
		CAC, NORWEGIAN and NORDIC CHAMPION: Surtsey's Lubbi Lettir Loki
		Clubwinner 2002 - Obedience Class 3: Surtsey's Oska Obba
	www.surtsey.dk /Udstillinger/show2002.htm (488 words)

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