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	Swabian League - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Swabian cities had attained great prosperity under the protection of the Hohenstaufen emperors, but the extinction of that house in 1268 was followed by disintegration.
		A quarrel between the duke of Bavaria and the archbishop of Salzburg gave the signal for a general war in Swabia, in which the cities, weakened by their isolation, mutual jealousies and internal conflicts, were defeated by Count Eberhard II.
		the league of twelve Swabian cities in defence of their liberties in 1392, the Marbach league in 1405 against the German king, Rupert, and in 1441 the union of twenty-two cities (in 1446 thirty-one) headed by Ulm and Nuremberg, for the suppression of highway robbery.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Swabian_League (1033 words)

	Swabian War - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Swabian War of 1499 (called Schwabenkrieg in Switzerland, but Schweizerkrieg in Germany) was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg.
		The Swabian League had been founded by emperor Frederick III in 1487/88 as an alliance against the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty, which had begun to expand its influence westwards, clashing with the Habsburgs.
		As long as the Swabian War continued, the Milanese ruler Ludovico il Moro could not expect help from either Swiss mercenaries or Maximilian, and thus his envoy Galeazzo Visconti tried to mediate between the Swiss and the emperor.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Swabian_War (3396 words)

	Thirty Years' War - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		After the Mantuan War, between France and the Habsburgs in Italy, the northern half of the Italian peninsula was in the throes of a bubonic plague epidemic (see Italian Plague of 1629-1631).
		An immediate result of the war, however, was the enshrinement of a Germany divided among many territories, all of which, despite their continuing membership of the Empire up to its formal dissolution in 1806, had de facto sovereignty.
		The war did much to end the age of mercenaries that had begun with the first landsknechts, and ushered in the age of well-disciplined national armies.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/3/0/_/30_Years_War_0a32.html (4165 words)

	Switzerland
		The war with the League was renewed by Duke Leopold III of Austria, but in the battle near Sempach in 1386 his army was defeated and he himself was killed.
		The expenses of the war to the amount of five million francs were imposed on the defeated cantons, the result of which was their economic impairment.
		This latter war ended in the victory of the Protestant districts, and it was followed by a new partition of the common lordships in favor of the conquerors, as well as by the granting of complete parity to the Protestant inhabitants of the subject lands.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/switzerland.html (8011 words)

	"History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary" by Sue Clarkson
		The Swabians were the largest minority group in Hungary, and some, particularly in the cities, became assimilated to the point of changing their family names to Magyarized versions.
		In the period between the wars, the lifestyle of Germans in rural villages in all three of the countries remained much the same, and the isolated villagers were much less affected by the political concerns which arose in the cities.
		The result of war deaths, expulsions, deaths in labor and concentration camps, and emigration was a reduction of two-thirds of that number.
	www.feefhs.org /banat/bhistory.html (3773 words)

	Swabian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Swabian War of 1499 (Schwabenkrieg, also called Schweizerkrieg ["Swiss War"] in Germany and Engadiner Krieg ["War of the Engadin"] in Austria) was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg.
		On the Swabian side, distrust between the knights and their foot soldiers, disagreements amongst the military leadership, and a general reluctance to fight a war that even the Swabian counts considered to be more in the interests of the powerful Habsburgs than in the interest of the Holy Roman Empire
		Frederick intervened by force: he founded the Swabian League in 1488, an alliance of the Swabian cities, the Swabian knights of the League of St. George's Shield and the counts of Württemberg and Tyrol and Vorarlberg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swabian_War (4871 words)

	The Swabian War of 1499 Part One
		The Swabian League was the name of several different confederations of German cities formed in the duchy of Swabia and adjoining principalities in the 14th/15th centuries.
		Civil war erupted in 1367 and fighting continued until 1372 when the Swabian League was defeated and overthrown.
		In February 1488 the Great Swabian League was formed with a constitution granted by the emperor.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/liechtenstein/105395 (509 words)

	"History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary" by Sue Clarkson
		The Swabians were the largest minority group in Hungary, and some, particularly in the cities, became assimilated to the point of changing their family names to Magyarized versions.
		In the period between the wars, the lifestyle of Germans in rural villages in all three of the countries remained much the same, and the isolated villagers were much less affected by the political concerns which arose in the cities.
		The result of war deaths, expulsions, deaths in labor and concentration camps, and emigration was a reduction of two-thirds of that number.
	feefhs.org /banat/bhistory.html (3775 words)

	Switzerland - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire.
		The expansion of the federation, and the reputation of invincibility acquired during the earlier wars, suffered a first setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano.
		As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted the use of referenda and a federal constitution in 1848, amending the latter extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Swiss (3480 words)

	Swabian League - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		SWABIAN LEAGUE [Swabian League] association of Swabian cities and other powers in SW Germany for the protection of trade and for regional peace.
		The Swabian League of 1488-1534 is the best known of the long series dating from the 14th cent.
		The dissolution (1534) of the league resulted from the opposition of interests between its feudal members and its cities and from the religious split caused by the Reformation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-swabianl1.html (353 words)

	The Peasant War (Germany) by Belfort Bax
		The Swabian League, it must be premised, was a federation of princes, barons and towns, whose function was keeping up an armed force for the main purpose of seeing that imperial decrees were carried out, and for preserving public tranquillity generally.
		Truchsess, the generalissimo of the Swabian League, was not inactive.
		The Swabian peasants, as already mentioned, had begun to stir in the autumn of 1524, at about the same time as those of the Black Forest and the Lake of Constanz districts.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bax/1899/peasants-war/ch02.htm (3582 words)

	ZNet Commentary: The Killer Argument
		What was in the mind of the crews on the US-planes, that dropped the bombs on our Swabian village or of the gunners, shooting people eye to eye - people, that simply ran from their bombed homes or tried to put out the flames.
		With the war drawing to a close the agenda of the ‘Alsos Mission’ shifted: Never let German nuclear documents or equipment fall into the ‘wrong hands’ (the hands of allied France or (God beware!) Russia).
		Alfried Krupp and his dynasty ran one of the biggest steel companies in Germany and were one of the main factors in the build-up of Hitler’s machinery of war.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2003-04/24noll.cfm (2005 words)

	Switzerland
		By the Peace of Basel in 1499 ending the Swabian War, the Swiss threw off the last vestiges of imperial obligations, and their full independence was recognised in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (a war in which the Swiss actually had no part).
		The flag of the Empire was a white cross extending to the edges of a red field, and symbolised the Emperor's role as the protector of Christianity.
		While the cantons of the Swiss Confederation went to war flying their individual banners, they soon recognised the need for a common recognition sign, and as early as 1339 at the battle of Laupen, troops wore a long-armed narrow white linen cross stitched on their breasts, sleeves and thighs.
	www.fotw.net /flags/ch.html (2547 words)

	WHKMLA : Swabian War 1499
		The cantons of modern northern and eastern Switzerland, as well as adjacent Graubünden and southern Swabia were the battleground for the Swabian War.
		The Swabian League, established in 1488, supported Emperor Maximilian I. in his claims; the Swiss Federation and Graub&uum;nden the peasants.
		The Swabian War in effect established the independence of Graubünden (Grisons).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/15cen/swabianwar1499.html (337 words)

	ooBdoo
		As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted the use of referenda and a federal constitution in 1849.
		Switzerland proclaimed neutrality in World War I and was not involved militarily in the conflict.
		Neutrality was again proclaimed in World War II, and although a German intervention was both planned and anticipated, it ultimately did not occur.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Swiss (3770 words)

	Ulrich Biography
		In the battle of Grandson in 1476 he and his troops were part of the advance units of the Confederation and took part in their famous attack.
		He motivated the clerics from Wil to Rohrschach to discard their loyalty to the abbey and spoke against the abbey at the town meeting at Waldkirch, where the popular league was formed.
		He was confident that the four sponsoring cantons would not intervene with force, due to the prevailing tensions between the Confederation and the Swabian League.
	www.volcano.net /~varnbuhler/bioulr.html (908 words)

	The Peasant War (Germany) by Belfort Bax
		The object the leader of the Swabian army had in view was to draw the main peasant force into firm open country and compel them to engage in a pitched battle, knowing that under such circumstances they would be at a hopeless disadvantage.
		The peasant leaders were partly jealous of the latter’s superiority in war to themselves, while many of the rank and file dreaded their dissolute habits, for which they had an evil notoriety.
		A train of sixty waggons containing provisions and material of war, followed his detachment, which, in spite of the admonitions of their leader, showed itself not averse to excesses.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bax/1899/peasants-war/ch04.htm (10355 words)

	Swabian
		swabian • swiss • liechtenstein • vaduz • brandiz
		War came to the Liechtenstein Valley when the Swiss Confederation and Swabian League went to war over an insult in 1499.
		In the late 18th Century war would come once again to the people of Liechtenstein, this time in the form of the French.
	www.suite101.com /reference/swabian (211 words)

	AllRefer.com - Swabian League (German History) - Encyclopedia
		Swabian League, association of Swabian cities and other powers in SW Germany for the protection of trade and for regional peace.
		The Swabian League of 1488–1534 is the best known of the long series dating from the 14th cent.
		It backed the election (1519) of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and it used its military power to expel Duke Ulrich I from WUrttemberg.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/SwabianL.html (291 words)

	Germany Destinations - Stuttgart Travel Guide
		Stuttgart is an ideal starting point for excursions to the Black Forest, the Swabian Alb, the Lake of Constance, the Hohenloher Land as well as the neighboring countries of Austria, France and Switzerland.
		Stuttgart was chartered in the 13th cent and it became a residence of the counts of Württemberg, who made it their capital at the end of the 15th cent.
		In World War II, the center of the city was almost totally destroyed although after 1945 many old buildings were restored.
	www.justgermany.org /germany/stuttgart (310 words)

	Swabian League - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Swabian League, name of several historic confederations of German cities.
		Peasants' War, German revolt (1524-1526) in which the peasantry and the urban mob rose up against their feudal overlords.
		League of Nations, international alliance for the preservation of peace, with headquarters at Geneva.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Swabian_League.html (104 words)

	[No title]
		The first documentary evidence of the valley goes back to the foundation of the monastery at the end of the 8th century, which is said to have been established by Charlemagne.
		The Lords of Tarasp were invested with the bailiwick of the monastery and the valley and later, in 1170, the Lords of Matsch became the masters.
		During the wars between the revolutionary French and the European coalition, Austrian troops arrived in the autumn of 1798, with the intention of occupying the Umbrail and the pass into Val Fraele.
	www.mindspring.com /~philipp/gr_munst.txt (1005 words)

	History of Switzerland: Old Swiss Confederacy 1291 - 1515
		As a reward for help in several war expeditions to Italy, German king Friedrich II exempted the valleys of Uri (1231) and Schwyz (1240) from the jurisdiction of any counts and dukes so they would be subject to the king alone.
		Berne and the French king pushed the confederacy to a war against the duke Charles of Burgundy who was allied to the dukes of Habsburg and to the comtesse of Savoye.
		The so-called Swabian War of 1499 didn't have any cause in the relations between Switzerland and its northern neighbours, the Swabians (who are even descending from the same Germanic tribe, which is still hearable in todays German dialects spoken here and there).
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /old-swiss-confederacy-1291.html (1703 words)

	Enlightenment - The Experience Festival
		Swabian War is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Swabian War: Encyclopedia II - Swabian War - The course of the war
		Only 26 years later, in 1525, the Peasants' War reached Aach, when region's aristocrats flew from the uprisings to the city, whereupon it was occupied by the rebel peasants.
	www.experiencefestival.com /swabian_war (2412 words)

	Swabia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outside of Germany, many Swabians settled in Hungary and Romania (the Danube Swabians and Swabian Turkey), as well as in Russia, Serbia, and Kazakhstan.
		Outside of Europe, Swabian settlements can also be found in Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
		In the Viking Invasion expansion to the PC game Medieval Total War, Swabian Swordsmen are available to the Holy Roman Empire only in the Early Era and only in the province of Swabia with a Swordsmith and an Amourer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swabian (1151 words)

	History-Foreword
		Anniversary of the expulsion of the Danube Swabians” in September of 1994 in Cleveland, who till then, had very limited knowledge about the history of youngest Germanic Volksgroup “The Danube Swabians”.
		Wildmann I was able to finalize the definition of the Danube Swabians and the portions of the political situations during those years between the wars.
		My parents’ memoirs and the memoirs of relatives and friends were carefully written to reflect what they told me in their own words, again without political motive and as accurately as possible.
	donauschwaben-usa.org /history-foreword.htm (1624 words)

	History of SWITZERLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Zürich is at open war with the other confederates from 1436 to 1450, but after being defeated the city is allowed back into the fold.
		Later in the century, military adventures in the west lead to war with the powerful dukedom of Burgundy.
		The conflict of 1499 is variously known as the Swabian War or Swiss War.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac78 (1779 words)

	Los Angeles Donauschwaben Dancegroup Web Page - Donauschwäbische Tanzgruppe Web Page - Who Are They?
		Revised final boundaries for Hungary were formed at the Treaty of Triton in June, 1920, and this resulted in the loss of two-thirds of her former territory.
		People choose to immigrate because of the predatory wars with the French and because of the extreme taxes required to support the frivolities an extravagances of their own nobility.
		In addition very powerful advertisements exaggerated the benefits of the move, but most certainly the strongest incentive was the promise of a free homestead, free passage and three years free of all taxes and assessments.
	www.donau.org /people.html (6368 words)

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