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Topic: Swedish constitution of 1809

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Constitution of Sweden

Instrument of Government (1809)

Constitution

Swedish Act of Succession

Privy Council of Sweden

Politics of Sweden

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Government of Sweden

Basic Law

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	Riksdagen - The history of the Riksdag
		One of the new fundamental laws in 1809 was the Instrument of Government, which was largely influenced by the principle of a separation of powers.
		Between 1809 and 1974 substantial changes were made to the constitution in order to ensure the representation of the new social classes.
		The principles of parliamentarianism were incorporated into the constitution and the Speaker acquired a central role in the formation of a new government after an election.
	www.riksdagen.se /templates/R_Page____798.aspx (1019 words)

	Composers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Swedish became the official language of Finnish civil servants, while the majority of the population remained Finnish speaking.
		Finland’s bilingual status was re-enforced in the constitution of 1919.
		The Swedish Assembly of Finland is a semi-official representative body of the Swedish-speaking population.
	www.nordicway.com /finland_swedish_finns.htm (1100 words)

	Sweden. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Swedish interests in E Europe were further enhanced by the marriage of John III (reigned 1569–92), Eric’s successor, to the sister of Sigismund II of Poland.
		The constitution of 1720 gave increased powers to the Riksdag (diet) and the political scene was dominated (1738–65) by the faction known as the Hats, who favored an aggressive anti-Russian policy in alliance with France and who represented the nobility and the bureaucracy.
		A constitutional monarchy was established by the constitution of 1809, which, although modified considerably (e.g., in 1866 and 1969), remained in effect until Jan. 1, 1975.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sw/Sweden.html (2264 words)

	Finland - Swedish-speaking Finns
		Even after the country was ceded to Russia in 1809, the aristocracy and nearly all those active in commerce, in the courts, and in education had Swedish as their native language.
		Swedish retained its primacy until the second half of the nineteenth century, when, as a result of budding nationalism, it was gradually displaced by Finnish.
		Numbering 350,000 and constituting 13 percent of the country's population in 1900, Swedish-speaking Finns were still disproportionately influential and wealthy, but they were no longer dominant in the country of their birth.
	countrystudies.us /finland/43.htm (1530 words)

	Wikinfo \| Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is bordered by Norway on the west and Finland in the northeast; the rest of it borders waters, as the Baltic Sea and Kattegat.
		Swedish 20th century culture is noted by pioneering works in the early days of cinema, with Mauritz Stiller and Victor Sjöström.
		Swedish literature is also vibrant and active, Sweden ranking third in the list of countries with most Nobel Prize laureates in literature.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Sweden (1434 words)

	Instrument of Government (1809) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Instrument of Government, or Regeringsformen, adopted on June 6, 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates was the constitution of Sweden from 1809 to 1974.
		The aged and childless brother of Gustav III, Charles XIII was made king in 1809, but he was a mere puppet in the hands of parliament and the question of his successor had to be solved.
		The rights of Bernadotte's successors to accede to the Swedish throne wew codified in an amendment to the constitution in the form of the Act of Succession (1810).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809) (443 words)

	Riksdag
		From the second half of the 19th century, when the Riksdag was founded, until the early 20th century Swedish society underwent a number of fundamental changes that impacted on political system.
		Though not technically part of the constitution it showed that the parties in the Riksdag were able to agree upon fundamental changes of the political system.
		In 1974 a new Instrument of Government was established as the vital part of the Constitution, and for the system of Government.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ri/Riksdagen.html (703 words)

	Swedish in Finland — Virtual Finland
		In 1863, Finnish was given an equal position with Swedish as the official language of Finland, and a legislative reform in 1906 gave Finnish a position in practice which corresponded to the dominant numbers of Finnish speakers in the country’s population.
		Swedish speakers were given an education system of their own and a Swedish diocese as cornerstones for their cultural autonomy.
		Swedish in Finland by the Swedish Assembly in Finland
	virtual.finland.fi /netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26218 (2822 words)

	Sweden - MSN Encarta
		In 2003 Swedish citizens voted down a referendum calling for Sweden’s adoption of the euro, the common currency of the European Union (EU), choosing instead to retain the krona.
		Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.
		The constitution was amended in 1978 to permit the first born royal child, whether male or female, to succeed to the throne; the measure went into effect in 1980.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563138_7/Sweden.html (605 words)

	Welcome to Finland on The Worldwide Traveler
		Swedish laws were retained and the country was allowed to keep its own currency, mail and railway systems.
		The Finnish constitution follows the Western democracy model, with a President elected for 6-year terms (for a maximum of two terms), and a 200-member, single-chamber parliament elected every four years by direct elections and on the basis of proportional representation.
		Finland is officially bilingual: Finnish is the first language of 92%, and Swedish of 5.5% of the population.
	www.theworldwidegourmet.com /travel/europe/scandinavia/finland.htm (359 words)

	Finland (10/06)
		In 1809, Finland was conquered by the armies of Czar Alexander I and thereafter remained an autonomous grand duchy connected with the Russian Empire until the end of 1917.
		Also under the new Constitution, which took effect on March 2000, the established practice for managing foreign policy is that the President keeps in close touch with the Prime Minister, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and other ministers responsible for foreign relations.
		Constitutional changes strengthened the prime minister--who must enjoy the confidence of the parliament (Eduskunta)--at the expense of the president.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3238.htm (3599 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sweden, 1809-1840
		Johan early on attempted to expand the political authority given to the king (the function of whom he exercizsed as heir-apparent until crowned in 1818) by the constitution of 1809.
		Norway enjoyed political autonomy, based on her constitution of 1814; political tension thus was limited, although the union was not very popular among the Norwegians.
		In Swedish literature, GÖTICISM, a branch of Neoromanticism, dominated, among the protagonists historian E.G. GEIJER, professor at Uppsala University, and the Bishop of Växjö, ESAIAS TEGNER.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/swe180940.html (839 words)

	Constitution of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sweden's switch from elective to hereditary monarchy in 1544 gave reason to Sweden's first law of constitutional character, in form of a treaty between the royal dynasty and the realm represented by the four Estates to be valid for all times.
		The Principle of Publicity (Swedish: Offentlighetsprincipen), as the collection of rules are commonly referred to, provides that all information and documents created or received by a public institution (local or central government, and all publicly operated establishments) must be available to all members of the public.
		The Constitution of Sweden - at the Riksdag
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swedish_constitution_of_1809 (1360 words)

	Freemasonry : THE SWEDISH CONSTITUTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Swedish Constitution is a closed male order based on the Christian faith, which engages in personal development, friendship and fundraising for welfare.
		The Swedish lodge room, by contrast, is a mysterious and gloomy space, lit only by massive candles, where figures appear from the shadows to deliver their charges, then fade away in the darkness.
		Swedish Freemasonry, on the other hand, has retained its original spiritual (rather than philosophical) impulse, and clearly sets this at the centre of all its activities.
	www.freemasons-freemasonry.com /swedish_constitution.html (5100 words)

	Nordic Culture > Swedish Language in Finland - Scandinavica.com
		The 1919 Constitution declares that Finnish and Swedish are the national languages of the Republic of Finland and stipulates that the cultural and social needs of the two language groups shall be met by the State on equal grounds.
		The central education authorities have a Swedish department on a par with the Finnish ones.
		Swedish literature in Finland is vitally important to the whole nation.
	www.scandinavica.com /culture/language/finswede.htm (1218 words)

	CONSTITUTION
		A foreigner thus naturalized shall enjoy the same rights and privileges as a native-born Swedish citizen, except that he may not be appointed to membership of the council of state.
		If the Riksdag adopts a proposal relating to a constitutional law which emanates from its own midst, the King shall consult the entire council of state on the matter and, if he concurs in the proposal, shall cause that act to be notified by proclamation and open letter in the time and manner above stated.
		82 Amendments to the constitutional laws adopted by the Riksdag and approved by the King, or proposed by the King and adopted by the Riksdag, in the prescribed manner, shall have force as constitutional laws after the reading in the Riksdag of the open letter mentioned in the preceding article.
	faculty.weber.edu /lsather/constitution.htm (7411 words)

	History of Finland: A selection of events and documents
		Reunited with Finland by an imperial decree of Alexander I in 1811.
		The King's Proclamation concerning the Swedish colony of the island of St. Barthélemy in the West Indies, dated September 7, 1785.
		The Solemn Assurance of the Sovereign given by the Emperor Alexander I on 27 March 1809 to respect all constitutional rights of citizens in the newly acquired Grand Duchy of Finland.
	www.histdoc.net /history/history.html (2384 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sweden, 1792-1809
		The constitution stayed in force until 1970, foresaw the separation of powers, defined the roles of the king and the estates.
		The Swedish throne was vacant again, and Duke Frederik Christian of Augustenborg, a relative of the deceased heir-apparent, was chosen as the candidate to succeed.
		Succession to the Swedish throne being offered to a French officer was a diplomatic act by itself; Sweden hoped for a capable military leader who could prevent the Russians to take more, and who eventually could gain Norway from Denmark.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/frrevswe.html (1971 words)

	Swedish Constitution of 1772 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This was a response to perceived harm wrought upon Sweden by a half-century of parliamentarism during the country's "Age of Liberty".
		The 1772 Constitution, though criticised as authoritarian, and in 1789 amended in a still more autocratic direction, was relatively liberal compared with the constitutions of contemporaneous European states (with the notable exception of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791).
		In the Grand Duchy of Finland, created in 1809 from the eastern third of Sweden as part of the Russian Empire, the amended 1772 Constitution was in force until (July 17, 1919).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swedish_Constitution_of_1772 (211 words)

	Napoleonic Wars - History - Sweden - Europe
		Gustav was deposed by an army revolt in 1809.
		Sweden concluded two treaties, one with Russia in 1809, ceding most of Finland and the Aland Islands, and another with France in 1810, by which a pro-Napoleonic policy was adopted.
		Charles XIII was childless, and the Riksdag chose Marshal Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, prince of Pontecorvo and one of Napoleon’s generals, as crown prince, in an effort to conciliate Napoleon.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/sweden/history/napoleonic_wars.htm (253 words)

	Swedish Roots - for the descendants of the emigrants
		Swedish Roots - for the descendants of the emigrants
		This was the foundation of the Swedish nobility.
		Among other things it proclaimed that estate inventories should be taken after deceased persons, children born out of wedlock had no right to inherit and a woman was legally capable only as a widow.
	www.genealogi.se /roots/year.htm (1990 words)

	Sweden - The Monarchy now and then (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The King made himself head of the Swedish Church, and the administration of the country was greatly centralized.
		The constitution of 1809, which was in force right up until 1975 and then the second oldest Constitution in the world after the United States´, was formulated in accordance with Montesquieu´s theory of the seperation of powers.
		Under the 1975 Constitution the King´s duties are thus mainly of a representative and ceremonial nature.
	www.society.at /318/htm/sweden2.html (1206 words)

	Hanna Markusson Winkvist Abstract
		The academic qualifications of female doctors were not sufficient to permit them to apply for uprank state positions as e.g.
		The Swedish Constitution of 1809 stated that only "Native Swedish Men" could be appointed.
		The female doctor's claims on the academic labor market was a threat against current power relations, and the guarding of power was thus expressed in the opinions about gender.
	www.umu.se /histstud/forskarutbildningen/abstracts/winkvist.html (483 words)

	LLRX.com - Finnish Law on the Internet
		These 700 years of common history form the basis of the similarities between the Finnish and Swedish societies, similarities that are evident also in their legal structures.
		Note also that the text of the Constitution is available on the website in the two official languages, Finnish and Swedish, and also in translation into English, German, French, Spanish and the Sámi language.
		Both the Finnish and the Swedish versions of this leaflet publication are available as PDF facsimiles at http://www.edita.fi/sk/.
	www.llrx.com /features/finnish.htm (1582 words)

	Finland - THE RUSSIAN GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND, 1809-1917
		Thus the laws and constitution of Finland remained unchanged, and the tsar took the place of the Swedish king as sovereign.
		The official forms of government inherited from the era of Swedish absolutism were sufficiently autocratic to allow the tsar to accept them largely intact; however, included in these forms of government was the comprehensive law code of 1734 that protected individual rights.
		Imperial assurances that Finland would be autonomous and that its traditions would be respected were encoded in two 1809 decrees that constituted for the Finns the basis of their relationship with Russia.
	countrystudies.us /finland/10.htm (524 words)

	Venice Commission - Commission de Venise
		The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws: the Instrument of Government, the Act of Succession, the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression.
		According to Chapter 2, Section 1, subsection one of the Instrument of Government (the Swedish Constitution), all citizens shall be guaranteed freedom of expression in their relations with the public administration.
		An important task for the Parliamentary Ombudsman is to ensure that courts and administrative agencies adhere to the Constitutional requirements of objectivity and impartiality and that the fundamental rights and liberties of citizens are not encroached upon by the state – Article 3 in the Act with Instructions for the Parliamentary Ombudsmen (1986:765).
	www.venice.coe.int /docs/1999/CDL-JU(1999)018-e.asp (10155 words)

	Swedish royalty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Constitution of 1809, which was in force right up until 1975 and then was the second oldest Constitution in the world after the United States’, was formulated in accordance with Montesquieu’s theory of the separation of powers, taking into account constitutional developments in Sweden.
		Practically throughout the reign of Gustaf VI Adolf work was being done on a new Constitution, one which in 1975 replaced the 1809 Constitution.
		During the period the constitutional reform was being prepared, Gustaf VI Adolf probably meant more than anyone else for the perpetuation of the monarchy in Sweden.
	histclo.com /royal/swe/royal-swe.htm (1851 words)

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