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Topic: Surtsey, Iceland

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Surtsey

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	Iceland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland (Icelandic: Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland IPA: [ˈlið̠vɛldɪð̠ ˈisland]) is a volcanic island nation in the northern Atlantic Ocean between Greenland, Norway, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Faroe Islands.
		Iceland was one of the last large islands uninhabited by humans until it was discovered and settled by immigrants from Scandinavia, Ireland and Scotland during the 9th and 10th centuries.
		Icelanders enjoy freedom of religion as stated by the constitution; however, church and state are not separated and the National Church of Iceland, a Lutheran body, is the state church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iceland (3141 words)

	Surtsey: Iceland's Island of Fire - ExploreNorth
		It very quickly became apparent that Surtsey would also be a superb place to study the evolution of a new land, both it terms of landform and life forms, and it was designated a nature reserve in 1965.
		Surtsey is one of the examples used to describe the changes that occur in the earth's crust.
		Surtsey, the New Island in the North Atlantic by Sigurður Þórarinsson (Almenna Bokafelagid, 1964)
	www.explorenorth.com /library/weekly/aa042601a.htm (455 words)

	Surtsey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surtsey (Icelandic: Surtur's island) is a volcanic island off the southern coast of Iceland.
		The new island was named after the fire giant Surtur from Norse mythology, and was intensively studied by volcanologists during its creation and, since the end of the eruption, has been of great interest to botanists and biologists as life has gradually colonised the originally barren island.
		The undersea vents that produced Surtsey are part of the Vestmannaeyjar (Westmann Isles) submarine volcanic system, part of the fissure of the sea floor called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Surtsey (2436 words)

	Iceland - MSN Encarta
		Iceland is roughly the size of the state of Virginia.
		Iceland’s coast is indented by many bays and fjords, except in the south, where the shore is mostly sandy.
		Iceland is located on a volcanically active region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551693/index.html (1176 words)

	Primary Colonization of Surtsey..., by Thomas D. Brock
		The formation of Surtsey, a new volcanic island off the south coast of Iceland, is providing scientists from many nations with an unparalleled opportunity to study the processes and factors involved in the establishment of living organisms and ecosystems on pioneer substrata.
		Surtsey is the last in a chain of off-coast islands and is about 5 km from the closest island, Geirfuglasker, and is about 30 km from the main coast of Iceland (Thorarinsson et al.
		It is the purpose of this paper to report that as far as Surtsey is concerned, blue-green algae are not primary colonizers, and that mosses, vascular plants, and chlorophytan algae are the dominant pioneers.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/BROC1973.htm (1852 words)

	Geology of Iceland
		Iceland lies over a plume of hot material upwelling from great depths and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates where new crust is being created on the order of 45 cubic km per 1000 years.
		Iceland has also been the focus of studies on climatic change produced by changes in solar output and by large volcanic eruptions.
		Iceland (874AD) and Greenland (985AD) were colonized during a period of high solar output known as the Medieval Warm Period that reached a maximum around 1000AD.
	www.lonker.net /nature_geology_3.htm (489 words)

	CNNTraveller - Rock and troll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Surtsey is the most southerly of the Westman Islands group, located off the southern coast of Iceland.
		Surtsey, the island of the terrible giant of fire in Nordic mythology, rises ahead.
		Surtsey was born in a great submarine eruption 33km south of the Icelandic coast, along an active fissure belt linked to the mid-Atlantic ridge.
	www.cnntraveller.com /2003/issue3/rock.troll (1676 words)

	ARCHIPELAGOES - Iceland - Surtsey
		The island of Surtsey is located to the south of Iceland at 63.4N and 20.3W.
		Surtsey is part of the Vestmannaeyjar submarine volcano system that also caused eruptions at Heimaey.
		Surtsey is now about 1.5 kilometers in diameter and has an area of 2.8 square kilometers.
	www.archipelago.nu /SKARGARD/ENGELSKA/ICELAND/surtsey.htm (331 words)

	Science Wire from the Exploratorium and Public Radio International
		Pocked by more than two hundred volcanoes, Iceland is one of the world's most volcanically active regions, spewing a third of the earth's total lava flow over the past five hundred years (our geological map tells you about some of the most active areas).
		Iceland is one of the few places in the world where such a boundary occurs above sea level, helping to explain the island's unusually active geology.
		Surtsey has also been an invaluable laboratory for biologists to monitor the arrival of colonizing species to a barren new island.
	www.exploratorium.edu /theworld/iceland/volcanoes.html (879 words)

	Land and Resources - Iceland - Europe
		In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north.
		Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area.
		Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/iceland/land_and_resources.htm (440 words)

	Plate Tectonics : Birth of an Island
		Surtsey continued to erupt off and on for three and a half years and eventually grew to an area of approximately one square mile.
		Surtsey and Iceland are actually a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		Just as Surtsey rose from the sea floor in 1963, scientists believe that about 20 million years ago Iceland, the “land of fire and ice,” rose from the sea floor in a similar fashion.
	www.platetectonics.com /book/page_10.asp (226 words)

	Geology 208: Quiz #1
		Surtsey is about 1.5 km in diameter and has an area of 2.8 square km.
		Surtsey is 33 km south of the main island of Iceland and 20 km southwest of Heimaey.
		Surtsey was not 2.5 square kilometers in size with more han half of this capped by hard lava flows.
	spot.pcc.edu /~ksutton/GEO208/Chapter2/Chapter2notes.html (1106 words)

	Nordic Sagas: Island Life
		The explosion of an underwater volcano 20 miles south of Iceland in November 1963 gave scientists a rare chance to observe life developing on a new part of the Earth, from the beginning.
		Surtsey is the result of a relatively shallow water volcano (about 130 meters below the surface) -- unlike the Hawaiian Islands, which formed from eruptions originating deep on the ocean floor.
		Iceland and Surtsey lie in an area of the North Atlantic Ocean with extreme winds, up to 200 m.p.h.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_803/4483_island.html (1072 words)

	CVO Menu - Iceland Volcanoes and Volcanics
		The Vestmannaeyjar islands parallel the structural trend of tectonic fissures (gjár), grabens, and crater rows on the mainland to the north in the eastern volcanic zone.
		Surtsey, Iceland: this 2.5 square kilometer volcanic island lies approximately ' 40 kilometers off the coast of Iceland, and was constructed during the 1963-1967 time period by basaltic eruptions.
		Surtsey has a sandy point to the north and a narrow boulder and cobble beach fringing the rest of the island, including the steep lava cliffs on its windward side and indurated (hard and compacted) tuff on the west.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Iceland/description_iceland_volcanics.html (2149 words)

	Surtsey - Surtsey Research Progress Report
		Sigurður Jónsson and Karl Gunnarsson, 2000: Seaweed colonisation at Surtsey, the volcanic island south of Iceland.
		Karl Gunnarsson, 2000: Benthic marine algal colonisation on the new lava at Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, southern Iceland.
		Frawley and W. Krabill 2000: Volumetric evolution of Surtsey, Iceland, from topographic maps and scanning airborne laser altimetry, Surtsey Research 11: 127-134.
	www.surtsey.is /pp_ens/report/report_XI.htm (276 words)

	Iceland maps from Omnimap.com, world leader in map supply.
		Iceland maps from Omnimap.com, world leader in map supply.
		Legends are in Icelandic, English, French and German.
		On the reverse side are details and color photographs of Iceland's most famous natural wonders.
	www.omnimap.com /catalog/int/iceland.htm (962 words)

	Cruise Surtsey Port Details
		Iceland, an island about the size of Kentucky, lies in the north Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland and just touches the Arctic Circle.
		Surtsey is a favorite resting place for migratory birds during seasonal flights to and from Iceland and Europe.
		Today five species of birds nest on Surtsey: the Herring Gull, the Black Backed Gull, the Black Guillemot, The Kittiwake and Fulmar which was the first species to nest there and hatch its young on the warm lava in 1970.
	www.fourstripes.com /view-port.php?id=128 (290 words)

	Surtsey - Surtsey Research Progress Report
		Sturla Friðriksson, Sigurður H. Richter and Ágúst H. Bjarnason 1970: Preliminary studies of the vegetation of the southern coast of Iceland.
		Aðalsteinn Sigurðsson 1970: The benthonic coastal fauna of Surtsey in 1968.
		Þorbjörn Alexandersson 1970: The sedimentary xenoliths from Surtsey: Marine sediments lithified on the sea-floor.
	www.surtsey.is /pp_isl/skyrsla/skyrsla_V.htm (262 words)

	Surtsey
		November 14, 1963, the volcanic island of Surtsey emerged from the ocean five miles south of Iceland.
		The undersea vents that produced Surtsey are part of the Vestmannaeyjar ("West Man Island") submarine volcanic system, part of the fissure of the sea floor called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		Surtsey was about 1.5 km in circumference in 2001.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/s/su/surtsey.html (241 words)

	Volcanology and Geothermal Energy "d0e12974"
		Regions of active extension and volcanism in Iceland are called the neovolcanic zones and cross the island generally from south-west to northeast.
		Bodvarsson (1976) calculated that in Iceland, heat reaches the surface by conduction (~50%), as erupted magma (~30%), and as thermal waters (~20%).
		Within sight of the new island of Surtsey is the small, populated island of Heimaey, which is an important Icelandic fishing community.
	content.cdlib.org:8088 /xtf/view?docId=ft6v19p151&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e12974&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress (2977 words)

	SAF's Ask the Scientists: Borgthor Magnusson
		At ARI he is involved in research on plant succession on new and eroded land, ecology of the introduced Nootka lupin, wetland ecology and restoration, livestock grazing and environmental impact studies.
		Surtsey is now his favorite research area, and he takes part in an expedition to the island every summer.
		Magnusson, B. Soil respiration on the volcanic island Surtsey, Iceland in 1987 in relation to vegetation.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/3_ask/archive/bio/83_bmagnusson_bio.html (263 words)

	News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Scientists and researchers returning from a five-day expedition to the volcanic island of Surtsey off Iceland's south coast say they discovered five types of previously unseen plants growing there, and have confirmed that the passerine bird, snow bunting, is breeding there for the first time.
		The research is ostensibly being conducted by the Icelandic Museum of Natural History under the direction of geologist Dr. Sveinn Jakobsson and mineral specialist Erik Leonardsen of the University of Copenhagen.
		The south coast island of Surtsey and the volcanic mountains Hekla in the southern part of the mainland and Eldfell on the Westman island of Heimaey off the south coast are the locations currently being investigated.
	staff.washington.edu /throstho/research/earth/nytt_surtsey.html (403 words)

	Surtsey.
		After Surtsey cooled, numerous geologists, biologists, and ecologists visited it, and it is now the site of a long-term biological research program being conducted by Icelandic and American scientists.
		One of the older Icelandic settlements, it grew as a fishing village.
		In January 1973 a 1-mile- (1.6-kilometre-) long fissure in the side of the long-dormant Helgafell Volcano began to erupt, burying the town under a rain of ash and cinder and forcing the evacuation of most of the inhabitants.
	www.lmi.is /maps/surtsey.html (338 words)

	Our trip to Iceland
		Iceland lies atop one of the major fault lines in the Earth's crust, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 per cent of the livestock on the island.
		Iceland has a surprisingly mild and equable climate, given its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic Circle.
	members.tripod.com /~Langsam/iceland/icel.html (610 words)

	ESR173 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The seismograph at Reykjavik, 120 kilometers away, had recorded weak tremors a week before the eruption was first observed, but the location of the seismic disturbance could not be determined.
		Surtsey is a classic example of the growth of a new volcanic island.
		As the volcano grew towards sea level the water pressure decreased and activity became explosive because the lower water pressure at shallow depths was not enough to contain the explosive activity.
	spot.pcc.edu /~ksutton/GEO208/Chapter2/Chapter2_questions_6843.html (513 words)

	Louis Cruises - Cruise Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Surtsey did not even exist until a volcano erupted in the ocean depths 42 years ago while the lava is still warm on the Fire Mountain created by the spectacular 1973 eruption of Holy Mountain on Heimaey.
		Calypso cruises around the volcanic island of Surtsey which was created by a submarine eruption in 1963.
		Eric the Red set off to discover Greenland from Iceland's remote Snaefellsnes (Snow Mountain) peninsula where the fishing village of Grundafjordur is found while Jules Verne set "Journey to the Centre of the Earth" in its dormant volcanic crater.
	www.louiscruises.co.uk /cruise.asp?id=107 (700 words)

	Icelandic Geographic / Surtsey Island / CNN Traveller
		Surtsey is the most southerly island in the Westman Islands group (Vestmannaeyjar), located off the southern coast of Iceland.
		Surtsey was born in a great submarine eruption 33 km south of the Icelandic coast, along an active fissure belt linked to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		The eruption and birth of Surtsey gave scientists a unique opportunity to monitor the creation of land and its settlement by life forms in an isolated location.
	www.icelandicgeographic.is /surtsey.html (860 words)

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