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Topic: Swedish Field Marshals

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	Field Marshal
		A Field Marshal (Marshall) (Ger: Feldmarschall, Sw: Fältmarskalk) is, in some nations, the highest military rank, one step above a full General; and of a comparable rank to the highest ranking General(s) in an army that does not use such the term.
		The field marshal's special symbol was a baton, famously mentioned by Napoleon: "Every French soldier carries a marshal's baton in his knapsack".
		Although traditionally the British monarch is a field marshal, Queen Elizabeth is only a Lord High Admiral, and Prince Charles has indicated an unwillingness to be the only five-star officer of the military.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fi/Field_marshal.html (379 words)

	Wikinfo \| Field Marshal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		A Field Marshal (Marshall) (German: Feldmarschall, Polish marszałek, Swedish: Fältmarskalk) is, in some nations, the highest military rank, one step above a full General; and of a comparable rank to the highest ranking General(s) in an army that does not use the term.
		Great Britain was a relative latecomer; the Duke of Argyll became her first field marshal in 1736 (however, for an alternate meaning of the word in England, see note 1).
		In the Soviet Union, the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was actually the second-highest rank; Josef Stalin, who had appointed himself an "MSU", subsequently promoted himself to the rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, a rank he and only he was ever appointed to hold.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Field_Marshal (556 words)

	Weapons and Tactics
		Before the age of the firearm, war was considered a trial of courage and moral values, guns blasted the feudal knights and their strongholds raising the common foot soldiers in importance to the level of the mounted gentlemen-at-arms.
		One general officer under the chief of staff, called ‘marshal de bataille’ planned the battle formations and supervised the deployment for battle; the ‘marshal de bataille’ was assisted by a ‘sergeants de bataille’ who were of the same rank as the regimental commanders.
		In the camp, a ‘camp marshal’ of the day, was detailed by roster, who supervised all guards, a ‘lieutenant general of the day’ received the orders of the day from the army commander and through the camp marshal passed them to majors who informed their colonels and brigadiers and sergeants informed captains.
	www.defencejournal.com /2001/mar/weapons.htm (8607 words)

	Bx8091a
		Greifswald was retaken and a small Swedish force raided as far as Rostock in the west, capturing the French commandant, and in the east as far as Ückermünde and Wollin.
		The threat to the Swedish capital of Stockholm could now not be underestimated, but at this critical point the Russian commanders, who never had been very fond of the idea of an invasion of the Swedish mainland in the first place, decided to withdraw.
		Swedish losses for both these battles were less than 30 killed and wounded, while the Prussians lost as many as 7.000 in the battle of Dennewitz alone.
	www.hat.com /Curr2/Bx8091a.html (8857 words)

	Field Marshal > Military Rank > Artillery Heritage > New Zealand Artillery : Southern Gunners : Live Firing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In the 1600's Marshal's of the Field began to manage encampments and one would be appointed for each battlefield to communicate the Commanders orders.
		The term Field Marshal gained currency by the time of the English Civil War and appointments were more common.
		In 1643 Ralph Hopton was commissioned as "Field Marshal of the Western Army", and as he had been a Lieutenant-General this suggests the rank had slipped upwards several grades.
	livefiring.ashst.com /artillery_heritage/military_rank/fieldmarshal.htm (606 words)

	Main Document - Swedish-Russian War
		He was later made one of the first marshals of the empire in 1804 as emperor Napoleon appointed these.
		He defeated the Russians in the battle of Mohrungen in 1807 and in 1808 he was made governor of the Hanseatic cities, commanding the armies in Denmark in 1807-08, planning an invasion of Sweden.
		He defeated marshal Oudinot at Grossbeeren, marshal Ney at Dennewitz and took part in the battle of the nations (Volkerschlacht) at Leipzig, where the French emperor was finally defeated in Germany.
	www.multi.fi /~goranfri/finwar05.html (1595 words)

	MANNERHEIM - Commander-in-Chief - Title of Marshal of Finland
		On 19 May, 1933, Mannerheim was awarded the title of Field Marshal in connection with the 15th anniversary of the end of the War of Independence.
		The Finnish field marshals of the Swedish army, e.g.
		The title of field marshal became familiar to the Finns from J.L. Runeberg’s poetical work Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat The shorter and more informal form "marski" was used of Mannerheim among the folk.
	www.mannerheim.fi /10_ylip/e_arvoni.htm (404 words)

	The Union's Last War: The Russian-Swedish war of 1808-09
		While Swedish generals like Adlercreutz, Georg Karl von Döbeln, and Johan August Sandels were more than a fair match to their Russian commanders, the high command of the Swedish Army was often stiff, conservative and buried in its own bureaucracy.
		The honour of being a soldier was not felt in the Russian Army, as it was in the Swedish.
		The battle was fought on the fields and in the woods just south of the village of Oravais and the Swedish line of defence stretched along the slight heightening in the landscape that ran alongside the rather insignificant river of Fjällån.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/battles/c_finnish.html (9073 words)

	tessia glass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The title field marshal is only used by land forces (except in the Third Reich, which also used it in the Luftwaffe).
		The Rank Insiginia of a Field Marshal in the British Army is shown in the illustration above.
		The office of Marshal was known in England from the twelfth century but in the introduction of the modern military title, Great Britain was a relative latecomer.
	tessiaqtn0.blogspot.com /2006/04/field-marshalnote-this-article-is.html (1089 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Swedish Armed Forces
		The Swedish Armed Forces (Försvarsmakten), is a Government agency responsible for the peacetime operation of the armed forces of Sweden.
		Currently, one of the most important tasks for the Swedish Armed Forces is to form a Swedish-led EU Battle Group to which Norway, Finland and Estonia will also contribute.
		Swedish military ranks, essentially corresponds phonetically to those used by the armed forces of the English speaking world.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces (1051 words)

	Jang Leads Women's British Open (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		She is four ahead of Swedish amateur Louise Stahle, who posted a 65, and five in front of Cristie Kerr, who carded a 66.
		Battered by the wind and driving rain at Royal Birkdale on Thursday, Wie rebounded with a 5-under 67 for an eight-stroke improvement in dry, calmer conditions, collecting birdies at the three par 5s in the last four holes to finish at 2-under 142.
		The weather improved considerably after the field of 150 was battered by strong winds and driving rain on Thursday.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/07/29/sports/s101607D57.DTL&type=printable (406 words)

	High HPV concentrations combined with smoking significantly raise risks of cervical cancer
		The researchers looked at "Pap" smear examination data from 105,760 Swedish women and identified 499 women with cervical cancer in situ, along with 499 cancer-free women as controls.
		Their work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Swedish Cancer Society and the Danish National Research Foundation.
		AACR marshals the full spectrum of expertise from the cancer community to accelerate progress in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer through high-quality scientific and educational programs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/aafc-hhc111406.php (953 words)

	Allied Order-of-Battle at Leipzig: 16-18 October 1813
		The Battle of Leipzig (also known as “the Battle of the Nations”) was the climax of the German “War of Liberation.” During 1813, Allied generals had defeated some of Napoleon’s Marshals (Ney at Dennewitz; Oudinot at Gross-Beeren) but had failed against Napoleon himself at Lutzen and Bautzen.
		The Allied Army-Group was composed of four army-level commands: the Russian-Austrian Army of Bohemia (Swarzenburg), the Russian-Prussian Army of Silesia (GK, later GFM, Gerhard-Leberecht von Blucher), the Russian Army of Poland (GC Leonty Leontievich, Baron Bennigsen) and the Russian-Prussian-Swedish Army of the North (Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte, Crown Prince of Sweden — a former French Marshal).
		The Allied unit total -- 454 battalions and 490 squadrons, excluding Swedish troops -- is broken down into 229 battalions and 234 squadrons (Russian) 115 battalions and 127 squadrons (Austrian) 110 battalions and 129 squadrons (Prussian).
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/battles/leipzig/c_leipzigoob.html (545 words)

	Stockholm Sweden: History: The 18th and 19th centuries
		Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's field marshals, was chosen to succeed king Karl XIII.
		This caused a Swedish military intervention, and the Norwegians were forced to submit.
		There are several books available that describes Swedish history in a parliamentary perspective; The history of Scandinavia by Derry or Scandinavia Since 1500 by Byron J Nordstrom.
	www.visit-stockholm.com /about-stockholm/18th19th.htm (785 words)

	Golf: Jang pulls away from the field - Sports - International Herald Tribune
		SOUTHPORT, England Jeong Jang of South Korea moved four strokes ahead of the field in the second round of the Women's British Open on Friday.
		She is four ahead of a Swedish amateur, Louise Stahle, who posted a 65 on Friday, and five in front of Cristie Kerr of the United States, who carded a 66.
		Karen Stupples, the defending champion, added a 71 to her opening 74 to stand at one over, while Laura Davies, the 1986 champion, was another Briton certain to make the cut after a 70 for two over 146.
	www.iht.com /articles/2005/07/29/sports/golf.php (904 words)

	Pilots' Union Accepts Use of Sky Marshals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The British government has said it would put sky marshals on flights "where appropriate" and that it was boosting security on the ground and in the air for trans-Atlantic flights in response to the heightened security alert in America.
		Several countries have rejected calls for the armed guards by the United States, which fears that a commercial aircraft could again be used as a missile in a terrorist attack, as was the case on Sept. 11, 2001.
		The effects of firearm discharge in a pressurized commercial aircraft is dependent on the size of hole caused by the bullet.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1052426/posts (2598 words)

	Object Photos
		The fortune telling sticks were in the Chinese "Joss House" [temple] at the Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition (WCE) of 1893. They were sold to the Field Museum in 1894 by the Chicago-based merchant Hong Sling, manager for the Wah Mee Exposition Co, the group who built the Chinese theater/temple.
		The junk was one of four from the Hall of Transpor-tation that came to the Field Museum in 1893
		For the Exposition, the Field Museum commissioned a series of bronze portrait statues, "The Races of Mankind," by noted sculptor Malvina Hoffman. Several of her statues were of Chinese individuals, including this wonderful rickshaw puller.
	www.ccamuseum.org /Object_Photos.html (739 words)

	Broad Economic Views on Nobel Short List
		That broad view of the field is unlikely to change this year, said Hubert Fromlet, the chief economist with Swedbank in Stockholm.
		Fromlet said this year's award has seen some 150 to 200 names and topics bandied about as likely winners, including Gene Grossman of Princeton University and Elhanan Helpman of Harvard for their work on how trade is affected by general purpose technologies, or GPTs.
		That's to be expected, with even the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences saying that because of the money spent on economic research in the United States, it's more likely that leads to stronger research and ideas.
	wtopnews.com /?nid=111&sid=936306 (1222 words)

	Fiesler FI-156 Storch - The Collings Foundation
		In service, the Storch was used in a wide variety of roles – serving as a reconnaissance platform, a liaison aircraft, for artillery spotting, and as an air ambulance.
		German commanders such as Field Marshals Erwin Rommel and Albert Kesselring used the Storches constantly for their personal transports during their campaigns.
		When the war was drawing to an end, a FI-156 was the last aircraft to land in Berlin as part of an attempt to evacuate Hitler—an offer he refused.
	www.collingsfoundation.org /ma_fi-156storch_hist.htm (584 words)

	Ethiopia: The Armed Forces ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_05_02"
		In 1947 he named a Swedish general as air force commander and contracted for a Swedish training team, equipped with eighteen Saab trainers and two squadrons of Saab-17 light bombers, to develop the air force.
		In 1934 a Swedish delegation of five officers was invited to Ethiopia to open the Haile Selassie I Military Training Center at Holeta (also known as Genet Military School).
		Although this training helped Ethiopia field an army to resist the Italian invasion, the development of a modern army started only after liberation from Italian occupation in 1941, with British advisers primarily responsible for the training.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/etsave/et_05_02.html (5624 words)

	CONSTITUTION
		33 The King shall have power to confer Swedish nationality on foreign men and women by means of naturalization, in the manner and upon the conditions determined by a special law enacted in accordance with Article 87, paragraph (1).
		A foreigner thus naturalized shall enjoy the same rights and privileges as a native-born Swedish citizen, except that he may not be appointed to membership of the council of state.
		The manner in which separate communities shall tax themselves for their own needs shall be determined by local laws to be enacted by the King and the Riksdag jointly.
	faculty.weber.edu /lsather/constitution.htm (7411 words)

	Green Flame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Fire code enforcement and environmental officials from the United States with Swedish environmental and safety authorities are proposing a program to encourage manufacturers to develop, use and sell products capable of meeting high standards of fire safety with minimum negative impact on the environmental and human health.
		Presently (2005-01-28) the members of the Advisory Board are: The Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRV), with scientific guidance from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and The Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate; and the National Association of State Fire Marshals and United States Environmental Protection Agency.
		SP Swedish Testing and Research Institute acts as the Secretariat and Peter Sparber as the consortium liason.
	www.sp.se /fire/eng/Research/Green_flame.htm (852 words)

	Barclay de Tolly
		Barclay demanded that Swedish Commander-in-Chief Count Cronstet himself would come to his Headquarters and ask him to stop the military actions.
		In according with terms of peace concluded with Count Cronstet, Umeo town and a region of Sweden that formed near 1/3 of the whole Swedish Kingdom were ceded to Russia.
		Also those days he got the highets war award from his former enemy that was now his ally, the Swedish Order of the Sword of the 1-st Class.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/Russia/Commanders/Tolly.html (3284 words)

	The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 14
		Christian churches are built on the ignorance of man and are at pains to sustain the ignorance of as large a part of the population as possible, for only in this way can the Christian churches maintain their power.
		Field Marshal, having no knowledge about plans, is furious." How is it possible, Admiral, that Reich Marshal Goering had not been consulted at a time when the directive was already issued?
		Field Marshal Keitel and Colonel General Jodl know that very well, particularly well, because they were the ones who in such cases always had to leave the room.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/05-17-46.htm (16041 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Swedish Army (Swedish: ArmÃ©n) is the army branch of the Swedish Armed Forces, the military of Sweden.
		The peace time organization of the Swedish Army is divided into a number of regiments for the different corps.
		The Army uses a wide range of vehicles, mainly made by Swedish contractors.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Swedish_Army (337 words)

	Hermann Göring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1938, he became the first Luftwaffe Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) and by a decree on 19 June 1940, Hitler appointed Göring his formal successor and promoted him to the rank of Reichsmarschall, the highest military rank of the Greater German Reich.
		Set in each of the four sections of the field was a gold-yellow Luftwaffe eagle and swastika.
		The basic field was light blue on both sides, which indicated that he was also the Commander-In-Chief of the German Air Force.
	duggmirror.com /world_news/An_Extremely_Important_quote_from_the_man_behind_Nazi_Germany_s_9_11 (5094 words)

	May2000news
		Thay admit themselves that there are facts that they could not find, but assert that they have tried wherever material and time was available to check their facts and indeed they even contradict Nafgizer on the origin of some new rgts and their colour facings in footnotes.
		Marshal Victor had determined on a hasty night attack after hearing a rumour that the British planned to torch the town of Talavera, including its extensive cream bun facility.
		Marshal Victor must have been completely unaware of the guerilla situation in Spain as the route that he suggested to the regiment was, at that time, a hotbed of insurrection and banditry.
	www.wargame.ch /wc/nwc/newsletter/May2000/May2000news.html (16538 words)

	Field Marshal Ferdinand Wintzingerode : Napoleonic Wars : Generals :
		Recalled to face the French invasion in 1812, Winzergerode was again captured but was rescued while on his way to Paris.
		In 1813, he led a Russian corps with the Swedish army and fought at Leipzig.
		Advancing into France he was beaten by Napoleon Bonaparte - the French emperor's second-last victory - at St Dizier.
	www.napoleonguide.com /soldiers_wintzin.htm (143 words)

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