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Topic: Sushruta

	Sushruta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sushruta (said to have lived during the 4th and 5th century BC), was the world's First Plastic Surgeon, who performed various Operations like rhinoplasty, removal of bladder stones, aspiration for ascitis and hydrocele, removal metallic splinters with magnets, used sutures made of cotton, hemp, leather, horse - hair or animal sinews.
		Sushruta described the reconstruction of the nose using the tissues from the cheek.
		Sushruta himself offered his treatise for the scrutiny by the learned colleagues and even described as many as 32 criteria on how to assess his own as well as other treatise.
	www.gesaps.de /en/Sushruta.htm (738 words)

	Sushruta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon (datable to between the 2nd century BCE and about the 2nd century CE) and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories.
		In the Sushruta school, the first person to expound Āyurvedic knowledge was Dhanvantari who then taught it to Divodasa who, in turn, taught it to Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Aurabhra, Paushakalāvata, Gopurarakshita, and Bhoja.
		He is credited with performing cosmetic surgery and especially with using forehead skin to reconstruct noses which were amputated as a punishment for crimes in his era.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sushruta (144 words)

	Test and History of Ayurveda by Neria Harish Hebbar, MD
		Sushruta was a surgeon in the Gupta courts in the 4th century A.D. He followed Dhanvantari School of Surgery and is one of the earliest surgeons of recorded history.
		Sushruta had in his possession an armamentarium of 125 surgical instruments made of stone, metal and wood.
		Rhinoplasty (plastic surgery of the nose) was first presented to the world medical community by Sushruta in his Samhita, where a detailed method of transposition of a forehead flap to reconstruct a severed nose is given.
	www.boloji.com /ayurveda/av024c.htm (481 words)

	Ganesha Institute for Ayurveda and Vedic Studies - About Ayurveda
		Sushruta lived around 1000 BC and he was the first surgeon in the world to deal systematically exhaustively and elaborately with the entire subject of surgery, including gynecology, obstetrics, and diseases of the eye including details in the development and anatomical structure of the eye.
		Of course, Sushruta’s wise beard in the painting shows that the western artist was unaware that was Sushruta himself in 1000 BC who first laid down the rule that a surgeon was to enter the room ‘close shaven, with clean cut nails and dressed in spotless white garments.’
		In fact Sushruta’s lion faced forceps (Simhamukha Swastika) is an ancestor of the modern Lion Forceps, the latter having lost the face of the Lion which characterized its prehistoric prototype, but retaining the sturdy grip of its ‘jaws”.
	healingmission.com /about_ayurveda (4259 words)

	Health Library.com -- Reading Room -- Volume I : Move Towards Holistic Health
		Sushruta, even though he does not attach significance to the brain, however, considers head as the centre of all special senses and describes certain cranial nerves connected with specific sensory functions.
		Sushruta declares that "The physician (bhishak), the drug (dravya), the attendant or the nursing personnel (upashata), and the patient (rogi) are the four pillars on which rests the success of the treatment".
		Sushruta devoted one complete chapter to the analysis of dreams, and he believed that a favourable or an unfavourable termination of a disease could be predicted from the messengers, omens and dreams.
	www.healthlibrary.com /reading/banyan1/1appen1.html (10122 words)

	SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND SKIN DISEASES
		Sushruta described an inflammatory condition called Upandansa, the Raktaja and Sannipatika types which have features very similar to those of syphilis.
		Both Charaka and Sushruta stressed modes of transmission other than sexual contact, such as the use of bristles of a water parasite (Suka) which on pricking the penis produce an abnormally elongated penis, apprently a common practice at the time.
		The scantiness of the clothing made these conditions apparent and patients were open to suggestions for treatment such as the hot springs of Magna Graecia, the copper and asphalt deposits of Asia Minor, the sulphur streams of Syria and even the brine of the sea.
	www.histmedindia.org /std.htm (2616 words)

	PIONEERS
		Sushruta, the greatest surgeon of ancient India lived some time in 400 B.C. He devoted himself to surgery and taught the subject to his pupils.
		Sushruta described many sharp surgical instruments emphasizing the need to get them made of "pure, strong and sharp iron".
		Charak, the great Hindu physician lived some time around 320 B.C., There is a lot of uncertainly regarding his parentage, his place of abode and whether Charak was his personal name, the name of the school he belonged to, or a title he assumed for himself, or which was conferred upon him.
	www.histmedindia.org /pioneers.htm (2667 words)

	Endometriosis
		Sushruta Samhita is the epic of Shalya Chikitsa and is thousands of years old book of Indian origin.
		According to Sushruta, an uninterrupted flow of tejobhut Param Sukshma Ras-Pran (which is ultramicroscopic living factor observed by electronic instruments and called qi in Chinese) is responsible for good health and any obstacle in the circulation results in disease.
		The 107 Marmas described in Sushruta Samhita are the topographical points of internal vital organs situated in the outer body parts of extremities, abdomen, chest, back and head so these are not only the tissues which are thought previously to be saved during surgical operations.
	www.picknowl.com.au /homepages/suchi-karma/Siravedhana-Binod.htm (797 words)

	India’s Medical Legacy: Speech by Dr. M.S. Valiathan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		What was composed by ‘Vridha Sushruta’ in the sixth or seventh century B.C. underwent by Nagarjuna in the fourth century AD and became another rmajor landmark in Ayurvedic literature which abounded in commentaries of the ancient texts.
		Sushruta explicitly differed from the ‘followers of the Vedic School’ in enumerating and describing the bones of the body.
		For the surgical aspirant, Sushruta described a whole series of experimental procedures in plants, trees, fruits, dead animals, cadaver etc., that stimulated incision, excision, suturing, tapping, etc. On the completion of training the candidate was obliged to obtain royal permission for starting independent practice.
	www.tifac.org.in /news/speech.htm (5525 words)

	News Stories & Articles - Ayurveda / Indian Herbals / Nutraceuticals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sushruta said that Kshetra, Ambu, Beej and Ritu are four factors which are to be kept in mind while discussing genetic involvement in any disease.
		Sushruta further says that if normalcy of this Oja (Bala is strengh of body) is hampered and unbalanced, all the physical and psychic activities of man become deteriorated and his life approaches nearer and nearer to its end.
		Sushruta and Vagbhatta are of the opinion that all Pramehas if left untreated or not treated properly lead to Madhumeha.
	www.ayuherbal.com /diabetes.htm (4421 words)

	Plastic Surgery in Ancient India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In describing the method of rhinoplasty (Karnabandha), Sushruta says that the portion of the nose to be covered should be first measured with a leaf.
		Then a piece of skin of the required size should be dissected from the living skin of the cheek, and turned back to cover the nose, keeping a small pedicle attached to the cheek.
		Sushruta also mentions the reconstruction of the broken lip and hare-lip (Oshtha-sandhana).
	vigyanprasar.com /dream/jan2000/article2.htm (2059 words)

	Alternative Healing System - Ayurveda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sushruta Samhita is the main source of our knowledge about surgery in ancient India.
		The author, Sushruta, was a great surgeon and a teacher of repute.
		Sushruta Samhita describes numerous surgical operations, including those for obstructions in the intestines, removing ureter or bladder stones, and for removal of cataract in the eye.
	www.indiangyan.com /books/healthbooks/HealingSystem/ayurveda.shtml (3165 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Sushruta, who was Vishwamitra's son, along with others approached Dhanvantri and requested him to accept them as his "shishyas" and teach them the science of Ayurveda.
		Sushruta Samhita is believed to be part of one of the four Vedas (part of Atharva-veda) and was written by Sushruta in approximately 600 BC compiling what he had learnt from his Guru Dhanwantri and his predecessors.
		The classical cheek flap rhinoplasty of Sushruta and Vaghbat was later modified by using a rotation flap from the adjacent forehead, The Traditional Indian Method of Rhinoplasty.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jp02024 (1928 words)

	Stayfinder.com - India - Ayurveda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Of all the pupils of Dhanwantari, Sushruta was the most intelligent and he wrote a work on the subject, which is called after him.
		Now we have got only one Sushruta Samhita (which is revised and redacted by Nagarjuna) even though various commentators have quoted and made mention of other treatises in their Scholiums.
		Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata are regarded as the main and fundamental works on Ayurveda.
	www.stayfinder.com /travelguide/india/ayurveda (603 words)

	Ayurveda biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		There is much that is common in the texts, except that the Sushruta Samhitā is richer in the field of surgery.
		An attempt to reconcile the texts of Caraka and Sushruta was made by Vāgbhata the Elder in 2nd century BC in his Ashtānga Sangraha.
		The works of Caraka, Sushruta, and the Elder Vagbhata are considered canonical and reverentially called the Vriddha Trayi, "the triad of ancients"; or Brhat Trayi, "the greater triad." Later, Vāgbhata the Younger wrote the Ashtānga Hridaya Samhitā which is a lucid presentation of the Āyurveda giving due place to the surgical techniques of Sushruta.
	ayurveda.biography.ms (1152 words)

	AsiaCuisine: THE KEBAB KAHANI (PART 1 OF 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sushruta Samhita, the classical compendium of Ayurveda mentions many dishes, which are unmistakably kebab in its different manifestations.
		This means meat (termed prataptam) is first fried in ghee, then simmered in a marinade of yoghurt, lemon juice and pomegranate juice, basted and spit-roasted over charcoal, before being served with a sprinkling of cumin powder and fl rock salt.
		Or, kandupakvam is meat marinated in a mustard or sesame seed paste, aromatised with assorted condiments and then glazed to a honey-golden colour in a tandoor.
	www.asiacuisine.com.sg /Nacws/2000/9/683 (999 words)

	http://www.vigyan.org/home - India’s Medical Legacy: Page 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In the Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas the treatment of illness was based on reason (yuktivyapasraya).
		The other domain of treatment was surgery which was regarded by Sushruta as the most ancient and most efficacious of the eight branches of Ayurveda.
		How the surgical heritage of Sushruta faded and managed to survive in the hands of hereditary practitioners in India is another story.
	www.vigyan.org /home/content/view/120/138/1/4 (769 words)

	The Ambassadors - SELECTED STUDIES - Vol.1, Issue 2 (September 1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		It is perhaps not surprising to read in Sushruta's Samhita that when the disciples of the holy Dhanavantari, incarnated in the form of Divodasa, king of Kasi, were invited to choose that part of the Ayurveda they wished to be taught, they chose surgery, and they further elected Sushruta as their spokesman..
		Sushruta was obviously a practised surgeon, and a man who used dissection to acquire the knowledge necessary for such a profession despite the religious rule that required the cremation of any body greater than two years of age.
		Sushruta states that there are 101 surgical instruments, normally made of iron, of six types and designed to the aims of the 8 procedures listed above.
	ambassadors.net /archives/issue2/select_india.htm (3368 words)

	innerpage
		The Vedic corpus gives narration of the miraculous surgeries performed by Asvinis, the divine twin gods.The compendium of Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita is the magnum opus of ancient Indian surgery; it narrates the theory and practice of that time in detail.
		Sushruta's contribution in reconstructive surgery or plastic surgery is outstanding.
		Reconstruction of mutilated nose (Rhinoplasty), ear to be (Otoplasty) and lips (Oroplasty), grafting of the healthy skin from the cheek, rotation of the pedicle flap transfer to the nose, ear or lips and reconstruction resembling the normal shape, all have been described by Sushruta in a meticulous manner.
	www.jeevanayurveda.com /salyachikitsa.html (434 words)

	BodyTalkCanada.ca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Energy healing therapy has been used to attempt treatment of a wide variety of ailments and health problems and is often used in conjunction with other alternative and conventional medical treatments.
		Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon (who was possibly born in 7th century BC) and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories.
		Yoga when used as a form of alternative medicine is a combination of breathing exercises, physical postures, and meditation, practiced for over 5,000 years.
	www.bodytalkcanada.ca (1011 words)

	Rasayana: The key to Rejuvenation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Divided into eight sections, the treatise not only imparts knowledge about Ayurveda in its totality, but also explains the logic and philosophy on which this system of medicine is based.
		Sushruta is believed to have lived around the sixth century B.C. and is said to have imbibed his knowledge from Dhanwantari.
		Sushruta's original work seems to have been revised and supplemented by Nagarjuna between the third and fourth centuries A.D. The Medical Oath of Charaka
	www.indiangyan.com /books/ayurvedabooks/ayurvedic_cures/rasayana_key_rejuvenation.shtml (2024 words)

	Ayurveda—Theory and Practice
		Sushruta was the greatest surgeon of his time.
		The old Sanskrit and Pali texts give details of various diseases and their remedies—dysentery, jaundice, diabetes, tuberculosis, heart-diseases, etc. They declare that surgery had reached a great degree of skill; and that difficult skull, brain and abdominal operations were successfully performed.
		It is deeply rooted in the hearts of the children of India, the offsprings of Charaka, Sushruta, Madhava, Vagbhata, Sharangadhara and Dhanwantari.
	www.sivanandadlshq.org /messages/ayurveda.htm (4865 words)

	Information on Ayurveda - Classical Ayurvedic Texts and Ayurvedic teachings
		The three main Ayurvedic texts are the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and the Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita.
		The Sushruta Samhita focuses on surgery and describes surgical instruments, categorizing and treatment of burns, fractures and wounds and speaks on different topics as plastic surgery and anatomy which are currently thought to be quite modern.
		He established Ayurveda as a specific healing art and is the spiritual originator of the Dhanvantari School of surgeons.
	www.kirlian.org /hinfo/teachayur.htm (236 words)

	Avelar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		600 years BC Sushruta describes in the book "Sushruta samita" the reconstruction of a nose in Ancient India.
		At that time thieves, wartime enemies and adulterers were punished by lopping off their noses.
		Sushruta and other members of the Kooma caste reconstructed the noses with a shafted frontal flap.
	www.gesaps.de /en/Avelar.htm (610 words)

	Surgical Instruments
		Sushruta: Author of Sushruta Samhita (600 BC), an ayurvedic treatise: Sushruta performed cosmetic surgery.
		In India, Sushruta performed operations using forehead skin to reconstruct noses which had been amputated as punishment for criminals.
		He practiced a type of cataract surgery known as couching or reclination, in which the cataractous lens was displaced away from the pupil to lie in the vitreous cavity in the back of the eye.
	www.experiencefestival.com /surgical_instruments (656 words)

	diabet -ayurvedic medicine for diabetes, glucose in blood and urine, treatment
		The powdered leaves of G. Sylvestre were found to have an oxidose action of glucose solution and glycolysis occurred which reduce the strength of the glucose solution and from 2.3 to 0.66 percent in 29 hours.
		Sushruta describes G. Sylvestre as a destroyer of Madhumeha (Glycosuria) and other urinary disorders.
		Asphaltum : According to charaka there is hardly any curable disease which cannot be controlled or cured with the aid of Asphaltum especially employed in genitourinary diseases and in diabetes, in gallstones, renal and bladder calculi.
	www.la-medica.com /products/diabet.htm (292 words)

	sushruta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Author of Sushruta Samhita (600 BC), an ayurvedic treatise: Shushruta performed cosmetic surgery.
		In India, Sushruta (600 B.C) performed operations using forehead skin to reconstruct noses which had been amputated as punishment for cr iminals.
		As recently as the middle of this century, couching was still practiced in Egypt, India, and Tibet.
	www.hssworld.org /homepage/html/boudhik/ekatmata_stotra/sushruta.html (159 words)

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