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	Swadesh list - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Swadesh list is a prescribed list of basic vocabulary developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1940-50s, which is used in glottochronology (lexicostatistical dating).
		The use of Swadesh lists in glottochronology was most popular during the 1960s and 1970s, after which enthusiasm waned and the discussion of the method's merit became emotional, leading to a temporary demise of the method.
		A recent example of the use of Swadesh lists for absolute dating is the study of Gray and Atkinson (2003), calculating a tree of Indo-European languages with absolute dates for its nodes, using Bayesian principles, dating the Proto-Indo-European language to ca.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swadesh_list (597 words)

	Sample Entry: Swadesh, Morris / Encyclopedia of Linguistics
		Swadesh’s contribution was to develop a set of principles to help the phonologist discover phonemes on the basis of the distribution of sounds in a given language.
		Even more controversially, Swadesh claimed that the “decay” of basic vocabulary could be used for “glottochronology,”; the dating of ancestor languages analogous to determining the age of fossils on the basis of radioactive decay.
		Swadesh came to believe that basic vocabulary decays with a rate of 14 percent over 1000 years, so languages would retain on average about 86 percent of their basic vocabulary over this time span.
	strazny.com /encyclopedia/sample-swadesh-morris.html (1350 words)

	Glottochronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This assumption, originally put forward by Morris Swadesh, was analogical carried over from the use of C14 dating for measuring the age of organic materials, in that a "lexical half-life" is estimated and used to extrapolate to the point in time at which the languages in question diverged from a common proto-language.
		The process made use of a list of lexical terms compiled by Morris Swadesh assumed to be resistant against borrowing (originally designed as a list of 200 items; however, the reduced 100 word list is much more common among modern day linguists).
		Callaghan, Catherine A. Utian and the Swadesh list.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glottochronology (742 words)

	Morris Swadesh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Morris Swadesh was born on January 22, 1909 in Holyoke, Massachusetts and died on July 20, 1967 in Mexico City, Mexico.
		The list had 100 words that field workers could use for identifying the basic vocabulary of the language they were studying.
		The pronunciation is dependent on the placement of the “p” in the word and Swadesh said that the sound variants should be regarded as the same sound type.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/swadesh_morris.html (399 words)

	Re: Basic (or core) vocabulary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The list you are thinking of is called the Swadesh list, because it was devised by the American linguist Morris Swadesh.
		The list comes in two versions: a 100-word list (which is the more widely used) and a 200-word list.
		In spite of Swadesh's intentions, it is heavily oriented toward European languages.
	www.usenet.com /newsgroups/sci.lang/msg03582.html (287 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Written in news (http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~chao/info/gaean-language/gaean-top100.txt): "Here is the list of 100 [200] words of the Basic Core Vocabulary, as set out by Morris Swadesh, from "Archaeology and Language" by Colin Renfrew.
		It's meant to be a list of 100 [200] key concepts that all languages, irrespective of cultural differences, are most likely to have words for, and are least likely to have borrowed from other languages.
		Using this list of "stable" words, glottochronologists believed they could calculate the approximate amount of time that had passed between the split-up of two related languages.
	www.df.lth.se /~cml/swadesh.txt (141 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although either set of Slavic lists supports much the same subgrouping, using the two sets together yields results which reflect the difference in the nature of the lists as well as the actual relationships among the speech varieties they represent.
		The speech forms from these lists were then punched onto IBM cards using the limited set of characters available on cards at that time, yielding one "form card" for each Swadesh meaning in each list.
		The list numbers (L#) were assigned sequentially to the lists in their present order, based on the classification.
	www.ntu.edu.au /education/langs/ielex/IE-DATA1 (2704 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.2622: Swadesh query (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Summary: Swadesh query "In the chapter on glottochronology in the posthumously published The Origin and Diversification of Language 1972, Swadesh presents a 100-word Basic List.
		Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96,152-63 A short history of the development of such lists is given on pp.5-6 of Hymes, Dell.
		The 200-word list as used by Dyen for Austronesian and Indo-European, with observed replacements rates, was published as: Kruskal, J. Dyen and P. Black.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-2622.html (372 words)

	Natural language handling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It can be set to flash up translations of the word under the cursor as the cursor moves, but since (as yet) it doesn't have stemmers, I wouldn't count it as a translation tool or aid, but more as a vocabulary learning aid.
		List the words occurring in the symbols defined in the currently running emacs.
		It is a useful list of the most common words, which are essential to most languages and may be used in learning basic communication in other languages and even multiple languages at once since, for basic communication, vocabulary is generally more useful than a knowledge of the target language syntax.
	www.cb1.com /~john/computing/emacs/lisp/natural-language (613 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The "replacement rate (for a meaning in a language family)" is the average number of occasions (per time unit) on which a new word displaces an old one as the normal way of expressing that meaning.
		Virtually all prior applications of glottochronology has assumed that this rate is the same for all meanings in the Swadesh list, despite a series of papers by different authors pointing out the inadequacy of this assumption.
		Some of the glosses are followed by notes to characterize the meaning, but the lexicostatistical literature (including the original listing of these meanings by Morris Swadesh in 1952) should be consulted for further clarification.
	www.ntu.edu.au /education/langs/ielex/IE-RATE1 (565 words)

	Language Log: Dating Indo-European
		To apply the technique, you take a list of basic vocabulary known as the Swadesh list after Morris Swadesh, the linguist who proposed glottochronology, and you translate it into the languages you are working with.
		There are a number of variants of glottochronology, using vocabulary lists of different lengths, different rates of lexical change, and so forth, and a variety of difficulties in applying the technique, but the central problem is that the lexical replacement rate is not constant.
		For example, the PIE word for "bear" (not on the Swadesh list, just a convenient example) is believed to be the ancestor of Latin ursus, Greek arktos, Sanskrit rkshas, Welsh arth (as in the name Arthur) etc. However, this doesn't show up in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000208.html#more (2093 words)

	Kelenala Word List
		However, having this list you can see how meanings changed (or, at least, you could if you had a dictionary, like I do).
		(If this is the first time you've seen this list, then the preceding may not be accurate.) The change is this: I added one word to the basic set.
		Below you'll find a handy "jump to" list, so you can access the words by category, and won't have to scroll through the whole behemoth.
	dedalvs.free.fr /kelenala/wordlist.html (286 words)

	WASABI!!!
		The word list I came up with was, more or less, the Swadesh list, with a few additions (e.g., the number six).
		Though I don't plan on putting up the actual word lists for Language X or Wasabi, you can get a basic idea of what the Wasabi word list was like by looking at the original word list for Kelenala.
		If you give a speaker a list of words s/he's never seen and say, "Speak, using only these words", what they'll probably do is think up a sentence in their own language and attempt to match the words from the list with the words in their sentence.
	dedalvs.free.fr /wasabi.html (6484 words)

	American Indian Collections at the APS
		Includes a brief historical account of Nahuatl linguistic studies; a check list of 171 Nahuatl texts, 1887-1953, with comments; and lists of microfilm collections of both manuscripts and texts.
		Includes a list of 183 items, another list of 742 items, and a fragment of 50 items, as well as miscellaneous materials and 2 texts.
		List of stems with c.c.; list of additions entered in first copy.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/indians/info/n.htm (3442 words)

	Online Swadesh List Resource - Langmaker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Online Swadesh List Resource - For those conlangers whose websites showcase multiple languages (especially related languages), this pre-made table for the Swadesh List is a perfect way to compare them.
		The table (which I found on a site on Wiktionary.org) is pre-linked, so that, if you desired, a visitor to your site could click on a word in any language and be taken to a page where they could see its exact definition and usage.
		If you prefer to just show the list (which is what I'm in the process of doing right now on my site), then all you have to do is delete the links, and you still have a pre-made table with the entire Swadesh list.
	www.langmaker.com /db/Rsc_onlineswadeshlistreso.htm (119 words)

	American Indian Collections at the APS
		List of artifacts and animal specimens for collection; 1789(?).
		Word lists prepared by the Indian agent at Prairie du Chien on standard alphabetical form.
		D. List of directional terms and their usage; some miscellaneous items.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/indians/info/w.htm (1444 words)

	PROTO INDO EUROPEAN DATING
		But Swadesh, the originator of the method, chose to compile a list of only 200 words that he suggested as a practical number for anthropologists to handle.
		Unfortunately Swadesh also added an aspect that, in the writer’s opinion, has cast glottochronology in a false light - in constructing his list he apparently selected items that he thought were particularly suitable for this purpose.
		This listing raised the issue of how to identify the number of cases where a PIE name had survived in a later language.
	www.zianet.com /docdavey/piedating.htm (3847 words)

	The Romance Languages Database
		To be able to compare the languages in a proper way, we decided to use the Swadesh list that we found in another database made last year.
		The words in the Swadesh list are basic words used in every language.
		The translating of the Swadesh list and the development of the database took most of the time.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Paola.Monachesi/personal/02dbwerk/reportdb2002.html (1543 words)

	sun2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A linguist named Morris Swadesh, who worked a lot with Edward Sapir, believed that lexical items like "sun" --- those that were supposedly not culture-bound and were universal --- could be gathered together and put to use in comparative linguistic studies.
		The Swadesh list is often used in comparative or historical linguistics because, not only do almost all languages have words to denote these 100 or so entities or actions, but these particular words have been shown to change very little over time while other parts of the language evolve.
		For this reason and others, it's generally considered that these 100 words on Swadesh list of basic vocabulary are the least likely to be borrowed and thus are most likely to remain the same over long periods of time, barring extreme circumstances.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/ask/sun.html (905 words)

	A Biological Dig for the Roots of Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Glottochronology was invented by the linguist Morris Swadesh in 1952.
		Swadesh and others then tried to quantify the method, deriving the date that two languages split from their percentage of shared cognates.
		Gray based his tree on the Dyen list, a set of Indo-European words judged by linguists to be cognates, and he anchored the tree to 14 known historical dates for splits between Indo-European languages.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1100909/posts (4862 words)

	Appendix:Swadesh list - Wiktionary
		The list of words below was devised by the linguist Morris Swadesh.
		For a basis to expand this list into other languages see the Swadesh Template.
		To visit a more extensive list of basic words in various languages (not a Swadesh list, though it includes and is cross-referenced to Swadesh words), see the Wiktionary:Basic English Word List
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/Swadesh_List (347 words)

	FAQ about Maori Vocabulary
		Benton, Tumoana, & Robb (1982) produced a word list based on a small corpus of some 200,000 words of speaking and writing.
		Harlow (1990) produced a word index and frequency of list of Nga mahi a nga Tupuna, a book containing many traditional Maori stories collected in the 1800s.
		Work on producing a more modern frequency list using a corpus of a million words is in progress.
	www.maorilanguage.info /mao_vocab_faq.html (895 words)

	Wiktionary:Swadesh template - Wiktionary
		This template shows the number and English for each word on the Swadesh List.
		Because of width limitations only a small number of languages can be shown on a single page.
		SEE Swadesh List FOR A LISTING OF SPECIFIC SWADESH LISTS (OR TO ADD NEW ONES THERE).
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/Wiktionary:Swadesh_template (86 words)

	BANZSL - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However there is still a significant overlap, probably due largely to relatively recent borrowing of lexicon by signers of all three dialects of BANZSL, with many younger signers unaware which signs are recent imports.
		Auslan, BSL and NZSL have 82% of signs identical (using concepts from a Swadesh list).
		You can find it there under the keyword BANZSL (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BANZSL)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BANZSLandaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/BANZSL (316 words)

	Pravapis.org - Belarusian language - Articles, Papers, Research, Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Swadesh lists are used to measure lexical similarity of the languages and the approximate dates of the "divergence" of similar languages.
		For your reference here is a comprehensive list of Belarusian writers, poets, linguists, ethnographers and other people who were involved in the Belarusian language development or research.
		This is just a list of "top 100" Belarusian slang words that were collected in Belarusian villages by Lubou Szatalava in the 70's.
	www.pravapis.org /articles.asp (1906 words)

	Nimyad's Journal
		I was quite pleased to find that 42% of the words on the Swadesh list are already in the lexicon.
		It might be useful to list them, in case people thought they were native Nimyad words, and it might be useful to get a listing of wherever someone was mentioned.
		On the other hand, it's probably not interesting for someone reading the general lexicon to be told the names of a few dozen people in first-century Palestine.
	community.livejournal.com /nimyad (1072 words)

	Talk:Slavopedia - Meta
		Slavic interwiki collaboration (In this case, assessment of Slovio as a tool should be on the TODO list, not a goal.
		The Swadesh test: calculating the strength of the correlation between languages.
		If the mean(correlation% with Slovio) is higher than the mean(correlation% between families), then this Swadesh test is a clue of Slovio's success.
	meta.wikimedia.org /wiki/Talk:Slavopedia (646 words)

	Portal - Wikidata M2
		For a language to be recognised as being vibrant on WiktionaryZ, we need proper babel boxes, a minimal portal, people who work on its content.
		To appreciate this status, we want to have the "swadesh" list, which is a list of Expressions maintained in that language.
		The consequence is that the maintenance of the Swadesh list will be a continuing background job.
	www.wiktionaryz.org /Portal (305 words)

	languagehat.com: SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES.
		The list seems heavily skewed toward representational language vs. "emotive" or interpersonal, language -- please, thank you, I love you, I hate you, do [this] (command), etc.
		I don't know about the Swadesh list but some lists of this type are very useful, e.g.
		Expressions such as "love" are not excluded from the primatives list because they were not considered.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000862.php (965 words)

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