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Topic: Swedish monarchs

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List of Swedish monarchs

Royal mottos of Swedish monarchs

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	Christian II of Denmark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Christian II (1481 – 1559) was a Danish monarch and King of Denmark, Norway (1513 – 1523) and Sweden (1520 – 1521), under the Kalmar Union.
		The councillors consented to render homage to Christian on condition that he gave a full indemnity for the past and a guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and custom; and a convention to this effect was confirmed by the king and the Danish Privy Council on March 31.
		Thus, while in a proclamation to the Swedish people he represented the massacre as a measure necessary to avoid a papal interdict, in his apology to the Pope for the decapitation of the innocent bishops he described it as an unauthorized act of vengeance on the part of his own people.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Christian_II_of_Denmark (1938 words)

	Christian I of Denmark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Christian I of Denmark (1426 – 1481), Danish monarch and union king of Denmark (1448 – 1481), Norway (1450 – 1481) and Sweden (1457 – 1464), under the Kalmar Union.
		In Sweden his short tenure as monarch was preceded by viceroys (Regents), Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna and Erik Axelsson Tott and succeeded by viceroy (regent) Kettil Karlsson Vasa.
		The throne had originally been left vacant at the death of Christian's predecessor in Denmark, king Christopher of Norway, and was briefly occupied in 1449 by the Swedish rival (who was not of blood of Norwegian kings), Charles Knutsson (Charles I of Norway) who however became deposed in Norway in 1450.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Christian_I_of_Denmark (931 words)

	Charles XIV of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour there, and, on August 21, 1810, he was elected Crown Prince.
		On the November 2 Bernadotte made his solemn entry into Stockholm, and on the November 5 he received the homage of the estates and was adopted by Charles XIII under the name of "Charles John".
		After the defeats of Lützen (2 May 1813) and Bautzen (21 May 1813), it was the Swedish crown prince who put fresh heart into the allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg he drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the truce of Plaswitz.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Marshal_Bernadotte (1219 words)

	Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Swedish nation has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II and on.
		Swedish is a Germanic language, related to Danish and Norwegian, but different from them in pronunciation and orthography.
		Swedish 20th century culture is noted by pioneering works in the early days of cinema, with Mauritz Stiller and Victor Sjöström.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Sweden (3167 words)

	Monarch of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The present Bernadotte dynasty was established during the Napoleonic Wars through the Constitution of 1809 and the Act of Succession of 1810, in a bloodless Revolution after present day Finland, then the eastern half of the Realm, having been lost to Russia.
		In 1974 a new Instrument of Government became part of the Constitution which the Privy Council as the government institution and stripped the Monarch of virtually all formal powers, while still retaining him as Head of State.
		The monarch leads the Privy Council in a session that establishes the new government following a general election or cabinet reshuffle.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Swedish_monarch (443 words)

	Charles XII of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Russia responded by occupying the Swedish territories of Livonia and Estonia.
		The Poltava Swedish diasaster marked both the end of the Swedish Empire and the rise of Russian Empire.
		There has been some speculations that he was not killed by a stray bullet but by one fired from the Swedish side, making his death an assassination (at the time he was not very popular in Sweden due to the hardships the people suffered because of the constant wars) but this has never been proven.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Charles_XII_of_Sweden (1124 words)

	Royal mottos of Swedish monarchs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Royal mottos or Valspråk of the Swedish monarchs has been a tradition since first used by Gustav I of Sweden, in the early 16th century.
		Every regent of Sweden since has had used their own motto during their periods of reign.
		The tradition of using a royal motto in other monarchies is that it most often stays the same within one dynasty, and here the Swedish tradition is different.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Royal_mottos_of_Swedish_monarchs (236 words)

	Nordic FAQ - 7 of 7 - SWEDEN
		To the north of the highlands is the Central Swedish Depression, a down-faulted, lake-strewn lowland extending across the peninsula from near Göteborg to east of Stockholm and Uppsala.
		Swedish women have one of the highest fertility rates in the industrialized world, giving birth to 1.97 child each, and the highest rate of breast feeding.
		On the map to the left Sweden as it was understood between 1336 and 1561 is marked with a darker shade of gray, and the provinces temporarily ruled by king Magnus Eriksson (Norway, Gotland and the Scanian provinces) are marked with a lighter shade of gray.
	www.cs.uu.nl /wais/html/na-dir/nordic-faq/part7_SWEDEN.html (18496 words)

	Gustav Vasa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As the Pope refused to budge on the issue of Gustav Trolle, the King, influenced by Lutheran scholar Olaus Magnus, in 1531 took it upon himself to appoint a new archbishop, namely the brother of Olaus, Laurentius Petri.
		However, knowledge of Greek and Hebrew among Swedish clergymen were not sufficent for a translation from the original sources, instead the work followed the German translation made by Martin Luther in 1534.
		In 19th century Swedish history, a folklore developed wherein Gustav was to have experienced all kinds of adventures when he liberated Sweden from the Danes.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Gustav_I_of_Sweden (1291 words)

	Charles XI of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The victory of Halmstad (August 17, 1676), when Charles and his commander-in-chief Simon Grundel-Helmfelt routed a Danish division, was the first gleam of good luck, and on December 4, on the tableland of Helgonabäck, near Lund, the young Swedish monarch defeated Christian V of Denmark, who also commanded his army in person.
		If a partisan fighter were to be captured by Swedish forces, his fate was a cruel and brutal execution which often included being speared through the back, along the spine with the top exiting the neck.
		The Swedish language was also enforced onto the people, and Danish literature, language and laws were banned despite a promise concluded in the Treaty of Roskilde, which stated that the former Danish territory could preserve its language and laws.
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Charles_XI_of_Sweden (1000 words)

	list of finnish monarchs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a list of Finnish rulers, that is, the Kings, ruling Dukes and Queens of Sweden with Regents and Viceroys of the Kalmar Union, the Grand dukes of Finland (Tsars of Russia), up to the short lived dream of the Kingdom of Finland at independence in 1917.
		The Swedish kingdom (from the Swedish expansion in Finland) (1154-1389)
		The Union of the Swedish and Norwegian kingdoms (1319-1343)
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /List_of_Finnish_monarchs (611 words)

	Christina of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Even as a child she displayed a precociousness that astonished the brilliant philosopher Descartes, who had been invited from France to tutor her.
		Growing wearied of acting behind the scenes in her later years, she made several attempts to gain the crown of a country, even launching an abortive attempt to reclaim the Swedish throne.
		It starred another complex female Swedish character who was herself suspected of being lesbian – Greta Garbo.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Christina_of_Sweden (1253 words)

	SWEDEN.SE - Queen Christina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But the position of the Swedish monarchs was not nearly as secure domestically, for the Vasa family's hereditary rights to the Swedish throne were of recent date and the legitimacy of the succession at the beginning of the 17th century could be held in doubt.
		The modern Swedish monarchy was established by Gustav Eriksson (Vasa), who in 1521 led an uprising against the Danish Union Monarch Kristian II and in 1523 was elected king of Sweden.
		The power of the Swedish monarch was thus notably circumscribed at the beginning of Gustav II Adolf's reign, but the king was able to use these conditions to his advantage rather than being constrained by them.
	www.sweden.se /templates/FactSheet____4403.asp (6904 words)

	History of Finland - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Swedish influence on Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times -- the Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering.
		During the early centuries of Swedish rule, successful commerce with the member cities of famous Hanseatic League were established, resulting in closer contacts to Continental Europe both materially and spiritually.
		Following Finland's incorporation into Sweden in the 12th century, Swedish had been the dominant language in administration and education, although Finnish recovered its predominance after a 19th-century resurgence of Finnish Nationalism (also working to ensure Russia of the Finns' loyalty).
	openproxy.ath.cx /hi/History_of_Finland.html (1506 words)

	Sweden-Norway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Kingdom of Sweden-Norway is a term sometimes, but erroneously, used to refer to the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905, when they were united under one monarch in a personal union, following the Convention of Moss, on August 14, and the Norwegian constitutional revision of November 4.
		In Norway it was a part of constitutional law known as "Rigsakten", and in Sweden it was a set of provisions under regular law and was known as "Riksakten".
		Sweden and Norway had previously been united under the same crown on two occasions, from 1319 to 1343, and briefly from 1449 to 1450 in opposition to Christian of Oldenburg who by the Danes was elected king of the Kalmar Union.
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Sweden-Norway (404 words)

	Articles - Union between Sweden and Norway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus on November 13, 1810 the Swedish government was forced to declare war against the United Kingdom, though the British government was privately informed at the same time that Sweden was not a free agent and that the war would be a mere demonstration.
		The Swedish government thereupon concluded a secret convention with Russia Treaty of Petersburg, April 5, 1812 undertaking to send 30,000 men to operate against Napoleon in Germany in return for a promise from Alexander I of Russia guaranteeing to Sweden the possession of Norway.
		An alteration in the Swedish flag was also decided upon, by which the mark of union was to be replaced by an azure-blue square.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway?mySession=cd4961260a9d540041091914bd38f2ea (2185 words)

	Nordic FAQ - 7 of 7 - SWEDEN
		With the loss of Finland it is made evident that the strength of the Swedish army was far more depending on soldiers from Finland than her 20% share of the population would suggest.
		Swedish politicians tend to start their careers in younger years, before having accomplished in any profession (Olof Palme is one of the first examples), and the reduced number of municipal politicians contribute to a growing alienation between politicians and the electorate.
		Swedish literature of the end of the 1970s was characterized by a new trust in the word and a new delight in traditional fictio writing.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part7_SWEDEN (17175 words)

	departures.com \| Inside Sweden's Manor Houses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Yet classic Swedish design—and I don't mean the 1950s masterpieces of Gunnar Asplund and Carl Malmsten or the Ikea explosion of the '90s, but the checked-fabric side chairs and spindle-backed settees of 250 years ago—is experiencing a great deal of international attention these days.
		The Swedish country-house salon was consequently less pompous, less encrusted, and less glittery than its French counterpart; it was emptier, lighter, and more strictly dependent on beauty of proportion.
		The Swedish year is manic-depressive, with long hours of dispiriting darkness in winter and equally long hours of soft brilliance in summer; in both seasons, the sun often seems to dawdle motionlessly on the horizon, casting slanting shafts of tremulous, watery light.
	www.departures.com /ad/ad_1102_sweden.html (2305 words)

	List of Swedish monarchs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of Swedish monarchs, that is, the Kings and ruling Queens of Sweden with Regents and Viceroys of the Kalmar Union up until the present time.
		These records contain the early kings, of the House of Yngling, and give an explanation to the numbering of the monarchs, particularly the names Erik and Karl (Eric and Charles).
		However, the sagas tell that this line of kings was broken (see Ingjald and Ivar Vidfamne), and trace them back to Sigurd Ring and Ragnar Lodbrok (whom Saxo, on the other hand, considered to belong to the House of Yngling).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs (473 words)

	Swedish history (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Finland's status as an equal part of the realm is confirmed by participation in election of king.
		Swedish troops are located to Jutland as support for Denmark against a rebellion in Schleswig-Holstein.
		A Swedish troop of 600 man intervene on Åland, attempting to mediate when the civil war of Finland led to Finnish troops fighting on Åland.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq731.html (2403 words)

	Royalty.nu - Swedish Royalty, Kings and Queen of Sweden
		Adopted by the childless Swedish king Carl XIII in 1810, Bernadotte ascended the throne in 1818 as King Carl XIV Johan.
		Swedish monarch Oscar II was forced to abdicate as king of Norway, but continued to reign in Sweden until his death in 1907.
		Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism by Anthony F. Upton.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Scandinavia/Sweden.html (1686 words)

	> Sweden abcworld.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The official list of Swedish monarchs starts about 1000 years ago, about as long as Sweden has been a Christian kingdom, but there are lists based on Norse sagas, Beowulf and medieval chronicles that go back twice as far.
		During the Viking Age of the 9th and 10th century, Swedish vikings travelled mainly east, to the Baltic countries, Russia and the Black Sea, and via the lakes of Russia, down to southern Europe.
		The Swedish welfare system remains generous, but a recession in the 1990s has forced an introduction of a number of reforms, such as education vouchers in 1992 and decentralisation of some types of healthcare services to municipal control.
	www.abcworld.net /Sweden.html (4394 words)

	Oscar II of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Charles XV, as the Swedish title and with
		Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a generous friend of learning, and did much to encourage the development of education throughout his dominions.
		In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Oscar_II_of_Sweden (870 words)

	Hendrickson House: The Oldest Stone House in America?
		By acting quickly, Holy Trinity became the owner of a brand-new, yet 310-year-old structure which had been built for a young Swedish farmer as a wedding present in 1690, and which is - quite possibly - the oldest stone house in America.
		They practiced huuhta (the cultivation of rye in the ashes of burned spruce forest) and had been encouraged by Swedish monarchs during the 1500s and early 1600s to clear the ground for eventual farm use.
		In 1976, H. Carl XVI Gustaf visited the Swedish landmarks as part of America's Bicentennial celebration and in 1988 the Swedish King returned with Queen Silvia to mark the 350th Anniversary of the ancient Swedes' arrival in the New World.
	www.colonialswedes.org /Forefathers/Hendrick.html (1738 words)

	Stockholm: Old Time Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Much larger than the picture suggests (the area is quite cramped), Storkyrkan is the traditional site for crowning Swedish monarchs.
		The church contains an enormous statue of St. George and the Dragon (St. George and his horse are life size), and two enormous box pews with overhanging, oversized canopies in the shape of crowns, the reserved seats for the king and queen.
		The courtyard of Storkyrkan played a major role in the life of Sweden: in 1520, the Danish King Christian II invited 80 Swedish nobles to a dinner and, once gathered, had them beheaded in the courtyard, with their heads piled as a warning to other Swedes to accept Danish rule.
	www.wap.org /tours/europe/otchurches.html (225 words)

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