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Topic: Swedish Karelia

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Finnish Karelia

Tsurunen Marutei

	Republic of Karelia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Republic of Karelia (Russian: Респу́блика Каре́лия; Karelian: Karjalan Tazavalla) is an autonomous republic in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia.
		Historically Karelia was a region to the northwest of Russia, east of present-day Finland.
		Karelia is populated chiefly by Russians and (ethnically Finnic) Karelians.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/r/re/republic_of_karelia.html (491 words)

	Karelia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karelia is the land of the Karelian people, that inhabitated vast areas in Northern Europe, of historical significance for Finland, Russia and Sweden.
		Karelia streches from the White Sea coast to the Gulf of Finland.
		Tver Karelia denotes the villages in the Tver Oblast that are inhabited by Karelians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karelia (807 words)

	Republic of Karelia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karelia is populated chiefly by Russians (73.6% of the population) and (ethnically Finnic) Karelians (10.0%).
		Historically Karelia was a region to the northwest of Russia, east of present-day Finland, controlled by the Novgorod Republic.
		Karelia is sometimes called "the songlands" in the Finnish culture, as Karelian poems constitute most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Republic_of_Karelia (804 words)

	Finnish Karelia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Finnish Karelia, historically also Swedish Karelia or Carelia, is a historical province in eastern Finland.
		The most of Finnish Karelia was ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union in 1940, after the Winter War, and today parted between the Russian autonomous Republic of Karelia and the Russian Leningrad Oblast.
		Western Karelia, as an historical Province of Sweden, was religiously and politically distinct from the eastern parts that were under the Russian Orthodox Church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finnish_Karelia (747 words)

	KARELIA FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karelia was bitterly fought over by Sweden and Novgorod_Republic in the 13th_century.
		Karelia streches from the White_Sea coast to the Gulf_of_Finland.
		The border between Karelia and Ingria, the land of the closely related Ingrian people, is traditionally held to follow the rivlet ''Sestra/Rajajoki'' (Russian: Ð¡ÐµÑÑÑÐ°/Ð Ð°ÑÐ¹Ð¾ÐºÐ¸), today in the Saint_Petersburg metropolitan area, but 1812–1940 the Russo-Finnish border.
	www.flowergods.com /en:Karelia (706 words)

	Karelia (Finland)
		Due to its geographical position Karelia happened to become in the Middle Ages the main battle field between the expanding interests of Sweden and Russia (earlier Novgorod), which is why the (Swedish part of the) province got this very martial coat of arms.
		Despite its Finnish speaking population Karelia was divided between the two powers for the first time in 1323 and after this several times with varying borders (last time 1944 in favour of Russia), the entire area not ever having belonged to just one state.
		The Finnish coat of arms shows the Folkunga Lion from the Royal Swedish coat of arms, crowned, tramping on the Russian sabre and fighting with the straight western sword in its harneshed right arm — the swords and the arm, perhaps even the crown, were clearly taken from the Karelian coat of arms.
	flagspot.net /flags/fi-k.html (703 words)

	The Republic of Karelia - Regional Profile from the Russian American Chamber of Commerce®
		Karelia, as a culturally original region of Northern Europe, appeared as a result of the interaction of the Baltic-Finnish and the Eastern Slavic cultures in the North.
		The dialogue and the synthesis of traditions is the basis of the cultural originality of the region and characterizes all the stages of its history.
		Karelia is often called "stone-lake-forest" land, emphasizing the main parts of the landscape, the unique combination created by the fantastically-shaped lakes separated by stony grounds covered with green taiga.
	www.russianamericanchamber.org /regions/Karelia.html (2494 words)

	Continuation War biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Public opinion in Finland longed for the re-acquisition of the homes of the 12% of Finland's population who had been forced to leave Finnish Karelia in haste, and put their hope to the peace conference that was generally assumed to come to follow the World War.
		The Swedish government retreated from the issue but discussions for a more acceptable treaty continued until December when, on December 6, the Soviet Union and, on December 19, Germany announced their strong opposition to any kind of union between Sweden and Finland.
		Swedish ambassador Karl-Ivan Westman wrote that Soviet minded "Sextuples", the far-left Social Democrats, were the reason why parliament couldn't be trusted in foreign policy questions.
	continuation-war.biography.ms (8862 words)

	Finnish Karelia Online Research :: Information about Finnish Karelia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Parts of the historical province of Karelia are divided between the Provinces of Finland, of Eastern Finland and Southern Finland.
		Western Karelia, as an historical Provinces of Sweden, was religiously and politically distinct from the eastern parts that were under the Russian Orthodox Church.
		The traditional culture of "Ladoga-Karelia", or Finnish Karelia according to the pre- Winter War borders, was by and large similar to that of Eastern Karelia, or Russian Karelia.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Finnish_Karelia.html (748 words)

	Karelia biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is currenty divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia, the Russian Leningrad Oblast, and two Regions of Finland, South Karelia and North Karelia.
		Karelia was bitterly fought over by Sweden and Novgorod in the 13th century.
		Vyborg became the capital of the new Swedish province.
	karelia.biography.ms (728 words)

	Vyborg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first castle of Vyborg was founded during the third Swedish crusade in 1293 by the marsk Torkel Knutsson.
		After Finland was conquered by Russia in 1808, Vyborg was incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812 and became again the center of administration for the eastern part of the country.
		About 70% of the evacuees from Finnish Karelia returned after the re-conquest to rebuild their looted homes, but were again evacuated after the Red Army's 1944 Karelian offensive, timed with the Allied recapture of France (the Battle of Normandy).
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/v/vy/vyborg.html (484 words)

	FINNISH KARELIA FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Western Karelia is separate from East_Karelia, or Russian Karelia, which has been dominated by Novgorod and Moscow.
		The most of Finnish Karelia was ceded by Finland to the Soviet_Union in 1940, after the Winter_War, and today parted between the Russian autonomous Republic_of_Karelia and the Russian Leningrad_Oblast.
		The dialect spoken is the South_Karelian Region of Finland is considered to be part of the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language.
	www.abait.com /Finnish_Karelia (668 words)

	History of Karelia and Helulia village (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible the prosperity of Karelia land went on for a while, but later, due to tax increases poverty and desolation came.
		The Swedish period design of the city had a network of streets, crossing each other at a right angle, which were all descending like meridians towards the gulf (the plan of 1697).
		Military action went on rather slowly from 1788 till 1790, for the Swedish king did not really expect to win and Ekatherine II did not want to send her best armies to the Karelian stage of the war theatre.
	helyla.onego.ru /history_eng.html (6326 words)

	East Karelia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		East Karelia and West Karelia with borders of 1939 and 1940/1947.
		East Karelia, also Eastern Karelia or Russian Karelia, is a name for the part of Karelia that since the Treaty of Stolbova in 1617 has remained Christian Orthodox under Russian supremacy.
		In the sparsely populated East-Karelian backwoods, mainly in Viena's Karelia, Elias Lönnrot collected the folk tales that ultimately would become Finland's national epic, the Kalevala.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Karelia (233 words)

	Karelian Database / HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Swedish politics of expansion, moving the border as far east as possible, still continued; the county of Käkisalmi was incorporated into the State of Sweden by the Peace of Stolbova in 1617.
		The Swedish administrative organisation with its tax system was implanted in the county of Käkisalmi already during the occupation, before the existence of the peace treaty.
		The Swedish administrative system was spread to the territory; the County of the castle of Vyborg was formed to be its foundation and it supervised the tax collection, the legal proceedings and the missionwork by the Catholic church.
	personal.inet.fi /palvelu/karjala-tk/saso36.htm (2307 words)

	A narrative Finnish history (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Particularly in Karelia it is known (or sooner: believed) to have existed Viking trading posts, which became assimilated or alienated to the original Viking culture in Novgorod, Uppland, Gotland or wherever they had come from.
		The followers of Russian Orthodox faith in the occupied Karelia and Ingria are persecuted, and many flee to the Russian side of the border.
		The campaign for freedom of press (and "offentlighetsprincipen") in the Swedish realm was for instance led by the Finnish priest Anders Chydenius.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq433.html (2418 words)

	Photos
		A new Swedish offensive in the summer conquered the Novgorodian castle in Kexholm, but was retaken by Novgorod the next spring.
		During the ensuing centuries, the eastern half of the Swedish realm (present-day Finland) played an important role in the political life realm, and Finnish soldiers often predominated in Sweden's armies.
		During the early centuries of Swedish rule, successful commerce with the member cities of famous Hanseatic League were established, resulting in closer contacts to Continental Europe both materially and spiritually.
	www.mitopositano.it /dasponda1.htm (2799 words)

	BarentsObserver : Sweden
		The people working at the ESA space station in the northern Swedish town of Salmijärvi are distressed by the failed launch of the Cryosat satellite this weekend.
		Although Greenland is the prime example, scientists say the effects of climate change are noticeable throughout the Arctic region, from the northward spread of spruce beetles in Canada to melting permafrost in Alaska and northern Russia.
		A new study presented by the Swedish Railway Authority (Banverket) shows that the Norrbotnia railway project in northern Sweden is likely to encounter massive problems.
	www.barentsobserver.com /index.php?cat=16283a (1334 words)

	Small Towns of Russia > Small Towns > Vyborg
		The town is situated at the Isthmus of Karelia, on the coast (peninsulas and islands) of the Gulf of Vyborg (Baltic Sea), next to the entrance to Saimensky canal.
		It is situated in the North-Western part of the Isthmus of Karelia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 130 km North-West of Saint-Petersburg.
		As a result of advance of the Leningrad Front at the Isthmus of Karelia, on June 20, 1944, the town was taken again, this time by Soviet troops.
	www.towns.ru /towns/viborg_en.html (3120 words)

	Finland History
		Savonia and Karelia adopted Christianity at the end of the 13th century which coincides with the crusade conducted by Torkel Knutsson in 1293.
		A Swedish army was defeated in Ingria and the war ended with an peace that confirmed the treaty from 1323.
		In 1906, as a means to improve the Russo-Finnish relations, the old four-chamber Diet was replaced by a unicameral Parliament (the "Eduskunta"), which was elected by universal suffrage, with Finnish women being the first in Europe to be given the vote.
	www.glebbeek-internet.com /engels/history.htm (3701 words)

	Vyborg biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first castle of Viborg was founded during the third Swedish crusade in 1293 by the marsk Torkel Knutsson.
		In the treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 Viborg was officially made part of the Swedish realm, and soon of Sweden proper.
		After Finland was conquered by Russia in 1808, Vyborg was incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Finland (as Viipuri) in 1812 and became again the center of administration for the eastern part of the country.
	vyborg.biography.ms (511 words)

	History of Finland and the Finnish People from ice age to WWII.
		Since their history was a rich oral tradition, it could not be destroyed in a fire, or robbed, and it is through this evidence that early Finns are able to contradict Swedish and Russian written accounts about the role and extent of Finnish civilization in the north prior to Swedish rule.
		Their strength was greatly reduced by the Swedish kings' ambitions far away from Finland, especially in Poland and the disastrous march on Moscow that followed.
		Finland was in the Swedish realm for 700 years during which time Sweden had access to Finnish territory for trade, and Finnish soldiers for its own military campaigns.
	peacecountry0.tripod.com /earlyfin.htm (9102 words)

	KARELIANS FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The tension between the Lutheran Swedish government and Orthodox Karelians triggered a population movement from the Swedish Karelia towards the region of Tver in Russia, forming the Tver-Karelian minority.
		The Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rabidly being absorbed into the Russian population.
		Significant enclaves of Karelians exist in the Tver oblast of Russia, resettled after Russia's defeat in 1617 against Sweden — in order to escape the peril of forced conversion to Lutheranism in Swedish Karelia and because Russians promised tax deductions.
	www.amysflowershop.com /Karelians (747 words)

	Finland: In Depth : History : Swedish Intrusions \| Frommers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Their major opposition was from the Novgorodians (a powerful Russian kingdom) in eastern Finland (Karelia), who were seizing land and spreading the Russian Ortho-dox faith from the East.
		Later, a treaty between Sweden and the Novgorodians in 1323 divided Finland's easternmost province of Karelia between Novgorod and Sweden.
		Eastern Finland, from that moment on, became part of the Russian-Byzantine world; although it shared a common language with the western sector, that region would not be reunited with the rest of Fin-land again except for a brief period early in the 20th century.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/finland/0261034000.html (466 words)

	REGIONS & EDUCATION: Drawing borders with swords and scimitars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the case of Karelia - and also of Finland as a whole - they have changed dramatically many times in the course of the turbulent centuries.
		In 1809 Czar Alexander I declared Finland an autonomous grand duchy, and transferred Karelia to it in 1812.
		Karelia along with Petsamo had to be ceded to the Soviet Union.
	www.publiscan.fi /sc18e-9.htm (473 words)

	Swedish Ingria Sweden Russia Neva Treaty of Stolbovo buffer zone Karelian Isthmus Saint Petersburg Governor-General in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Swedish Ingria Sweden Russia Neva Treaty of Stolbovo buffer zone Karelian Isthmus Saint Petersburg Governor-General in the Swedish Realm Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm Simon Grundel-Helmfelt
		Swedish attempts to introduce Lutheranism were met with repugnance by the Orthodox peasantry obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were most of all due to voluntary resettlements from Savonia and Finnish Karelia.
		On the place of the Swedish town Nyen close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian capital Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703.
	en.powerwissen.com /kRjgb4HUZrlv3IAJ2ADbtA%3D%3D_Ingermanland.html (384 words)

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