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Topic: Swartkrans

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	Swartkrans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Swartkrans is an archaeological cave site in South Africa, which has been prolific in providing paleoanthropologists with hominid fossils, especially Australopithecus robustus.
		The person commonly associated with discoveries at Swartkrans is Robert Broom, a Scottish physician and devotee of Raymond Dart.
		Archaeologists also found stone tools near Swartkrans, crude “cores,” flake and scraping tools, as well as bone tools, that are well correlated with Australopithecine use.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/swartkrans.html (329 words)

	In the heat of our prehistoric past - the first braai (barbecue)?
		Swartkrans is a dark cave in the Cradle of Humankind, about a kilometre west of Sterkfontein.
		Swartkrans is in fact named after the dark manganese deposited naturally there, and is the Afrikaans word for a fl hillside.
		The burnt bones from Swartkrans are still thought by Thackeray and Skinner to be between 1 and 1.5 million years old, although the electron spin resonance technique was not used for dating.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2004/april/braai.htm (1506 words)

	Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus
		The remains from Swartkrans are very variable, but seem (compared to africanus) to have more robust crania, with better developed muscle markings, more prominent tori, and thicker buttressing structures.
		What evidence there is seems to indicate that the Swartkrans hominids have a broader and shorter (more Homo-like) cranial bases with a more anterior foramen magnum position, and a petrous bone that is more transversely oriented than in earlier australopithecines.
		The canines seem to have changed little, while the incisors decreased in size significantly, possibly due to overcrowding, as there is overlap of anterior teeth in 43% of the Swartkrans remains.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /robustus.html (1405 words)

	Fossil Sites Visited
		Swartkrans is in its own right, an amazing fossil site dating between 2 to 1 million years ago that has provided its own wealth of information about this period of human evolution.
		Swartkrans was dug intermittently between 1948 to 1964, but starting in 1965 full-time excavations were started by Dr. C.K. Brain of the then Transvaal Museum, Pretoria (now known as the NorthernFlagship Institute - Pretoria) which lasted for 21 years until 1986.
		Swartkrans has provided the largest sample (more than 126 minimum number of individuals) of a different type of fossil hominid known as Australopithecus robustus.
	www.palaeotours.com /sites.htm (1204 words)

	Caves of South Africa: Swartkrans Cave
		Sillen (1988): Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.
		Swartkrans Cave is a rather small cave, which was open to the surface about 500,000 years ago.
		At this time the cave was a pit into which hominid remains were washed by the rain.
	www.showcaves.com /english/za/caves/Swartkrans.html (201 words)

	Ancient human ancestors got all fired up - earliest evidence of fire use uncovered in South African cave Science News - ...
		Since previous excavations in the cave complex unearthed the remains of hominids killed by large cats, such as the saber-toothed tiger, he suggests the initial purpose of building fires was to keep these predators away at night.
		For instance, the Swartkrans campfires date considerably before H. erectus finds outside of Africa, thus throwing doubt on the theory that the taming of fire was a key factor in the northward migration of H. erectus.
		Although two of the burnt bones at Swartkrans are finger bones of A. robustus, they were probably part of debris left on the cave floor, Brain says.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n24_v134/ai_6924560 (660 words)

	Welcome to South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Swartkrans is located about 1.5km north-west of the Sterkfontein Caves and is owned by the University of the Witwatersrand.
		Homo sapiens, in Africa, is thought to be responsible for the stone tools and possibly for the use of controlled fire at Swartkrans.
		Hominid and faunal specimens from Swartkrans are housed at the Transvaal Museum (Northern Flagship Institution).
	www.southafrica.net /index.cfm?SitePageID=290 (196 words)

	POSTERIC
		Swartkrans has seen the introduction of many new approaches in paleoanthropology, including cave taphonomy and use of fire and tools.
		The present environment of the Sterkfontein Valley, viewed from the rear of Swartkrans, showing grassy hills and wooded areas restricted to protected kloofs and streamside on the valley floor.
		Member 1 breccia and the modern stream water have very similar values, which are unlike any in the surrounding geology, suggesting that values in the stream are derived from the soluble carbonate component in the dolomite.
	www.cast.uark.edu /local/icaes/conferences/wburg/posters/jlt/jlt.htm (1634 words)

	Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire
		Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire
		During recent excavations of hominid-bearing breccias in the Swartkrans cave altered bones were recovered from Member 3 (about 1.0−1.5 Myr BP) which seemed to have been burnt.
		erectus are found in the older Members 1 and 2 at Swartkrans, there is no evidence of fire, suggesting that the discovery of fire was made in the interval between Members 2 and 3 and before A. robustus became extinct.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html (241 words)

	afrol News - Early hominids eradicated African competitor
		Swartkrans is a renowned early hominid cave site containing remains of several types of the earliest hominids, the creatures on the evolutionary road from apes to modern man.
		Among these hominids found in the Swartkrans cave are Paranthropus robustus and the earliest creatures of the genus Homo - which produced modern Homo sapiens.
		Using a technique called laser ablation to examine teeth from four individuals from Swartkrans, the scientists found that Paranthropus was often dramatically altering its diet over periods ranging from months to years.
	www.afrol.com /articles/22554 (865 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Bones hint at first use of fire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Dr Brain found that the burnt bones from Swartkrans could be sorted into types that had been burnt at low and high temperatures.
		He also found that if modern bones were heated at low temperatures for long periods of time they began to look like bones that had been heated to high temperatures in a camp fire.
		This is because the degree of carbonisation of organic material as measured with electron spin resonance is dependent only upon the amount of carbon and not on the time material has been heated for.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3557077.stm (526 words)

	Ooparts & Ancient High Technology--Those Sophisticated Cave Men--Evidence of Noah's Flood? Page 11
		Naturally-sparked bush fire was initially dismissed as being able to cause such baking, but some scientists now believe that a burning tree stump that caught fire, or even volcanic heating, might be capable of creating the same effect.
		Researchers working at Swartkrans have also discovered 279 fragments of burnt bones that have been dated to around one million years ago.
		The earliest and strongest evidence of the controlled use of fire using hearths dates to about 250,000 years ago, with the discovery of charred fragments of bone that must have been the result of being burnt at relatively high temperatures.
	www.s8int.com /sophis11.html (1370 words)

	Amazon.com: Swartkrans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Swartkrans: A cave's chronicle of early man (Transvaal Museum monograph) (Unknown Binding - 1993)
		A new hominid innominate bone from Swartkrans (Annals of the Transvaal Museum) by C. K Brain (Unknown Binding - 1974)
		in Australopithecus ro- hustus from Swartkrans cave in South Africa.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Swartkrans&tag=harapanmediatech&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (689 words)

	Swartkrans - Wikipedia
		Swartkrans ist eine Farm und archäologische Fundstelle in Südafrika, etwa 30 km von Johannesburg.
		Die im Kalkstein von Swartkrans gefundenen Fossilien beinhalten Telanthropus capensis (eine Varietät von Homo erectus) und Paranthropus.
		Swartkrans ist Teil einer auch die Fundstätten Sterkfontein und Kromdraai umfassenden Stätte des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbes.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swartkrans (136 words)

	FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAXILLARY SINUS IN SPECIMENS ATTRIBUTED TO AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS AND EARLY HOMO
		The main purpose of this study is to question again the possibility that SK 847 is a female individual of a species also represented by crania from Swartkrans that have previously been regarded as
		However, in this study, we have obtained a value of 52.1 (+/- 0.1 mm based on six measurements) for this variable in SK 847 generally attributed to early Homo, and this measurement is not significantly different (p=0.05) from the corresponding mean value of 56.1 (+/- 4.4) based on measurements from six specimens attributed to A.
		Grine, F.E. 1993.Taxonomic affinity of the early Homo cranium from Swartkrans, South Africa.
	www.nfi.org.za /palaeo/SK847.htm (854 words)

	Swartkrans - Wikipédia
		A quinta de Swartkrans está incluída no sítio Sítios com fósseis de hominídeos de Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai e arredores, Património Mundial da UNESCO.
		Swartkrans é uma quinta perto de Sterkfontein, na Província de Gauteng, África do Sul, notável pela sua extraordinária riqueza de material arqueológico, particularmente hominídeos.
		Swartkrans é igualmente considerado o local mais rico em instrumentos de osso associados com o Pleistoceno superior (11,5 – 126 Ka).
	pt.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swartkrans (332 words)

	Diet didn't doom one of Homo's early competitors, study suggests
		In its study, the Sponheimer team performed this type of laser analysis on four 1.8-million-year-old Paranthropus teeth found in the Swartkrans cave.
		Sponheimer said he was "greatly surprised" by the results, with "tremendous changes" in diet for just this one individual.
		The researchers even uncovered hints that Paranthropus dined on grass-eating animals, although Sponheimer stressed that the animal could be anything from large mammals to grass-munching termites (which chimpanzees eat today).
	www.cbc.ca /cp/HealthScout/061109/6110914U.html (947 words)

	Julie Masters
		Based on isotope data, Swartkrans was placed in a fairly open environment, not unlike the general picture Vrba proposed, except for the demonstration of a significant woodland element.
		Vrba, E. The fossil bovidae of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai.
		Vrba, E. Some evidence of chronology and palaeoecology of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai from the fossil Bovidae.
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/quarc/juliemsc.htm (1791 words)

	Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids -- Backwell and d'Errico, 10.1073/pnas.021551598 -- ...
		(A) Variability (Upper) and mean (Lower) in the orientation of the striations on the Swartkrans tools (S) and on experimental tools used to dig termite mounds (T), to excavate the ground in search of tubers and larvae (G), and to extract bulbs (B) [Brain's experimental tools (7)].
		An unpaired t test has shown the orientation of the striations on the Swartkrans and termite digging tools to be the most similar, and significantly different from the other experimental tools.
		Comparison between the length (a), width (b), and thickness of the compact bone (c) of Swartkrans bone tools and of a representative sample of bone fragments from Swartkrans members 1-3 showing no postdepositional breakage.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/021551598v1 (3286 words)

	World Heritage Sites of South Africa
		The Sterkfontein Valley landscape in Western Gauteng and North West province (South Africa), The Cradle of Humankind, comprises a band of important palaeo-anthropological sites including Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, Coopers B, Wonder Cave, Drimolen, Gladysvale, Gondolin, Plover's Lake, Haasgat, Bolt's Farm and Minnaars Caves.
		The Cradle of Humankind has produced the remains of hominids (i.e.
		Swartkrans - Earliest known deliberate use of fire around 1,3m years ago
	www.south-africa-tours.com /south-africa-world-heritage-sites.html (2003 words)

	The Cradle of Humankind, South Africa
		The fossil remains from Broom's excavations are housed In the Transvaal Museum (Northern Flagship Institution), Pretoria, while the remains from 1966 onwards are housed at the University of Wltwatersrand, Johannesburg.
		Deposits at Swartkrans date between 1.8 and 1 million years ago.
		This site Is located about 1.1 km to the north-west of the Kromdraai store on a steep hillside overlooking the BloubankspruIt.
	www.sa-venues.com /attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htm (1524 words)

	A. robustus SK-54 Craniun Section with Punctures Bone Clones BHK-001
		This juvenile calotte (skull cap) possesses two 6mm puncture wounds, close to the intersection of the sagittal and lamdoidal sutures.
		Years later, after subsequent excavations headed by C.K. Brain, a new theory was introduced that has become generally accepted today, that the punctures were produced by a leopard attack.
		C.K. Brian used another Swartkrans' finds, a lower mandible from an African leopard, to hypotheses that young victims wounds were from a predator prey scenario rather than warring primates.
	www.boneclones.com /BHK-001.htm (543 words)

	Cradle of Humankind
		Ples, the first complete Australopithecus africanus skull found in 1947 and ’Little Foot’, part of a complete skeleton that came to light in 1999.
		Swartkrans is the second richest fossil hominid site in southern Africa and it has yielded the largest sample of Australopithecus robustus.
		Amongst some of its notable finds are the first evidence for the co-existence of two hominid species living at the same time and the earliest evidence for the use of fire in the world.
	www.africasafari.co.za /South_Africa/cradle_of_humankind.htm (612 words)

	references.html
		Lee-Thorp, Julia A Nikolaas J. van der Merwe, C. Brain.The Diet of Austraopithecus robustus at Swartkrans from stable carbon isotopic analysis.
		This research was made possible by grants from the Transvaal Museum, The Rackham School of Graduate Studies, The University of Michigan Anthropology Department, and the Center for African Studies at the University of Michigan.
		Julia Lee-Thorp and J. Francis Thackeray for all of their help while I was in South Africa.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jasonww/africa/references.html (119 words)

	Exhibit Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The is a photo from the excavations at Swartkrans and the information provided in the panel directly below it follows.
		Together with the enlarged chewing teeth of the "robust" types, this change suggests to some a difference in the diet of Paranthropus specializing on the tougher vegetable materials of the open grasslands.
		Use-polished bones and horn cores found at the site of Swartkrans may have been used by Paranthropus for digging up tubers and other food items.
	www.columbia.edu /ccnmtl/draft/jrowe/virtual_museum/3B6.html (231 words)

	Early Hominid Evolution: Discovery of Early Hominids
		Between 1965 and 1983, Swartkrans was carefully reinvestigated by
		Many thousands of bone fragments, including the remains of 130 individual hominids, were recovered.
		Because many of the bones had chewing marks and at least one of the skulls had peculiar depressions reminiscent of punctures made by the canine teeth of a leopard, Brain hypothesized that some of the Swartkrans hominids had been eaten by these big cats.
	anthro.palomar.edu /hominid/australo_1.htm (2543 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: SK 46
		Specimen SK 46 preserves the left half of the braincase and the nearly complete palate of Paranthropus robustus, a large-toothed species of early human from Swartkrans, South Africa.
		The cheek teeth are nearly perfectly preserved (seen in the lower photograph).
		These features are associated with large chewing muscles used in grinding tough foods.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/SK46.html (281 words)

	Find in a Library: Swartkrans : a cave's chronicle of early man
		Find in a Library: Swartkrans : a cave's chronicle of early man
		Swartkrans : a cave's chronicle of early man
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/7c0edb42ca28a2c1a19afeb4da09e526.html (63 words)

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