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	Mona Lisa (ship) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1978 she was purchased by PandO and had her appearance dramatically altered by the removal of her dummy funnel, reshaping of her remaining funnel, and the addition of extra cabins.
		In 1999/2000 Victoria was chartered for the Union-Castle Line centenary voyage and had her funnel repainted in that company's livery.
		Her two Swedish built Gotaverken 9 cylinder engines have a combined output of 25,200 SHP which give her a cruising speed of 20 knots, although she achieved 25 knots during her trials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mona_Lisa_(ship) (421 words)

	TGOL - Stockholm/Völkerfreundschaft/Volker/Italia/Italia Prima/Valtur Prima/Caribe
		But the Swedish America Line was too late to earn their share of the emigration.
		She was painted in the Swedish America Line's traditional colours; a white hull and a light-yellow funnel with a blue shield adorned with three golden crowns.
		The misfit of the Swedish America Line continued her service with the company, and in 1953 she was taken in for a refit.
	www.greatoceanliners.net /stockholm3.html (2914 words)

	American West - European Emigration
		Swedish emigration to America is rather typical for European emigration westward to America during the 19th century.
		The famous Swedish bishop and poet Esaias Tegne'r explained the population pressure in three words: "peace, vaccination and potatoes." He thereby referred to the fact that Sweden had not been in war since the fatal Russian war of 1809 and the successful Danish one of 1814.
		The result of the Swedish land-hunger was that the area of Swedish-owned farmland in America of 1920 corresponded to 2/3 of all arable land in Sweden.
	www.americanwest.com /swedemigr/pages/emigra.htm (3110 words)

	The story
		The line was a principal carrier of immigrants from Europe to the United States until well after the turn of the century, carrying 850,000 to new lives in the New World.
		Holland America Line will visit the same regions and add new cruises up the Amazon River, the 60th Anniversary D-Day commemoration cruises and the 2004 108-day Grand World Voyage on the ms Prinsendam from Los Angeles to New York City.
		They are the most posh ships in the line, decorated with a lot of dark woods, ornate dining facilities, elaborate atriums, and the impressive original artworks that are the line's hallmark.
	www.geocities.com /johannesneels/HAL.htm (1191 words)

	Chronology of Sweden (1960-1979)
		Swedish automobile driving switches to to the right-hand side of roads.
		Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme describes the military government of Chile as "despicable crooks".
		Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman announces he is leaving Sweden "for good", due to bureaucracy and high tax rates.
	www.islandnet.com /~kpolsson/swedhis/swed1960.htm (2038 words)

	Hamburg America Line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hamburg America Line (also known as the Hamburg-Amerika Line and the Hamburg Line) was established in Hamburg, Germany in 1847 under the name Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft (HAPAG) for shipping across the Atlantic Ocean.
		Its liner SS Amerika was the first ship to warn the RMS Titanic of icebergs.
		The Hamburg line docked in Hoboken, New Jersey rather than Manhattan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hamburg-America_Line (128 words)

	About the Swedish American Line
		SAL played a major role in the contacts between Scandinavia and America during the 20th century.
		SAL:s Atlantic route played an important part in the 20th century emigration from Scandinavia to North America, as well as for business and recreational travel.
		The company and its ships were the pride of the nation and the youngest of the liners was always regarded as the flagship of the Swedish merchant marine.
	www.salship.se /salpage.asp (470 words)

	Chronology of Sweden (1900-1919)
		The Swedish pavillion is a yellow-wood mansion with red tile roof, garden, and green wooden fence.
		The spelling of Swedish is reformed to eliminate a number of superfluous consonants.
		The steamship Stockholm of the Swedish America Line leaves Göteborg on its maiden voyage to America with 202 passengers.
	www.islandnet.com /~kpolsson/swedhis/swed1900.htm (1850 words)

	Gustaf Longstrom
		The Swedish mass emigration to the United States may be said to have begun in 1869 after three years of crop failures had brought parts of Sweden, e.g., Dalsland, to the brink of famine.
		The Swedish participation in the last wave of the "old emigration" 1880-1893 brought 474,000 Swedes to the U.S. The greatest wave from Sweden crested in 1887 and 1888, when an average of 46,000 Swedes per year emigrated.
		The expansion of the Swedish railroad net was, in fact, of overriding importance to the growth of the emigration into a mass movement.
	longstrom.com /longstrom/gustaf_longstrom.htm (6750 words)

	New Page 1
		An operating company Atlantic Container line was founded in 1965 by Olaf Wallenius, the main cause for founding the company was to handle growing competition, as well as raising the big investments needed for the containerization of the liner traffic on the North Atlantic.
		Apart from Wallenius Lines (OW), the first partners were Swedish America Line(SAL/Brostroms), The Transatlantic Steamship Company Limited (RABT) and Holland America Line (HAL) Each of these four partners ordered a combined lo/lo-ro/ro car carrier, which were revolutionary at the time, being the first ships of that type in deep sea traffics.
		SAL turned this part of HAL into a Dutch subsidiary company called Intercontinental Transport B.V. In 1976 the G1’s were extended by 25 meters at shipyards in Germany, Sweden and Japan.
	www.btinternet.com /~philipbparker/acl_history.htm (1203 words)

	SS Noordam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The break had made one leg much shorter than the other leg, but she made it to America and was finally free.
		Her details were - - length 550.3ft x beam 62.3ft, one funnel, two masts, twin screw and a speed of 15 knots.
		She then went to the Swedish America Line, who refitted her to carry 478-cabin class and 1,800-3rd class passengers and renamed her "Kungsholm".
	members.aol.com /henryfuchs/noordam.htm (423 words)

	North German Lloyd
		The Roland Line sailed from Breman to New York with steerage passengers and cargo.
		In 1904 a new service from Marseilles to Naples and Alexandria started and in 1909 a joint summer service between Bremen and Hamburg to Quebec and Montreal was instituted with Hamburg America, Red Star and Holland America Lines.
		America service, 1902 sold to Woermann Line, Hamburg, transferred to German East Africa Line, renamed Markgraf.
	www.theshipslist.com /ships/lines/nglloyd.html (4522 words)

	Swedish American Ocean Liner Postcards
		The original connection between the companies is seen in the funnel designs, with Home Lines closely resembling Swedish America, but with one, not three, crowns on each funnel.
		She served as the Stockholm for Swedish American from 1915 to 1928, operating on the Gothenburg-New York route.
		In 1924 she was sold to Swedish America Line, serving as Borgholm between Östersjön-Göteborg and Klaipeda-Kalmar.
	www.simplonpc.co.uk /SwedishAmericaPCs.html (1152 words)

	Swedish-American Line
		The Swedish American Line was formed in 1914 to run passenger and cargo services between Gothenburg and New York.
		By 1970 the company concentrated mostly on cruising and in 1975 their last two ships were sold and Swedish America Line disappeared as passenger ship operators.
		ex- Noordam, 1923-1926 chartered from Holland America Line and renamed Kungsholm, 1926 reverted to Holland America Noordam.
	www.theshipslist.com /ships/lines/swedisham.html (359 words)

	TGOL - Kungsholm/Italia
		One of the recent newcomers was the Swedish American Line (SAL), which had started its regular sailings with their first Stockholm, formerly the Holland-Amerika liner Potsdam, back in 1915.
		The line’s fleet grew when Canadian Pacific’s Virginian was purchased and renamed Drottningholm in 1920 and Holland-Amerika’s Noordam was chartered to sail under the name Kungsholm in 1923.
		The Swedish American Line had by now instead established itself as a link between former emigrants and their old homeland and relatives who had stayed behind.
	www.greatoceanliners.net /kungsholm2.html (1345 words)

	Cabin Class Collectibles - The Reading Room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The line's flag appears on the cover, and the book is a wonderful reference piece, filled with information highlighted with many of Mr.
		A short chapter is dedicated to each line, showing the house flag and funnel markings; and opposite the opening page of most chapters is a full page color rendering by Einer Ström.
		Shipping lines included are the Tirfing Steamship Company, the Swedish Orient Line, the Ferm Steamship Company, the Motortank Company, the Swedish East Asiatic Company, the Swedish America Mexico Line, the Swedish America Line, the Halland Steamship Company, the Gothenburg Towage and Salvage Company, and the Albatross Company.
	www.cabinclass.com /pages/readingrm.htm (1247 words)

	Hamburg-American Line
		The five vessels of the Eagle Line were purchased when that company collapsed and, about 1890, they took over the Hansa Line.
		1904 purchased from Hamburg Sud Amerika Line, 1914 interned at Tampico, 1921 ceded to Britain.
		South America service, 1914 transferred to Turkey, renamed Sueh, 1920 ceded to Italy, renamed Guglielmo Pierce, 1922 returned to HAPAG renamed Corcovado, 1927 sold to Italy, renamed Maria Christina.
	www.theshipslist.com /ships/lines/hamburg.html (5349 words)

	ms Stockholm: Service Career
		When she was launched on September 9, 1946, Swedish American officials were keen to point out the yacht-like appearance of the ship, and went so far as to proclaim her the “ship of today and tomorrow.” Never before has a promotional cliché been more prophetic.
		Her career with the Swedish American Line would be short-lived thereafter, however, as the line had invested in new and larger tonnage with the Kungsholm in 1953 and the Gripsholm in 1957.
		Her career under East German flag was a long one, and in 1986 the aging Swedish vessel was replaced and sold.
	www.bryking.com /sal/stockholm/career.html (990 words)

	Sjoberg Dies
		According to Swedish writer Folke Isaksson, Leif Sjöberg was "a student with a remarkable zeal for education." While pursuing studies in philology and literary history at Uppsala University, he accumulated numerous credits, earning a master’s in philosophy there in 1954, a Ph.D. in 1968, and an honorary doctorate in 1980.
		He had special expertise on the Swedish poet Gunnar Ekelöf (sometimes known as Sweden’s T.S. Eliot) and was one of his closest confidants; a collection of their correspondence, still unpublished, is housed in Uppsala University library.
		A glimpse of the relationship between Leif Sjöberg and Sara Lidman is evident in a profile of her telecast in the late spring of 2000, with a "cameo" appearance by Leif Sjöberg, who with biographer Birgitta Holm worked on the preparation of the program.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/swedish/news/sjoberg.html (1598 words)

	The Holland America Line Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Cuba, Mexico and Gulf line was reopened in 1919 and four new 8,800 ton, two-funnelled ships, MAASDAM, EDAM, LEERDAM and SPAARNDAM, were completed in 1921 - 22 for an augmented service with accomodation for 14 first, 174 second and 800 third-class passengers, the latter being catered for by calls at Spanish ports.
		Although the Holland-America Line possessed 22 cargo ships at the end of the war, half of them were old and a large amount of new tonnage would become essential to operate the existing and projected freight service.
		Although the Holland-America Line had had no Dutch rivals on the New York service, the Red Star Line, operating from Antwerp under the Belgian flag, had put up serious competition.
	www.unofficial.net /hal/line5.html (1254 words)

	Immigrant Ship Information
		Sold to the Greek Line on 19/4/1939, she was renamed "Nea Hellas" and refitted to carry 200-cabin, 400-tourist and 500-3rd class passengers.
		In 1899 she was used as a troopship in the Boer War, and in 1905 was sold to Hamburg America Line, renamed "Oceana", and was initally used for cruising between Naples and Alexandria.
		She was employed in the emigration trade to North America, and was known as a fast vessel: in December 1854, on the return leg of the voyage on which Don's ancestor sailed to New York, the ORPHEUS sailed from New York to Bremerhaven in the hitherto unheard of time of 18 days 6 hours.
	www.fortunecity.com /littleitaly/amalfi/13/shipno.htm (16129 words)

	Gripsholm Berlin Ocean Liner Postcards - Norddeutsche Lloyd
		Swedish American postcard of Kungsholm of 1953, stamped for the Maiden Voyage 24.11.53.
		She was the first of three striking two-funnelled liners built for Transatlantic service and cruising.
		The liner to the left of Europa is Cabo San Roque, of Ybarra Line.
	www.simplonpc.co.uk /Kungsholm_Europa.html (525 words)

	Summer Reading Recommendations
		Mattsson was the information officer for Swedish America Line and had close access to Johan-Ernst Carstens-Johannsen, the sole officer on the bridge at the time of the collision.
		The dissident voices of Henry David Thoreau, Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass hold America to account for its injustice; H.L. Mencken castigates it as a commonwealth of third-rate men; and Oscar Wilde raises a sardonic eyebrow at the whole dubious enterprise.
		It is a particularly timely book, as Japan is the midst of a historical reform process of its legal education system and is creating one patterned on that of the United States.
	www.law.columbia.edu /media_inquiries/news_events/2003/july_2003/summ_reading (1474 words)

	Immigrant Ship Information
		She served in the Black Ball Line of packets between New York and Liverpool from 1851 until the dissolution of the line in 1878, after which she continued as a "transient trader" (the sailing equivalent to the modern "tramp steamer") until 1880.
		Purchased on the stocks by Hamburg America Line in March 1889, she was launched on 2/4/1889 and commenced her maiden voyage from Hamburg to New York on 6/6/1889.
		Launched on 3/8/1929 for Nederland Line, she was chartered to Holland America Line in 1939 and carried out one round voyage from Amsterdam (dep 30/8/1939) to New York, carrying 634-1st class passengers.
	www.fortunecity.com /littleitaly/amalfi/13/shipik.htm (18367 words)

	Cruise Ship Profiles Cruise Lines - EuroCruises/Fred Olsen
		Yet, human nature being what it is, each of the three white sisters developed her own personality....the result of great crew stability....people worked the same ship for several years at a time, and repeat passengers would come to have friends on any one or two, if not all three sisters.
		Add to this mix Norwegian America Line, a company so conservative and tradition bound that an ordinary crew member risked termination of employment should he or she address either a passenger or officer without having been addressed first....NAL's famous "fjord" ships had been crossing the Atlantic since 1913, and cruising since the '20s.
		She was renamed WESTWARD, and with her cabins able to accommodate a total of 829 passengers in her 401 cabins, she began a series of cruises from New York to Bermuda in the summer and Los Angeles to Mexico in the winter.
	www.cruiseserver.net /VacationWired/ships/fo_watch.asp (2814 words)

	The Journey from Finland to America
		In 1911 the Swedish America Line opened a direct route from Gothenburg to New York This was a popular way for the Finns particularly in the 1920's.
		Parts of the Swedish passenger lists are on computer and released on a CD called Emigranten.
		Gothenburg was the biggest harbor for emigration in Sweden until 1951, when the traffic of The Swedish American Line was canceled.
	www.genealogia.fi /emi/emi32e.htm (1033 words)

	Holland America Line - Cruisemates Reader's Cruise Reviews
		Many passengers on the first few voyages of Holland-American Line's Prinsendam believed (some had read) that it was a new ship.
		One table-mate enjoying a suite (not the ones with the flood) often mentioned how relaxed the Odyssey was at breakfast or lunch, rubbing in the contrast with the long lines and scarce seating in the Lido.
		Some lines offer tours highlighting this epic struggle, but none was available from Holland-American, unfortunately.
	www.cruisemates.com /articles/memreviews/hal/prinsendam1.cfm (3707 words)

	VICTORIA, KUNGSHOLM, SEA PRINCESS, page one
		The fourth SAL ship to carry the name, KUNGSHOLM was named for the Kungsholmen (Kings Isle) sector of Stockholm where the City Hall is located.
		The fully air conditioned, stabilized KUNGSHOLM was the first SAL liner with a bulbous forefoot, sported twin five-bladed bronze and nickel screws (the first to utilize this alloy), and push-button controls of all essential safety and navigation equipment, including watertight doors.
		The artwork on board emphasized Swedish heritage and was commissioned by the nation's leading artists.
	www.maritimematters.com /victoria1.html (651 words)

	Ask the Expert
		The ACC, Accredited Cruise Counsellor designation is conferred by Cruise Lines International Association, CLIA upon dedicated travel professionals, who have completed an extensive program of classroom training, cruise experience, ship inspections, and a combination of video training and attendance at industry events.
		Holland America Academy is a program of advanced industry education designed to support professional travel agents in their quest for continuing education about travel sales, the cruise industry, and Holland America and Windstar products specifically.
		This is because of the island’s proximity to South America and its Dutch heritage.
	www.winwinvacations.com /About/About.htm (4345 words)

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