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	James McLurkin's Personal Webpage
		Robots used for earthquake rescue might come in three flavors: thousands of cockroach-sized scouts to infiltrate the debris and locate survivors, a few dozen rat-sized structural engineers to get near the scene and solve the "pick-up-sticks" problem of getting the rubble off, and a few brontosaurus-sized heavy-lifters to carry out the rescue plan.
		It is either too expensive (robot vacuums need to be very cheap), too far (it takes 15 minutes for messages to get to Mars), or impossible (radio control signals cannot penetrate into earthquake ruble) to control all of the robots from a centralized location.
		For the keen of eye, robots that are near walls are flashing their blue light; robots in the interior are flashing their green light.
	people.csail.mit.edu /jamesm/swarm.php (936 words)

	Swarm robotics - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Swarm robotics is a new approach to the coordination of multirobot systems which consist of large numbers of relatively simple physical robots.
		The goal of this approach is to study the design of robots (both their physical body and their controlling behaviors) such that a desired collective behavior emerges from the inter-robot interactions and the interactions of the robots with the environment, inspired but not limited by the emergent behavior observed in social insects, called swarm intelligence.
		Potential application for swarm robotics include tasks that demand for extreme miniaturization (nanorobotics, microbotics), on the one hand, as for instance distributed sensing tasks in micromachinery or the human body.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Swarm_robotics (383 words)

	Swarm robotics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Swarm robotics is a new approach to the coordination of multirobot systems which consist of large numbers of relatively simple physical robots.
		The goal of this approach is to study the design of robots (both their physical body and their controlling behaviors) such that a desired collective behavior emerges from the inter-robot interactions and the interactions of the robots with the environment, inspired but not limited by the emergent behavior observed in social insects, called swarm intelligence.
		Potential application for swarm robotics include tasks that demand for extreme miniaturization (nanorobotics, microbotics), on the one hand, as for instance distributed sensing tasks in micromachinery or the human body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swarm_robotics (297 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Swarm intelligence
		Swarm intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of collective behaviour in decentralised, self-organised, systems.
		The expression "swarm intelligence" was introduced by Beni and Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems (see also cellular automata).
		Swarm robotics is the application of swarm intelligence principles to large numbers of cheap robots.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Swarm_Intelligence (609 words)

	Swarm intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Swarm intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of collective behaviour in decentralised, self-organised, systems.
		The expression "swarm intelligence" was introduced by Beni and Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems (see also cellular automata, evolutionary computation).
		Swarm robotics is the application of swarm intelligence principles to large numbers of cheap robots.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swarm_intelligence (788 words)

	Swarm Engineering
		Robot clustering systems may be characterized by the number of active robots in the system and the average variance of the robots from a determined center.
		There is a sharp decline in the average variance of the robots, indicating a rapid coalescence of the robot swarm.
		The method is based on the development of a lossless robot swarm capable of carrying out a search of a local area in such a way that each individual robot is capable of determining the direction along the chain that one might follow to the center of search.
	www.jisan.org /research/swarm/swarm.intro.html (2522 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Swarm intelligence
		Swarm intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of collective behavior in decentralized, self-organized systems.
		Application of swarm principles to large numbers of robots is called as swarm robotics.
		Particle swarm optimization or PSO is a global optimization algorithm for dealing with problems in which a best solution can be represented as a point or surface in an n-dimensional space.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Swarm_intelligence (1274 words)

	Computing Papers on Robots (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To be successful, the Robots need to be able to communicate their findings back to a command post, cover the maximum area in the minimum possible time, and not hinder or endanger rescuers or victims.
		Swarm intelligence is a particular form of collective intelligence which relies on the capabilities of several minimally intelligent but autonomous individuals.
		The effect of varying robot parameters on the cooperative phase is presented and the increase in requirement for cooperation with the scaling up of number of Robots in a system is also illustrated.
	computing.breinestorm.net /Robots (2599 words)

	Laboratory of Intelligent Systems - Swarm-bots
		An important part of the project consists in the physical construction of at least one swarm-bot, that is, a self-assembling and self-organising robot colony made of a number (30-35) of smaller devices, called s-bots.
		Each s-bot is a fully autonomous mobile robot capable of performing basic tasks such as autonomous navigation, perception of its surrounding environment, and grasping of objects.
		Potential application of this type of swarm robotics are, for instance, semi-automatic space exploration, search for rescue or underwater exploration.
	lis.epfl.ch /research/projects/SwarmBots/index.php (1167 words)

	Robotics India - Your online robotics community - Swarm Robotics - A Swarm of Applications (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Computer scientists are studying insect swarms to devise different techniques for controlling a group of robots.
		Although the robots were intentionally programmed very crudely, the similarity between their behavior and that of a swarm of ants is striking.
		Eventually the robots, despite their limited capabilities, are successful in delivering the box to the goal.
	www.roboticsindia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=49 (749 words)

	Örebro universitet - Teknik - Swarm-bot: A novel type of self-assembling robot
		Swarm robotics is an emergent field of collective robotics that studies robotic systems composed of swarms of robots tightly interacting and cooperating to reach their goals.
		The s-bots are mobile robots with the ability to connect to and to disconnect from each other.
		A swarm-bot is defined as an artifact composed of a swarm of assembled s-bots.
	www.oru.se /templates/oruExtNormal____28718.aspx (270 words)

	Swarm Robotics Information - Articles Free (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Goal is to build a massive swarm of up to 1000 3mm x 3mm x 3mm sized autonomous robots.
		JASMINE is an open soft- and hardware project derived from the I-SWARM project.
		Bristol robotics laboratory Research lab for both behavior based robotics and swarm robotics.
	www.articlesfree.com /index.php?title=Swarm_robotics (340 words)

	BIRO-NET - Conferences (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For robots to be accepted as assistants or companions in peoples private homes and everyday environments technological solutions do not suffice: The "human in the loop", as the potential customer and user will decide on the ultimate success of a “home robot” as a product.
		Robots as embodied beings, physical, possibly humanoid or android entities that share our living environments and accompany our lives will have a certain degree of autonomy, initiative, cognitive skills and will communicate and interact with people in ways inspired by human-human contact.
		Interaction and communication of embodied physical robots with humans is multi-modal, and involves deep issues of social intelligence, communication and interaction that have traditionally been studied primarily in psychology and other areas.
	biro-net.aber.ac.uk /confs.php (1714 words)

	Bath Institute for Complex Systems - Department of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Bath
		Swarm Robotics is a new discipline which applies the biologically inspired principles of swarm intelligence to the field of mobile robotics in an effort to build highly robust multi-robot systems.
		overall desired swarm behaviour is an emergent consequence of the interaction of individual robots with each other and their environment.
		The laboratory has demonstrated a number of principles of swarm robotics with physical robots for the first time including: emergent two and three colour sorting; flocking helium aerobots in 3 dimensions and the use of range limited wireless communication for adaptive emergent control of swarm morphology.
	www.bath.ac.uk /math-sci/bics/seminars/jun05-winfield.html (290 words)

	robots.net - Robot news and Robotics Info
		The Northeast Robotics Club recently sponsored Robot Conflict, an event in which radio-controlled vehicles resembling robots are guided by their human controllers to destroy each other.
		The robot protesters were created by students of an introductory computer science class at nearby Bryn Mawr university.
		The students said the robot protest was all in fun and that they actually enjoyed watching the mechanical mayhem as much as anyone.
	robots.net (2174 words)

	University of Essex news release - Robots top the guest list for exclusive party to launch ‘Walking with Robots’
		Professor Owen Holland, from the University of Essex, is one of the researchers involved in the project.
		He said: ‘Although robotics has not yet progressed as fast and as far as the special effects you see in science fiction films, it is already clear that robots may one day play a big part in our lives.
		Owen Holland’s major current research interests are swarm intelligence, especially swarm robotics, machine consciousness, biomimetic robotics, and the history of cybernetics.
	www.essex.ac.uk /news/2006/nr20061018.htm (780 words)

	Print the story (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Swarm technology is proving useful in a wide range of applications including robotics and nanotechnology, molecular biology and medicine, traffic and crowd control, military tactics, and even interactive art.
		Swarm modeling theories provide new conceptual frameworks for extending the field of artificial intelligence and suggest new possibilities for computer hardware and software design.
		The collective intelligence of the swarm emerges in a decentralized way from the actions of individual insects responding to local stimuli from the environment and, most importantly, from other members of the swarm.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=11060 (480 words)

	Wired News: Bye Swarmbots, Hello Swarmanoids
		A team at the Free University of Brussels in Belgium is embarking on a 42-month research project to build and test a 60-strong swarm of small, autonomous robots -- the swarmanoid -- capable of collaborating in 3-D environments.
		The swarmanoid initiative follows the successful completion of the swarm-bots project, in which the researchers demonstrated the ability of identical robots to work in formations to overcome challenges such as carrying heavy objects and traveling across rough terrain -- tasks that a single swarm-bot could not accomplish alone.
		The use of different kinds of robots in the same team follows the division of labor in ant colonies extremely well, said Payman Arabshahi, of the Univeristy of Washington's Applied Physics Lab.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,72176-0.html?tw=rss.index (752 words)

	EURON News Pages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Marco Dorigo, the I-SWARM project coordinator and one of the founders of the swarm intelligence and swarm robotics research fields.
		I-SWARM, (Intelligent Small World Autonomous Robots for Micro-Manipulation), one of the FET 6th framework "Beyond Robotics" Proactive Initiatives.
		World Robotics Survey 2004 The 2004 World Robotics survey which is produced by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in cooperation with the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) was issued Oct 2004.
	www.euron.org /news/newsindex.html (327 words)

	AWM Essay Contest: Olga Koroleva
		A swarm is a large group of simple robots with a very limited vision that can only move about to pick up and drop off building materials.
		In the near future, swarms will be sent to Mars, the moon, and under the ocean to build energy generators and possibly cities for humans to live in.
		Because each robot is inexpensive and independent of the large group, financing the building plan will be inexpensive in the case of one robot’s malfunctioning.
	www.awm-math.org /biographies/contest/olgakoroleva2004.html (959 words)

	AR2S-Lab-Projects.html
		Swarm robotics is an emerging and powerful paradigm which exploits the simplicity of elementary robotic units to achieve capabilities for the overall system far greater than the mere sum of its parts.
		Mobile robotic systems designed for outdoor environments, however, are limited and cannot perform many of the required tasks due in part to poor locomotive systems that cannot be used in diverse terrains.
		The goal is to design a robot that will be able to move over diverse environments such as sand, grass, rocks, snow and other surfaces, as well as be able to navigate in deep water.
	www.enme.ucalgary.ca /~aramirez/AR2S-Lab-Projects.html (2101 words)

	Particle Swarm Optimisation
		Swarm robotics applications tend not to be inspired as directly from social insects as ant search algorithms, but ants nevertheless provide a valuable proof of concept.
		They set a group of robots a simple task: to collectively move an object which was too heavy for an individual robot to push.
		The robots were equipped with light sensors which could tell them the location of the light-box they were to move, and the goal they had to move it to.
	ai-depot.com /Essay/SocialInsects-Swarm.html (1337 words)

	Circuit Cellar - Digital Library - 188 Leland
		Such a team of robots is the result of an area of research that deals with autonomous robot teams and swarm robotics.
		In the grocery store example, one robot is a first-response unit that determines which kind of job is to be done.
		One of the hurdles to implementing this kind of robotic team is the problem of localization, which is a key part of any mobile robotic network.
	www.circuitcellar.com /library/print/0306/Leland-188/index.htm (346 words)

	Particle Swarm Optimisation
		Swarm robotics applications tend not to be inspired as directly from social insects as ant search algorithms, but ants nevertheless provide a valuable proof of concept.
		They set a group of robots a simple task: to collectively move an object which was too heavy for an individual robot to push.
		The robots were equipped with light sensors which could tell them the location of the light-box they were to move, and the goal they had to move it to.
	www.ai-depot.com /Essay/SocialInsects-Swarm.html (1337 words)

	Godly Musings » Swarm Robotics
		This is a cool application of swarm robotics.
		You need to co-ordinate five autonomous robots so that they can map out the terrain, keep track of where everyone is, including the ball, and determine the best way to win the game.
		There have been many applications, both practical and theoretical, of swarm robotics, and many predict that it is the breakthrough that will open the way to a robot age.
	memethief.com /category/techwatch/robot-assistants/swarm-robotics (328 words)

	Professor Alan FT Winfield
		Moving into the field of mobile robotics he co-founded, with Chris Melhuish and Owen Holland, the Intelligent Autonomous Systems (IAS) Laboratory at the University of the West of England in 1993, recently re-launched as the joint UWE, University of Bristol Bristol Robotics Laboratory.
		His work on Swarm Robotics is concerned with algorithms, analysis, modelling and specification for potential high integrity applications.
		At the same time Winfield is interested in Swarm Robotics as a constructionist metaphor for the study of emergence, self-organisation, culture and intelligence.
	www.ias.uwe.ac.uk /~a-winfie/shortbiog.htm (380 words)

	THE MINIROBOT - A miniature mobile robot for multi robot research
		When a swarm robotics research project, involving a physical multi-agent system, is initiated, one problem is to have a mobile robot platform that has the required capabilities like the right sensor set, a flexible power system, a communication link, and enough computing power, for example.
		Today, majority of the commercially available mobile robots are physically large and expensive, which makes them unsuitable for many swarm robotics projects.
		On the other hand, there is hardly any small size robots available, that have the capabilities required in a state-of-art swarm robotics research.
	www.ee.oulu.fi /research/robotics/minirobot (337 words)

	Steffen Wischmann - Research - Swarm Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An increasing amount of research has been done aiming at understanding cognition in its most basic sense using Evolutionary Robotics (ER) as a testbed and methodology for generating artificial agents in a relatively prejudice-free fashion that can be investigated and analyzed.
		Structure and function of evolved neuro-controllers for autonomous robots.
		150 Do:Little robots synchronize their inner neural rhythm.
	www.ais.fraunhofer.de /~steffen/swarms.html (499 words)

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