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Topic: Swedish Estonia

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	Swedish language
		Swedish (svenska) is a language spoken principally in Sweden, Finland (finlandsvenska), Åland and in the coastland of Estonia (estlandssvenska).
		Swedish is the national language of Sweden, mother tongue for the Sweden-born inhabitants (7,881,000) and acquired by nearly all immigrants (1,028,000) (figures according to official statistics for 2001).
		Swedish is the language of the Åland Islands, an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Swedish_language (2032 words)

	Swedish language - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Swedish (svenska {{AudioSv-svenska.ogglisten}}) is a language spoken principally in Sweden, Finland (Finland-Swedish, Swedish: finlandssvenska), Åland and in the coastland of Estonia (estlandssvenska).
		Swedish is classified as a member of the East section of the Scandinavian languages, a sub-group of the Germanic group of the Indo-European language family.
		Swedish is notable for having a large vowel inventory, with 17 different monophthongs, and for the unusual consonant sound "sj", the voiceless_dorso-palatal/velar fricative (pronounced somewhere between "sh" and "hw").
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /swedish_(language).htm (2326 words)

	Arts & Humanities \| Estonian History in Brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Estonia was divided between the Livonian Order (until 1237 the Order of the Knights of the Sword), Denmark (who sold its territory to the Livonian Order in 1346) and the bishops of Tartu and Saare-Lääne.
		In the interest of the Swedish rulers, the power of the aristocracy was somewhat curbed, the administration of justice was nationalized,and the taxation of the peasants was regulated.
		Estonia was one of the most industrialized areas in the Russian Empire, but the industries operated in the interests of Russia -- with Russian raw materials and work-force, and the main markets being in Russia.
	www.ibs.ee /ibs/history/brief/brief1.html (1998 words)

	Swedish language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Swedish is classified as a member of the Eastern branch of the North Germanic languageScandinavian languages, a sub-group of the Germanic languagesGermanic group of the Indo-European languagesIndo-European language family/.
		Swedish is the official language of the small autonomous territory of the ÅlandÅland Islands, under sovereignty of Finland, protected by international treaties and Finnish laws.
		Swedish is notable for having a large vowel inventory, with 17 different monophthongs, and for a considerable variance in the pronounciation of the /r/ phoneme and some fricative consonants.
	www.infothis.com /find/Swedish_language (2309 words)

	Saaremaa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Saaremaa (Swedish and German Ösel) is the largest island (2673 km²) belonging to Estonia.
		In 1721, along with the rest of Swedish Estonia, Saaremaa (then known by its Swedish name of Ösel) was ceded to Imperial Russia by the Treaty of Nystad, becoming a part of the Russian governorate-general of Estonia, to which it has since remained attached.
		Estonia became independent after the October Revolution and the collapse of Imperial Russia, but was annexed by the USSR in June 1940.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Saaremaa (580 words)

	Swedish alphabet and pronunciation
		Swedish is a North Germanic language with around 9 million speakers in Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Norway, Canada and the USA.
		One of the earliest uses of Swedish as a literary language was "Gustav Vasa's Bible", translated and published in 1540-1 under the patronage of King Gustav Vasa.
		The letter Q is not used in modern Swedish: it was eliminated in the 1906 spelling reform.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/swedish.htm (398 words)

	Swedish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Swedish is the official language of Sweden; it is also spoken by about 300 000 people living on the southwestern and southern coasts of Finland, most of the islands of the Baltic Sea, including some off the coast of Estonia.
		Swedish is spoken as a second language by cultivated Finns.
		Swedish is the most widely spoken of the Scandinavian languages, a branch of the Germanic subgroup of the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.flw.com /languages/swedish.htm (131 words)

	Bildt Comments: Bildt Comments
		The unexplained sinking of the ferry and disappearance from hospitals of as many as 12 of its Estonian crewmembers, while in Swedish custody and care, would suggest that the "new phase" you mentioned in your letter, where "former battles and injustices have been left behind," was far from reality.
		Swedish television (SVT 1) has revealed that while you were prime minister, Owe Wiktorin, then supreme commander of Sweden's military forces, had arranged with Ulf Larsson, general director of customs, to allow the civilian ferry Estonia to be used to transport covert shipments of Soviet (Russian) military technology.
		Swedish Navy helicopter Y-64 was clearly in the air much earlier and longer than the final report says.
	bildt.blogspot.com /2005/02/bildt-comments.html (1138 words)

	Välisministeerium : Estonia, Sweden, and the Post-Post-Cold War Era
		Swedish firms, in a broad range of sectors of the economy, are world famous for their expertise in research and development.
		As Estonia restores and surpasses the statehood enjoyed in the era 1918-1940, a new Estonian is being born: knowledgeable, proud and self-confident, European in outlook, and hungry for achievement in a pioneer kind of way typically associated more with America than the continent.
		In Estonia in 1997 we have the sweet privilege, which was stripped from us for so long and which in the history of our planet such a small number have enjoyed, of living in an open society with constitutionally guaranteed freedoms, strong civilian control of the military, and a vibrant non-governmental third sector.
	www.vm.ee /eng/kat_140/1331.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_1997 (3782 words)

	GeoNative - Eesti - Estonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Swedish used to be spoken before World War II by some 8000 people on the north-west coast of Estonia (the islands of Vormsi, Osmussaar, Pakri, Naissaar and Ruhnu, Noarootsi Peninsula).
		), and this occupation is not recognised by Estonia.
		Errusiaren aldean geratu den eskualdeari Petserimaa deritzo estonieraz, eta han Seto taldeko estoniar kristau ortodoxoak bizi dira, milaka gutxi batzuk bederen.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/eesti.html (888 words)

	Välisministeerium : Estonia and Sweden
		Estonia's exports to Sweden have grown from 146 million EUR in 1995 to 722 million EUR in 2004 (in 2003 607 million EUR), and imports from Sweden have grown from 157 million EUR in 1995 to 654 million EUR in 2004 (in 2003 498 million EUR).
		According to the statistics from the Bank of Estonia as of 31 December 2004, Sweden is Estonia’s largest foreign investor with a total of 6.1 billion EUR (45.6% of the total volume of all investments).
		During Swedish rule, the first university in Estonia was opened in 1632 in Tartu (the third in the Kingdom of Sweden), along with secondary schools founded in Tallinn and Tartu.
	www.vm.ee /eng/kat_176/1199.html (2060 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Swedes
		Immigrants and their offspring may by some persons be denoted as Swedes, particularly if their Swedish is flawlessly without foreign accent or if they are prominent industrialists or sportsmen and they appear assimilated in the Swedish culture.
		Estonia was under Swedish rule 1558–1721, after which the territory was ceded to Russia after the treaty of Nystad.
		New-Swedes, or Nysvenskar in Swedish, is a term used in Swedish society and currently fashionable in public debate, to denote 20th century immigrants and their offspring, particularly those of southern-European and non-European descent.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Swedes (893 words)

	Estonia - Foreign Relations
		Western recognition of Estonia's legal independence was a key source of strength for the republic in its struggle with the Soviet Union.
		Estonia considered admission the equivalent of a clean bill of health for its young democracy, which Russia had sought to tarnish with accusations of human rights violations.
		Estonia's relations with the United States were strong, although the George H.W. Bush administration's initial delay in establishing diplomatic ties with the republic disappointed many in Tallinn.
	countrystudies.us /estonia/21.htm (757 words)

	Articles - Swedish people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Swedish people or Swedes are an ethnic group which comprises the native speakers of the Germanic Swedish language and, arguably, those of their descendants who have retained some other elements of strong ethnic Swedish (self-) identity besides the language.
		The largest area inhabited by the Swedish people currently, as well as the earliest known original area inhabited by their linguistic ancestors, is on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsula and islands adjacent to it, situated west of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe.
		Estonia was under Swedish rule 1558â“1710, after which the territory was ceded to Russia in the 1721 Treaty of Nystad.
	lastring.com /articles/Swedes?mySession=1ac4d065f7c13672971628f2be3d... (1089 words)

	Estland och Sverige : Brief overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Estonia's exports to Sweden have grown from 146 million EUR in 1995 to 607 million EUR in 2003 (2000 exports reached 722 million EUR) and imports from Sweden have grown from 157 million EUR in 1995 to 498 million EUR in 2003.
		During Swedish rule the first university in its kingdom was opened in 1632 in Estonia (the second in Sweden), with upper secondary schools founded in Tallinn and Tartu.
		In the framework of a Swedish governmental project, Kadriorg Palace, the Swedish St Michael's Church and a wooden house in the Kalamaja district were renovated.
	www.estemb.se /lang_18/rub_792/rub2_886 (1785 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Estonia, 1561-1660
		The western part of Estonia - the islands of Ösel, Dagö and the mainland Wiek region - were made a Duchy for Magnus, the brother of the King of Denmark.
		Estonia became the staging point for further Swedish conquests : 1583 Ingria (lost again in 1585, regained in 1617) and Livonia (including what is southern Estonia today, gained in 1621).
		Swedish Estonia's population in 1582 was estimated at 250,000.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/estonia15611660.html (297 words)

	Swedish language on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In 1786 the Swedish Academy was established to oversee the development of the language.
		Swedish absorbed a number of words from Low German in the Middle Ages, from High German in the 16th and 17th cent., from French in the 18th cent., and from English in the 20th cent.
		Until the early 13th cent., runes were used for recording Swedish, but thereafter (as Christianity took hold in Scandinavia) they began to be replaced by the Roman alphabet, to which three symbols, å, ä, and ö, have been added.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s/swedlang.asp (563 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:SWD
		Southern Swedish is in Skaåne, Blekinge, southern Småland, southern Halland.
		Northern Swedish is from northern Hälsingland and Jämtland and northwards.
		Eastern Swedish is in Finland, Estonia, and Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine.
	www.ethnologue.org /show_language.asp?code=SWD (308 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia Official Site
		Sweden has also been one of Estonia's greatest supporters in its integration process into the European Union, and during its presidency in the first half of 2001 three important chapters with Estonia were closed: free movement of services, financial control and the environment.
		During Swedish rule the first university in its kingdom was opened in 1632 in Estonia (the second in Sweden), with gymnasiums founded in Tallinn and Tartu.
		In the framework of a Swedish governmental project, Kadrioru Palace, the Swedish St Michael's Church and a wooden house in the Kalamaja district were renovated.
	www.armeniaforeignministry.com /fr/bilat/bilat_sweden.html (1977 words)

	Estonia Litigation Association - Estonia Protsessi Ühing
		The unexplained sinking of the ferry and mysterious disappearance of some of its Estonian crewmembers, while in Swedish care, show that the "new phase" you mentioned in your letter, where "former battles and injustices have been left behind," was far from reality.
		Swedish television (SVT 1) has revealed that while you were prime minister, Owe Wiktorin, supreme commander of Sweden's military forces, had arranged with Ulf Larsson, general director of customs, to allow the civilian ferry Estonia to be used to transport covert shipments of Soviet (or Russian) military technology.
		Swedish Navy helicopter Y-64 was in the air much earlier and longer than the final report says.
	www.elaestonia.org /eng/index.php?module=lingid&link=134 (818 words)

	Hindersby: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Swedish church has problems in Finland and in 1209 there is no bishop in Finland because it is too dangerous.
		In 1219 Valdemar Sejr goes on a crusade to Estonia and his son Knut is made king in Estonia in 1220.
		In 1284 the son Bengt of the Swedish king Magnus Ladulås is made Duke of Finland (proper) and Tavastia.
	www.tcs.hut.fi /~nhu/Hindersbynet/English.history.html (661 words)

	Estonia (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Swedish Estonia - from 1561 a dominion of Sweden, constituted by the northern part of present-day Estonia
		Russian Estonia - from 1719 to 1918 a territory of the Russian Empire, constituted by the former Swedish dominion
		Estonia (song) - a song by the British rock band Marillion, inspired by the only British survivor of the M/S Estonia disaster
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estonia_(disambiguation) (153 words)

	Swedes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Immigrants and their offspring may by some persons be denoted as Swedes, particularly if their Swedish is flawlessly without foreign accent or if they are prominent industrialists or sportsmen and they appear Assimilation (sociology)assimilated/ in the Swedish culture.
		Estonia was under Swedish rule 1558–1721, after which the territory was ceded to Russia after the Peace of Nystadtreaty of Nystad.
		With the slogan, ''Don't touch our Svennis,'' Eriksson's Swedish nickname, a story in the newspaper Expressen reported Eriksson was worthy of a medal from the queen and called on Swedes to protest his ''unfair'' treatment by the English media.
	www.infothis.com /find/Swedes (1191 words)

	Estonica : History : Swedish, Danish, Russian and Polish–Lithuanian wars for Estonia
		Estonian territory was now controlled by three monarchies: South Estonia (and Latvia) under the Polish—Lithuanian union, the Swedes in control of North and West Estonia, and Denmark ruling over the island of Ösel.
		The Truce of Altmark in 1629 consolidated Swedish predominance in mainland Estonia.
		After the war between Denmark and Sweden in 1643—1645 Denmark ceded Ösel, whereupon the whole territory of present-day Estonia was in Swedish hands.
	www.estonica.org /eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=95&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=2 (886 words)

	Utrikesanalyser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In Estonia's troublesome history, only one period is characterised as good in the public memory — the 'Good Old Swedish Times' of the 17th century.
		The Old Swedish recipe was strikingly simple: reasonable taxes, flourishing trade across the Baltic Sea and due attention to the public education and innovation.
		Estonia is clearly interested in joining an effectively functioning and steadily developing EU.
	www.ui.se /tal1.htm (1970 words)

	Art - The Baltic Times- NEWS FROM ESTONIA,LATVIA AND LITHUANIA
		In Estonia, the Swedish presence is simply colossal: 45 percent of the total foreign capital invested in the country is Swedish, and Sweden is Estonia’s second-largest trade partner, with turnover reaching almost 1.4 billion euros.
		“Swedish companies are not usually the first into an area, but when they go in they make very large-scale investments to signal their long-term intentions.” Figures in Lithuania highlight this reality: the average investment made by Swedish companies is almost 14 million litas (4 million euros).
		Even in Estonia, with a far greater number of Swedish businesses, the average investment is almost 64 million Estonian crowns (4 million euro).
	www.baltictimes.com /art.php?art_id=12825 (948 words)

	Arts & Humanities \| Dates from the History of Estonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The establishment of feudalism and serfdom in Estonia.
		According to the census: 1.203.000 inhabitants in Estonia.
		February: during the talks between Estonia and European Union it is agreed that Estonia will become the Associate Member of EU without a transition period.
	www.ibs.ee /ibs/history/dates.html (578 words)

	ipedia.com: Estonia (disambiguation) Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Estonia is the name of: Estonia - a country in Northern Europe Swedish Estonia - from 1561 a dominion of Sweden, consituted by the northern part of present-day Estonia Russian Estonia - from 1719 to 1...
		Swedish Estonia - from 1561 a dominion of Sweden, consituted by the northern part of present-day Estonia
		Russian Estonia - from 1719 to 1918 a province of Russia, constituted by the former Swedish dominion
	www.ipedia.com /estonia__disambiguation_.html (164 words)

	CNN.com - Music fans braced for Eurovision - May 25, 2002
		The hosts of this year's show, Estonia, are seen as coming in fourth, followed by France, Spain, Malta, Belgium, Denmark and Latvia.
		Estonia won the contest last year by a sizeable margin with the song Everybody, performed by Tanel Padar and Daven Benton.
		Estonia is "standing at Europe's border and wishing hard to be part of it," according to material produced by Estonian Television.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/05/25/eurovision (356 words)

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