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Topic: Svalbard Treaty

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Svalbard and Jan Mayen

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History of Svalbard

Svalbard Treaty

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Governor of Svalbard

list of settlements in Svalbard

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	Svalbard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It consists of a group of islands ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East; it is the northernmost possession of the Kingdom of Norway.
		By the terms of the Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920, international diplomacy recognized Norwegian sovereignty and designated the area as demilitarized.
		Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean; ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East, it forms the northernmost part of Norway and the northernmost lands of Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Svalbard (976 words)

	Svalbard Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Svalbard Treaty of February 1920 placed the arctic islands of Svalbard as a part of Kingdom of Norway (article I).
		However, as part of the compromise with the signatories, not all Norwegian law applies.
		The treaty also stated that these strategically-placed islands were not to be militarised.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Svalbard_Treaty (156 words)

	Odin - Svalbard -- "The land of the cold coasts" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The legal basis for this requirement is the Treaty of Svalbard, which clearly states that Norway is to formulate "appropriate rules" so as to preserve or reestablish animal and plant life.
		Longyearbyen, the administrative capital of Svalbard, was established by the Arctic Coal Co. in 1906.
		The Svalbard Act of 1925 establishes that the island group is a part of the Kingdom of Norway.
	odin.dep.no /.../norway/history/032005-990455/index-dok000-b-n-a.html (3087 words)

	Svalbard
		Svalbard, a Norwegian dependency, lies in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe.
		Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean; ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East, it forms the northernmost part of Norway.
		The population of Svalbard comprises approximately 2,400 (including a large proportion of Russian and Ukrainian citizens).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/sv/svalbard.html (590 words)

	Nordic Culture > Svalbard and Spitsbergen, Arctic Circle, Norway - Scandinavica.com
		Svalbard became a demilitarized Norwegian dependency in 1920 and is administered by a Governor named by the Norwegian Ministry of Justice.
		Svalbard is a Norwegian dependency run by a Governor and therefore all the settlements in the archipelago are under Norwegian jurisdiction.
		The Svalbard reindeer was almost extinct by human overhunting by the time when Norway took control of the territory in 1925 and declared the Svalbard reindeer as a protected specie.
	www.scandinavica.com /culture/travel/svalbard.htm (2289 words)

	Definition of Svalbard - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It consists of a group of islands ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East; it forms the northernmost part of Norway.
		The islands served as an international whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries.
		Svalbard also serves as the breeding ground of the barnacle goose and a variety of other birds; best seen from cruise ships.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Svalbard (814 words)

	Svalbard Article, Svalbard Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean ; ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East, it forms the northernmost part of Norway.
		Four mammalspecies inhabit the archipelago: the Svalbard field mouse Microtus epiroticus, the Arctic fox, the Svalbard reindeer (a distinct sub-species), and polar bears.
		The Svalbard Undersea Cable System which started operation in January 2004 provides dual 1,440 km fiber optic lines from Svalbard to Harstad via Andøy, needed for communicating with polar orbiting satellite stations onSvalbard, some owned by NASA and NOAA.
	www.anoca.org /norwegian/main/svalbard.html (607 words)

	State of Environment in Norway: Svalbard
		Svalbard is a string of Arctic islands located between 74° and 81° N and 10° and 35° E. In 2001 the population was numbered about 2500 inhabitants, 1550 of them Norwegian.
		It is the Governor's task to assert Norway's rights and obligations under the Svalbard Treaty, and to ensure that all citizens of the signatory nations are given equal rights within the Treaty area.
		The maximum temperature recorded in Svalbard is 21.3 °C and the minimum -49.2 °C. Strong winds prevail during the winter six months whilst fog is a common summer condition.
	www.environment.no /templates/PageWithRightListing____2814.aspx (236 words)

	Statistical Yearbook of Norway 2005 Geographical survey
		The Kingdom of Norway consists of the mainland, the archipelago of Svalbard and the island Jan Mayen.
		Svalbard consists of Bjørnøya, Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls forland, Kvitøya and every island, islet and rock situated between 74° and 81° N. lattitude and between 10° and 35° E. longitude.
		By an international treaty (the Svalbard treaty), signed on 9 February 1920, Norway’s sovereignty over the archipelago was recognised.
	www.ssb.no /english/yearbook/geography.html (447 words)

	Drambuie - An Dram Buidheach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard, (which means 'the cold coasts'), is the name of the dramatic archipelago situated midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, and houses some of the most geographically dramatic and remote islands in the world.
		The kingdom of Svalbard is 63,000 square kilometres of Arctic expanse, almost one and a half times the size of Denmark and filled with fjords, wide river valleys, jutting peaks, nesting cliffs, and stunning glaciers which cover 60% of Svalbard
		Another key provision of the treaty is that the islands are to remain demilitarised and that Norway is obliged to preserve the area's distinctive natural wildernesses
	www.drambuie.com /icegolf04.shtml (294 words)

	A Polar Jubilee - Svalbard's 75th Anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On 14th August 1925 Norway was by the Treaty of Svalbard granted ”full and absolute sovereignty over Svalbard.” A total of 40 countries have signed the Treaty, which obliges Norway to give citizens of the signatory countries equal rights in matters relating to economic activities.
		Today about 60% of Svalbard is covered by eternal ice, and the permafrost in the coastal areas descends to about 100 metres, while inland it extends to a depth of 500 metres.
		The Treaty of Svalbard states that Norway is to formulate ”appropriate rules” so as to preserve or reestablish animal and plant life.
	www.yukoncollege.yk.ca /~agraham/nost202/svalbard.htm (631 words)

	Worldisround - Svalbard - 80 Degrees North - Norway pictures
		Svalbard is the world's most readily accessible bit of the polar north and lies about 600 miles north off the northern tip of Norway and about 600 miles south from the North Pole.
		Svalbard, of course, is famous for its long midnight sun and its perpetual darkness from October to February.
		In 1920, the Svalbard Treaty was signed granting Norwegian sovereignty over the islands, restricted military activities, and granted business and mineral extraction rights to all 42 signatories of the treaty.
	www.worldisround.com /articles/71781/text.html (254 words)

	Phrasebase™ - Svalbard Facts and Information, Svalbard Statistics, Svalbard Facts, Svalbard Information, Countries ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard Background: First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries.
		Svalbard Party Leaders: NA Svalbard International Disputes: despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
		Overview of the Svalbard Economy: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard.
	www.phrasebase.com /countries/Svalbard.html (713 words)

	The Svalbard Expedition - Snowmobile from Longyearbyen to Ny-Ålesund
		Svalbard has since the "Svalbard treaty" in 1920 been a possession of Norway.
		Svalbard is made up by several islands, where Spitzbergen is the largest.
		It is not possible to get any re-supply outside Longyearbyen, so each snowmobile had a sled attached, to carry all the equipment and fuel.
	www.extreme-planet.com /exp/svalbard99 (90 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard, a part of the Kingdom of Norway, including one municipality (Longyearbyen), lies in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe.
		The largest island in the achipelago is called Spitsbergen (Jagged peaks); the name is commonly but inaccurately used to refer to the whole archipelago.
		The Svalbard Pages links are a collection of links to resources in the Arctic, mainly the Arctic Archipelago Svalbard, Spitsbergen The Svalbard Pages Links Search: or and phrase Welcome to our link...
	svalbard.iqexpand.com (927 words)

	Svalbard: first encounter or last
		Although in the early 1900s mining activities created pressure to obtain sole mining rights, it wasn't until after the First World War that the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 was signed, giving Norway and the Governor of Svalbard absolute and unlimited sovereignty over the entire archipelago.
		Curiously, while Svalbard is deemed to be under the jurisdiction of the Kingdom of Norway, Norway is obliged to grant equal rights to citizens and companies from all the parties to the Treaty to enter and live, fish and hunt, mine, and acquire property here.
		The parties to the original treaty are an eclectic mix and include such disparate nations as Afghanistan, the Dominican Republic, Japan and South Africa.
	website.lineone.net /~polar.publishing/svalbardfirstencounterorlast.htm (1681 words)

	Svalbard at Health Info Topics - Svalbard Topics, Information and Resources Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard (territory of Norway) Geography 2000 - Flags, Maps, Economy...
		Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard Svalbard...........
		By the terms of the Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920, international diplomacy recognized...
	www.healthinfotopics.com /directory/Locations_Worldwide/Svalbard (272 words)

	Svalbard and Jan Mayen Territories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard became a territory of Norway on 1925-08-14.
		Svalbard and Jan Mayen consists of two territories of Norway.
		Svalbard includes all the islands between 74° and 81° N. latitude and between 10° and 35° E. longitude.
	www.statoids.com /usj.html (282 words)

	Herring war with Iceland looms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Karsten Klepsvik, press spokesman at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (UD), said that the department was assuming that everyone would adhere to the law until the opposite was proven.
		Iceland's government does not interpret the utilization sector of the Svalbard Treaty the way Norway does and fully supports their boats continuing to fish for herring in the area.
		Kolbein Arnason, director of the international division of the Icelandic Fisheries Ministry, said that the Svalbard Treaty of 1933 did not grant Norway the right to stop fishing and neither did other conventions or laws.
	www.aftenposten.no /english/local/article847466.ece?service=print (235 words)

	Barents Sea
		In 1920, Norway’s sovereignty over a group of islands called Svalbard was established through the Svalbard Treaty and five years later it officially took over the territory.
		Though accepted by 40 other nations that were signatories to the Svalbard Treaty, this claim was never recognized by Russia, who claims to have fishing rights beyond Svalbard’s territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone –a claim which Norway refutes.
		In 2001, Norwegian researchers claimed to have found radioactive traces from the Sellafield plant that had passed Svalbard (Norwegian arctic island group) and reached the Arctic Ocean (Aftenposten: “Sellafield,” 2001).
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/barents.htm (3364 words)

	World of Facts - Svalbard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was awarded to Norway
		Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard.
		The treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation.
	www.worldoffacts.com /sv (518 words)

	Svalbard
		Dependency status: territory of Norway; administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
		Economy—overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard.
		Disputes—international: Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and Russia
	www.cultureconnect.com /facts/sv.htm (496 words)

	The Roald Amundsen Centre for Arctic Research
		Norway has had sovereignty over the island group since 1920 and is responsible for ensuring that the Svalbard Treaty is observed.
		This includes ensuring that the various Treaty signatory countries enjoy equal rights there and that the islands remain demilitarised.
		The Antarctic Treaty establishes that Antarctica shall be exclusively used for peaceful purposes including scientific research.
	www.arctic.uit.no /English/Resources/Polarbrochure/rights.html (216 words)

	dictionary - Disputes - international - treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		north of the Treaty line; since the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort...
		areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt...
		areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary...
	www.exxun.com /enti/dy_disputes_intl_278.html (931 words)

	Svalbard Economy 1991 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard.
		By treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation.
		Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Soviet.
	www.theodora.com /wfb1991/svalbard/svalbard_economy.html (211 words)

	Svalbard Economy 1997 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Economy - overview Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard.
		By treaty (9February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to exploitmineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation.
		Although US, UK, Dutch,and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies stillmining are Norwegian and Russian.
	www.photius.com /wfb1997/svalbard/svalbard_economy.html (167 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Svalbard was a part of the Russian Federation, instead as a part of Norway
		The Governor of Svalbard has informed the Russian Consul on Svalbard to collect and
		The Svalbard Treaty of Feb 9, 1920 says «The High Contreacting Parties undertake
	home.online.no /~polar-ps/mynt.html (171 words)

	dictionary - Disputes - international - survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other...
		territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate...
		presence; Egypt is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since the attack on
	www.exxun.com /enti/dy_disputes_intl_267.html (859 words)

	SPEAR Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Some interesting facts about Svalbard including maps, wildlife, tourist information etc.
		Svalbard Local Guide - see what's going on
		Svalbard Science Forum (The Research Council of Norway)
	www.ion.le.ac.uk /spear/links.html (39 words)

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