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Topic: Survivors of the Valdez Oil Spill

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	Exxon Valdez oil spill Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The oil tanker Exxon Valdez departed the Valdez oil terminal, Alaska at 9:12 pm March 23, 1989 with 53 million gallons of crude oil bound for California.
		A trial burn was conducted during the early stages of the spill, in a region of the spill isolated from the rest by a fire-resistant boom.
		The Exxon Valdez supertanker was towed to San Diego, arriving on July 10 and repairs began in July 30, 1989.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill (1742 words)

	Oil Spills and Disasters — Infoplease.com
		Although it is one of the largest known oil spills, it had a low environmental impact.
		An estimated 71,000 barrels of waste oil were released from a tank at the CITGO Refinery on the Calcasieu River during a violent rain storm.
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill: the environmental health response to man-made disasters.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0001451.html (749 words)

	Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
		Oil persisted in greatest quantities after the spill within sediments, and both the amount and length of persistence were inversely correlated with prevailing energy conditions and sediment grain size in the environment, a pattern that has been documented many times before.
		Oil in reef and seagrass sediments was greatly weathered and degraded in the first samples collected only 5 mo after the spill, but could still be clearly identified as coming from the refinery.
		Oil is still being flushed out of mangrove sediments at Bahia Las Minas in large quantities, as demonstrated by its abundance on recently submerged mangrove roots and experimental substrata, and by the almost chronic occurrence of oil slicks in mangroves and over reefs during the rainy season.
	striweb.si.edu /esp/mesp/oil_spill_6.htm (5948 words)

	Leighton Thomas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		"They [oil companies] seem to think that all they have to do is sweet talk with tongue as slippery as their oil and they can solve all their PR problems" wrote Stan Stevens in his personal journal during the first days of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
		During the Exxon Valdez oil spill, oil did escape the Sound, and the fact that the industry would overlook that bit of history is indicative of their willingness to compromise safety for the "almighty buck" ("Industry").
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in 1989, and yet the oil industry's response and particularly Exxon's response to the spill will be examined and criticized for years to come.
	newmedia.alma.edu:16080 /alaska/thomas.html (4642 words)

	Valdez Spill -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On March 23, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez departed from the Valdez oil terminal in Valdez, Alaska (on its 28th voyage), heading south through Prince William Sound, with a full load of oil.
		Oil means oil of any kind or in any form and includes crude oil, oil refuse, petroleum-related products or by-products, oil mixed in waste, oily ballast, and oily bilge water.
		Studies of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill have shown that the environmental damage caused by oil spills is greater than was previously thought.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/155/valdez-spill.html (1200 words)

	Exxon Vadlez Oil Spill Article - Anchorage Daily News
		In a study of 88 mussel beds throughout the spill zone in 1992 and 1993, scientists found some of the highest levels of Exxon Valdez oil since the spill itself.
		The oil spill was especially damaging to sea otters -- more than 1,000 carcasses were recovered after the spill.
		The specter of dead and oiled sea otters -- gregarious and intelligent creatures that appeal to people -- came to symbolize the spill's capacity to damage.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /oil/adn/adn5.htm (1415 words)

	The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - Knowmore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the most devastating domestic oil spill in the United States.
		The Exxon Valdez damages assessment is also important in that it was the first which assessed the existence value of the environmental resource in question, an assessment which was done through the use of contingent valuation techniques.
		According to reports from the Survivors of the Valdez Oil Spill, Exxon has earned approximately 800 million dollars a year on the money set aside to pay the punitive damages fine, which as of 2001, equalled $6 billion dollars, more than enough to pay the damage award without impacting the financial standing of the company.
	www.knowmore.org /index.php/The_Exxon_Valdez_Oil_Spill (1146 words)

	The legacy of the Exxon Valdez: Interview with Dr. Riki Ott, author of Sound, Truth and Corporate Myths \| ...
		More than 30 million gallons of crude oil were spilled, affecting the community and livelihood of the people of Prince William Sound.
		I interviewed Dr. Riki Ott, independent environmental researcher, oil expert, marine biologist and toxicologist who happened to be a witness at the time of disaster, when she was a commercial salmon fisherman in Cordova, Alaska.
		Large trans-national oil corporations have been forced in some areas, usually by citizens AFTER a spill, to clean up their act and adopt precautions to reduce risk of oil spills.
	www.participate.net /node/2333 (2222 words)

	02/01/93 - SCIENTISTS BRING IDEAS TO OIL-SPILL SYMPOSIUM ...
		Spill trustees meet monthly and are looking to the same scientists and studies to figure out how to do that.
		Oil did not appear to diminish their food supply, but the extra metabolic energy it took for the juveniles to detoxify the water-soluble fractions of oil may have stunted their growth and limited the number that survived to be adults, according to state Department of Fish and Game biologists.
		Oil experts were surprised as evidence began to accumulate about the depth at which the oil sediments were being washed down underwater slopes, eventually reaching 60 to 700 feet below sea level and into crab, shrimp and rockfish habitat.
	www.adn.com /evos/stories/EV233.html (2036 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program - Sea Otters At Risk
		After the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska, 361 otters were brought to rescue centers and only 197 survived to be released (over 1,000 oiled otter carcasses were collected, and it's estimated that more than 2,000 otters were killed overall).
		The greatest threat to the otter population is an oil spill.
		Oil ruins the insulating property of an otter's fur, so most oiled otters die of hypothermia.
	www.mbayaq.org /cr/cr_sorac/sorac_risk.asp (438 words)

	Kelly N. Johnson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Love Canal, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Chernobyl, Bhopal India, and the Michigan PBB contamination are all examples of such disasters.
		Eleven million gallons of crude oil spilled from the hull of the tanker.
		Coverage of the Exxon Valdez oil spill raised awareness of both the environment and the shortcomings of the oil industry.
	newmedia.alma.edu:16080 /alaska/johnson.html (2448 words)

	[No title]
		It was ten years ago on March 23 that the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef, leaking 11 million gallons of oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound and creating the most notorious oil spill in US history.
		While the spill was a major disaster, it has provided unusual opportunities for scientific research into the aftermath of a major spill.
		Although the Exxon Valdez spill was far from the biggest oil spill in history, and even though it was only one of dozens of major spills that occur every year, this accident gained notoriety because it was the biggest marine spill in US history and because it occurred in the spectacularly scenic Prince William Sound.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/es_map/articles/article_32.mhtml (695 words)

	Exxon Vadlez Oil Spill Article - Usa Today News Article
		That has long been the attitude in Valdez, which was the jumping-off point for prospectors during the Klondike gold rush and is used to booms and busts.
		Both Valdez and Seward, a town of 2,600 on the southwest fringe of the sound, took the brunt of the cleanup mayhem when, almost overnight, 11,000 workers poured in for jobs that paid a minimum of $16.69 an hour just to wipe oil off rocks.
		And because spilled oil still lingers in waters that support numerous other native foods, "It's always in the back of everybody's mind: What is safe?" Kompkoff asks.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /oil/usatoday/page3.htm (904 words)

	Survivors of the Valdez Oil Spill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The group Survivors of the Valdez Oil Spill claims to represent the 40,000 or so victims of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.
		The organization tracks all information related to the spill and its aftermath.
		The site was created by Steven Goldstein and Jo Miller for the tenth anniversary of the spill and is no longer being actively updated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Survivors_of_the_Valdez_Oil_Spill (144 words)

	Environmental Impact - Survivors of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		Environmental Impact - Survivors of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		On February 10, 1999, the Alaska Wilderness League released a new report declaring Prince William Sound's wildlife and ecosystem unrecovered.
		As the report points out, "the Office of Technology Assessment (has) estimated that cleanup has recovered 3 to 4 percent of the spill.
	www.jomiller.com /exxonvaldez/environmental.html (63 words)

	Oil spill is largest ever on Alaska's North Slope
		Between 201,000 and 267,000 gallons of crude oil leaked from a ruptured transit line onto the snow-covered tundra, according to an official estimate of the spill.
		Richard Fineberg, a former state oil analyst, said it's too early to determine environmental consequences, but said this area near the start of the trans-Alaska pipeline is not the image most Americans have of the state.
		The source of the spill was a quarter-inch hole apparently caused by internal corrosion in the three-mile line that leads to the trans-Alaska oil pipeline.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /national/262591_prudhoe11.html (637 words)

	Exxon Valdez oil spill-Betrayed By An Oil Giant
		hortly after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, a senior Exxon representative visited the devastated fishing communities of southern Alaska and promised them the company would do everything in its power to restore their livelihoods and "make them whole".
		Exxon, whose net income for 2003 is expected to top $21bn, has not paid out a penny of the $5bn (£2.7bn) in damages originally awarded to the fishing communities a decade ago, launching appeal after appeal and deluging the courts with paperwork.
		It strongly disputes suggestions that the spill involved significantly more than the acknowledged 11 million gallons, and has rebutted scientific evidence of continuing damage to marine and bird life with its own scientific studies demonstrating the opposite.
	www.countercurrents.org /en-gumbel250304.htm (935 words)

	Case Study
		Because large numbers of dead and oiled birds still are being recovered and because many of the bird casualties occur at sea, the monitoring regime is unable to expeditiously provide data evaluating the spill s impact on birds.
		Oiled survivors are being cared for by conservation organizations and volunteers at bird hospitals.
		He said that "the internal damage suffered by the thousands of birds caught in the massive spill could not be reversed and would kill them within a fortnight." The thousands of birds being cleaned with detergents and released should be counted as part of the dead bird total, said Mr.
	www.american.edu /TED/WALESOIL.HTM (2297 words)

	Exxon Valdez - Legacy of a Spill
		It is faulty sampling - and not exposure to oil - that explains why researchers have found disproportionate numbers of dead salmon eggs in streams crossing oiled beaches, according to Ernest Brannon, director of the Aquaculture Research Institute at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.
		Either exposure to oil in 1989 and 1990 caused genetic damage that then was passed on for two and three generations, or the oil remained toxic enough to cause physiological damage to individual fish through 1991 and reduce the health of eggs they laid two years later.
		The oil spill was especially damaging to sea otters - more than 1,000 carcasses were recovered after the spill.
	www.adn.com /evos/stories/T99032122.html (6221 words)

	oil spill impact on the ecosystem
		NOAA Fisheries Alaska Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage...
		the ecosystem can be attributed to the oil spill and which changes stem from natural causes.
		Oil fate during oil spills in the marine environment
	s189517071.onlinehome.us /oil_spill_impact_on_the_ecosystem.shtml (116 words)

	valdez oil spill information. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Espond to oil spills and chemical accidents, and offer tools and information to emergency responders and other interested people.
		NMFS Alaska Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage.
		MFS Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage Assessment and Restoration, Exxon Valdez oil spill research in Prince William Sound, Alaska,..
	www.tennis-tvs.ch /v/valdez_oil_spill.html (237 words)

	Oil Spills and Disasters — FactMonster.com
		Accidental oil spills, usually caused when ships carrying oil are damaged, are harmful to the ocean, the beaches, and the wildlife inhabiting the area.
		Although it is one of the largest known oil spills, it had a low environmental impact.
		Russian state-owned oil company claimed spill was only 102,000 barrels.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0001451.html (492 words)

	exxon valdez oil spill litigation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		the "unwarranted and unfair" $5 billion punishment levied by an Alaskan jury for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Exxon Corp.
		Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, Cleanup, and Litigation: A Collection of Social-Impacts Information and Analysis Final Report, Volume IV: Introduction...
		Historic News coverage of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
	s188398758.onlinehome.us /exxon_valdez_oil_spill_litigation.shtml (112 words)

	44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana - Hurricanes Archive Section - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The oil could threaten the region’s fragile coastal marshes, but three-quarters of it was not posing a danger to wetlands, the Coast Guard said, noting that more than 1.3 million gallons had evaporated or dispersed.
		Only a few minor oil sheens, thin enough to evaporate in the sun, have appeared on the river so far, he said, and they probably came from small watercraft that sank in the storm.
		As for oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico, Paskewich said the Coast Guard has fielded no reports of offshore spills there, though leaks could spring when the thousands of oil platforms and hundreds of miles of pipeline are restarted.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/9365607 (1302 words)

	Survivors of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		We are the 40,000-plus victims of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill: the fishers and Native Americans upon whose lives and livelihoods the spill wreaked havoc.
		Until the spill, we fishers from the continental United States would travel to Alaska to make our living during the fishing season.
		And as the television reports covering the March 24, 1999 tenth anniversary of the spill showed, Exxon's oil remains on the beaches of Alaska today.
	www.jomiller.com /exxonvaldez (423 words)

	Second oil spill feared on Mississippi - Katrina, The Long Road Back - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One suspected spill in Chalmette, a town just a few miles southeast of New Orleans, was only recently detected and an oil storage tank there could have spilled some 10,000 barrels.
		If the two spills are confirmed and in the thousands of barrels they would be considered significant.
		Rodney Mallett, a responder at the state's oil spill task force, told MSNBC.com that little is known about the Venice slick so far.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/9175553 (777 words)

	ExxonMobil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Information and updates regarding the 1989 Valdez oil spill.
		Oil Spills Pollute Indefinitely and Invisibly, Study Says
		The Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Spill
	www.exxonenergy.com /html/ourcoNewsValdez.htm (66 words)

	View of a fractured world: Exxon Mobil's sordid past in Alaska
		According to reports from the Survivors of the Valdez Oil Spill, Exxon has earned approximately 800 million dollars a year on the money set aside to pay the punitive damages fine, which as of 2001, equaled $6 billion dollars, more than enough to pay the damage award without impacting the financial standing of the company."
		It has been estimated by the government that the new oil fields in the Alaska Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could produce nearly 1 million barrels of crude oil a day by 2025.
		Let's also say you believe the Survivors of the Valdez Oil Spill, who claim Exxon Mobil has earned approximately $800 million dollars a year off that investment.
	opinions.wonderview.net /2005/03/exxon-mobils-sordid-past-in-alaska.html (922 words)

	Sound Truth & Corporate Myth$
		IN On December 22, 2006 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reduced the $4.5 billion punitive damage award in the Exxon Valdez oil spill to $2.5 billion.
		Spill survivors have lost twice with this decision.
		Second, in reducing the punitive award, fishermen and other plaintiffs are not able to pay for long-term losses from the spill.
	www.soundtruth.info (172 words)

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