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Topic: Swedish Livonia

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	Sweden - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		In 1389 the Swedish nobles forced Albert of Mecklenburg to renounce the throne, which was given to Margaret I, Queen of Denmark and Norway.
		In 1709 the Swedish army was routed by Russian forces at the Battle of Poltava, marking the collapse of Sweden and its replacement by Russia as the Baltic’s dominant power.
		Swedish opposition to the Vietnam War damaged relations with the United States in the late 1960s and 1970s; many young American opponents of the war received political asylum in Sweden.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761563138___38/Sweden.html (3227 words)

	Livonia
		During the Livonia Wars[?] (1558-1582) the Livonia Confederation was dissolved.
		In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy and the Swedish - Polish war (1655 - 1660) begun.
		Duke Jacob was captured by Swedish army in 1658-1660.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Livonia.html (1308 words)

	Livonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conquest of Livonia by the Germans is described in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.
		The portion of Livonia remaining in the Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660 was known as Polish Livonia, or Inflanty.
		This division of Livonia was codified in the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livonia (580 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Livonia, 1621-1721
		Livonia's cities contributed valuable resouces to Sweden's usually cash-stricken budget, which were necessary to finance Sweden's many wars - 30 % of the Swedish war budget in 1630.
		Livonia was occupied by the Russians in 1710, formally ceded to Russia in 1721 in the PEACE OF NYSTAD.
		Livonia had suffered from the war very much; the population of Dorpat (Tartu), Livonia's university city, conquered by the Russians in 1704, had dropped to 21.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/livonia16211721.html (667 words)

	Northern War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It arose chiefly from the desire of the neighbors of Sweden to break Swedish supremacy in the Baltic area, and from the conflicting ambitions of Peter I of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden.
		Swedish Pomerania was taken by the Poles, and Prussia, fishing in troubled waters, seized Stettin.
		The lasting results of the Northern War were the waning of Swedish power, the establishment of Russia as a major power of Europe, with its “window” on the Baltic Sea, and the decay of Poland.
	www.bartleby.com /65/nr/NrthrnWr.html (664 words)

	Latvia - IBWiki
		Livonia's prosperity came to an end in the 16th century, when the country desintegrated and became an easy target for foreign powers: Estonia, that had been part of Livonia since 1343, was conquered by Sweden in 1558, while the rest of the country became a battlefield for Russians and Veneds.
		As a result of the Swedish-Venedic War (1620-1629), the largest part of Livonia became Swedish as well; the Southeastern part, currently known as Latgale, remained part of the Republic of the Two Crowns as Venedic Livonia, and Courland maintained its semi-independent status as a Venedic fief.
		Latvia was formed in 1949 of the Russian-occupied areas of Courland and Livonia (with the exception of the lands used to form Skuodia, the Liv State and the Swedish State).
	ib.frath.net /w/Latvia (1445 words)

	Sweden, Russia and the Great Northern War
		He was a friend of the Swedish monarchy until 1699, having sworn to observe all treaties between his kingdom and the kingdom of Sweden.
		Stanislaus escaped to Swedish Pomerania, and from there he went to Weissenbourg, becoming master of the principality of Zweibrücken - his daughter, Mary, to marry King Louis XV of France.
		Swedish troops at Stralsund were made prisoners of war, marching into captivity with banners flying and music playing, expecting to be released in a few months following payment for their keep to Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h30-sw.htm (6228 words)

	Estonia Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Together with present-day Latvia, the region became known as Livonia; the Germans and Danes settled down as nobility, and the Estonians were progressively subordinated as serfs.
		Still, during the Swedish era, Estonian education got its start with the founding of Tartu University in 1632 and the establishment of the first Estonian parish schools in the 1680s.
		Swedish hegemony during the late seventeenth century had become overextended, making the Swedes' holdings a prime target for a newly expansionist Russia.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/estonia/estonia_history_early_history.html (1114 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		Firstly the Poles attacked Swedish cavalry, after which they usually attacked demoralized Swedish infantry which was unable to retreat at all, and usually annihilated whole formations of this infantry.
		Thus Chodkiewicz with barely 5000 hussars annihilated a threefold larger Swedish army; for which feat he received letters of congratulation from the pope, all the Catholic potentates of Europe, and even from the sultan of Turkey and the shah of Persia.
		The consequent Swedish attacks managed to deal severe damage to Polish cavalry units, but did not manage to cripple the army (whose morale was kept high, thanks to Koniecpolski).
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Polish-Swedish_War_.html (3029 words)

	Poland - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the middle of the 16th century the ancient order of the I(nights of the Sword, whose territory embraced Esthonia, Livonia, Courland, Semgallen and the islands of Dagii and Oesel, was tottering to its fall.
		Matters were complicated by the curious political intricacies of this long-coveted domain, where the grand-master, the archbishop of Riga, and the estates of Livonia possessed concurrent and generally conflicting jurisdictions.
		With all the means at her disposal cheerfully placed in the hands of such valiant and capable ministers, it would have been no difficult task for the Republic to have wrested the best part of the Baltic littoral from the Scandinavian powers, and driven the distracted Muscovites beyond the Volga.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Poland (15846 words)

	Livonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		At the turn of the 20th century, the township of Livonia was largely a rural community populated with farms, dirt roads, Livonia and a number of cheese factories.
		This book celebrates Livonia's development from the 19th to the 21st century, as it evolved from wilderness into a city that is routinely rated as one of the best places to raise a family in the United States.
		Abrasives Livonia - Abrasives Livonia Livonia At the turn of the 20th century, the township of Livonia was largely a rural community populated with farms, dirt roads, abrasives livonia and a number of cheese factories.
	li79.360mkt.info (588 words)

	Swedish Livonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Livonia was a dominion of Sweden from the 1620s until 1721.
		Swedish Livonia, which constituted the southern part of Estonia and northern part of Latvia, represented the conquest of nearly all of what was Polish Livonia and was completed by 1629.
		Even if Livonia and the city of Riga was under Swedish control the territory was not formally ceded until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660, where the minor part retained by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed Inflantia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swedish_Livonia (145 words)

	Sweden: History
		The founder of the modern Swedish state, Gustavus eliminated the influence of the Hanseatic League in Sweden, strengthened the central authority, made (1544) the kingship hereditary in the
		Swedish interests in E Europe were further enhanced by the marriage of John III (reigned 1569–92), Eric's successor, to the sister of Sigismund II of Poland.
		Considerable new social welfare legislation was passed, but from the mid-1960s Swedish economic growth slowed, and there were sizable increases in unemployment and in the rate of inflation in the early 1970s.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0861386.html (1294 words)

	Polish Renaissance Warfare - Swedish Polish War 1600-09 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During this period Livonia - known as Inflanty in Polish - was an important transit region for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as the Duchy of Muscovy.
		At the end of the 16th century Livonia became a hotspot, triggered by the occupation of northern Estonia by Sweden.
		This did not end his hope of obtaining the Swedish crown and to gain Polish support he gave the Commonwealth the disputed territory of Northern Estonia, which was then in Swedish hands.
	www.jasinski.co.uk /wojna/battles/1600-Sw/1600-Sw-01.htm (449 words)

	FÄNRIK STÅLS LANDSMÄN
		The Swedish government was forced to sit down at the peace table, not as victors but as losers.
		When placed on the map a Swedish Corps must be placed in area in the province of their origin or together with a corps of the same provincial origin.
		Swedish officers were sent to organise this fighting behind the lines.
	members.fortunecity.com /lobodeoro080888/eia/sweden2.html (1804 words)

	Livonian History
		Livonia, a placename that has existed in Europe for the last eight centuries, today refers to no country and no place.
		Meinhard had the first church built in Livonia, in the town of Üksküla (Latvian Ikskile; modern Livonian Iks kila, meaning „one town“), and in 1186 he was made the first bishop of Livonia.
		As a result, the Russian forces swept through Livonia, and after a final battle in 1560, many towns and fortifications were surrendered to the Russians without a fight.
	homepage.mac.com /uldis/livonia/history.html (9467 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		The strain upon the Swedish treasury was doubled when in 1635 Wladislav of Poland exacted the retrocession of the Prussian provinces with their lucrative customs-dues as the price of the prolongation of the Truce.
		The Swedish power established itself on the lower Elbe and Weser, in the ports of Western Pomerania, and, by means of alliance with the House of Gottorp, in Holstein itself.
		Swedish Livonia sheltered fugitives from across the border, and the Lithuanian nobles sought a protector in Charles X. The Polish State seemed to be on the verge of dissolution, to the profit of the Power whose advent on the shores of the Baltic would menace the whole structure of the Swedish Empire.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh420.html (14937 words)

	Estonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Duchy or Province of Estonia (Estland in Swedish
		23 Aug 1645 Ceded by Denmark to Sweden and subordinated to the Swedish
		administered by the governor-general of Livonia to 1781.
	www.vdiest.nl /Europa/estonia.htm (1112 words)

	thousand years unite swedes and belarusians
		In 90-s of the X century the Duke Valdemar of Kiev and Novgorod occupies the Kingdom of Polatsak with the support of the Swedish Vikings and destroyed the town (later it was reconstructed in another place) Valdemer killed Ragvald and married his daughter Ragnhild.
		It was during this period that Belarus and Lithuania enter the sphere of active Swedish policy, the major aim of which was the creation of Grand Sweden with "inner" Baltic Sea.
		In these legends the Swedish soldiers surprisingly find bread, hidden in soil (in reality they knew the laws of thermodynamics, the matter is that there was no dew, where the "bread holes" were, because of the apportionment of heat), know Belarusian language, they are able to drain the reservoirs.
	www.vitryssland.nu /engordsp.html (2977 words)

	Chronology of Sweden (1600-1629)
		Swedish troops, under general Jakob De la Gardie, aiding a Russian faction, enter Moscow.
		A Swedish fleet of about 125 vessels and 14,000 men land near Pillau, and begin an attack on Prussia.
		The Swedish council meets for ten days, deciding in favor of war action on the continent, and a free hand for the king in directing the war.
	www.islandnet.com /~kpolsson/swedhis/swed1600.htm (1811 words)

	Estonia - IBWiki
		Despite continued Russian raids and invasions in 1481 and 1558, German barons continued their rule of Estonia and Livonia, and in 1524 preserved the Estonian commitment to the Protestant Reformation During the Livonian Wars.
		Southern Estonia, along with the rest of Livonia, was taken up by the Republic of the Two Crowns.
		The agreement provided for the snorist Russia to occupy Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Lithuania, Nassina and part of Finland, in return for Germany's assuming control over Bohemia, Veneda and Slevania.
	ib.frath.net /w/Estonia (1629 words)

	David Kellner - a Biographical Survey
		The Livonian army was reduced by a half and this defeat laid the foundation of the Russian conquest of Livonia.
		In November 1714 the Swedish king Charles XII returned from Turkey to the Swedish provinces in northern Germany, an event that was much celebrated.
		She is referred to in the preface to the Swedish edition of Treulicher Unterricht where it is said that she had written down "Nöthigste Regeln der General-Basses" [Necessary rules for the thorough-bass] and that this work was so appreciated that many people made a copy of it.
	www.tabulatura.com /KELLNHEM.htm (14181 words)

	COINS
		We assume that the masters used their personal coats of arms after 1471 because their claims to political leadership in Livonia had been so often challenged by the archbishop and the citizens of Riga and because in an earlier period the masters had been appointed by the Grandmasters in Prussia.
		In addition, the traditional Russian trade in fur and honey (by sea and river during the summer, and by sled in the winter), was being expanded to include regions ruled by pagan Lithuanians.
		Thus, the chaotic currency of late medieval Livonia is a reflection of the political diversity: the Assembly found it almost impossible to agree upon anything, but it was especially impossible to achieve uniformity in the silver content of coins.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/articles/COINS.htm (4265 words)

	languagehat.com: SAAREMAA/OESEL.
		Livonia isn't a particularly interesting word; it's just 'the land of the Livonians' (a Finnic people now largely absorbed into the Latvian population), and the word is of obscure origin.
		Livonia is a major street in Detroit, I asume the diverse immigrant population included some Finns.
		As for the town name, the Livonia in Michigan was named after the one in New York, which was named for the Baltic province (presumably the home of one or more of the founders; this site says "26% of Livonia residents report German ancestry," and the ruling class in Baltic Livonia was German).
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002329.php (1693 words)

	The Elected Monarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During the Swedish War, Gustavus II Adolphus (the son of Charles IX) seized Riga (1621) and almost all of Livonia.
		The Swedish king, Charles XII (the “Lion of the North”, 1682 - 1718) defeated the Danes who had invaded Schleswig (1700), destroyed the Russian Army at Narva (November 1700) and raised the siege of Riga (1701).
		Augustus was restored after the Swedish invasion of Russia failed at the battle of Poltava (1709) - in which an important role was played by Polish peasants harassing the Swedish columns, and the pro-Saxon Confederates of Sandomierz who prevented reinforcements from reaching the Swedes.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/ElectedMonarchy.html (5443 words)

	The End of the Ancien Regime
		That victory over the experienced Swedish army and its famous leader convinced both the Russians themselves and the outside world that a new great power had risen at the border of the European community and was henceforth to influence the destinies of the Continent in a frequently decisive manner.
		After the prosperous period of Swedish rule which had notably contributed to the cultural development of those provinces and had even slightly improved the position of the Estonian and Latvian peasant population, the long war years left the whole area completely devastated.
		Besides a small group of Swedish volunteers, only two thousand French soldiers under Count Plélo, ambassador to Denmark, tried to rescue the king, but they were thrown back and their heroic commander was killed in action on May 27, 1734.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/14.htm (8711 words)

	Russia & the Great Northern War
		Charles XII of Sweden was only fourteen years old when he acceded to the throne in 1697, but he immediately commenced an aggressive assertion of personal and national power.
		Although Russians were reluctant sailors, and initially the navy was heavily reliant on foreign officers and expertise, Peter managed by continual pressure to create and maintain a fleet that served usefully in the Northern War.
		Catherine was possibly the illegitimate daughter of a serf, or perhaps the orphaned daughter of a Swedish officer.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-152.htm (1856 words)

	edelweiss air, tourism, saint kitts and nevis, livonia, belair, gothenburg, cosmic air, malaysia, oktoberfest, florence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1561 during the Livonian War Livonia fell to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with Russian Empire recognizing Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth control of Livonia only in 1582.
		In the 19th century the wealthy bourgeoisie begun to move outside the city walls which had protected the city when Norway and Denmark still was a threat.
		For example, a small temple dedicated to saint anthony of padua and the clock tower block were built, giving the square its present shape and size.
	tourismperu.info /edelweiss_air.html (739 words)

	Riga - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bishop Albert of Livonia transferred his seat there in 1201 and founded the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, or Livonian Knights, a German military religious order whose mission was to spread Christianity in the Baltic region.
		Captured (1710) by Czar Peter I during the Northern War, Riga and the rest of Swedish Livonia were ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721.
		Having declined during the 17th cent., Riga's commercial importance revived in the 18th and particularly with the coming of the railroad in the 19th.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-riga.html (789 words)

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