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Topic: Swedish neutrality

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Swedish neutrality during World War II

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	Co-Opting Nazi Germany: Neutrality in Europe During World War II
		Neutrality, when practiced by nations, is not always neutral.
		For example, Switzerland adopted "differentiated" neutrality in 1920, a decision which indicated a willingness to employ economic sanctions to communicate disapprobation of another nation; in 1938 the Swiss embraced "integral," or supposedly unconditional, neutrality.
		The Swedish economy was, for a number of years, almost fully integrated into the Nazis' New Order; the country supplied Germany with high-grade iron ore (30 percent of that used by the German armaments industry), as well as ball bearings, foodstuffs, wood, and many other raw materials.
	www.adl.org /Braun/dim_14_1_neutrality_europe.asp (4652 words)

	Swedish neutrality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Swedish neutrality refers to Sweden's policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, which has been in effect since the early 19th century.
		Voices for neutrality dominated the public debate, but Queen Victoria and some conservatives were strong advocates for entrance in the war on the German side, and the government's policy had a clearly pro-German slant.
		It was first believed that the Swedish government dropped Sandler due to his outspoken comments on the government's policies, and the German press' allegations that Sandler was pro-British; however, in reality it was Sandler who requested permission to retire from the Swedish cabinet, because the government did not represent Sandler's anti-neutral views.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swedish_neutrality (2503 words)

	NATO Research Fellowships 1994-1996
		A permanently neutral state assumes responsibility to refrain from war in all circumstances except self-defense, not to participate in military unions and alliances and not to conclude agreements which could lead to involvement of the state into a war.
		A neutral state should be independent and free from any type of foreign influence and pressure since it voluntarily assumed the responsibility of non-involvement in military actions except self-defense.
		Since a traditionally neutral state has no obligations concerning non-involvement in a military conflict in respect to a particular state specified in an international agreement there is a difference between traditional and eventual types of neutrality.
	www.nato.int /acad/fellow/94-96/latypov/03.htm (2010 words)

	Aviation Wings and Badges of WW2 - Swedish Air Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Swedish military aviation was born with the introduction to the Army of balloon observation during the late 1800s, and the first powered military aircraft were introduced around 1910.
		The Swedish wood-and-metal fighter FFVS J 22 (constructed and built during the war, first flown in 1942), together with the dive-bomber SAAB 17 (first flown in 1940) and the medium bomber SAAB 18 (first flown in 1942) were all successful Swedish-built military aircraft of WWII.
		Thus, the Swedish neutrality watch was undergoing heavy progress during the war and the Swedish air defences were eventually a powerful force to defend Sweden from any possible hostilities.
	www.ww2wings.com /wings/sweden/swedenmain.shtml (2078 words)

	Swedish Neutrality During World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For Germany, the import of Swedish iron-ore was of extreme importance in its attempts to rebuild its military strength, despite the stipulations presented in the Treaty of Versailles.
		The primary ports where Swedish iron-ore originated from were from the town of Narvik in the northern region of Norway on the North Sea and Lulea in Sweden on the Gulf of Bothnia.
		Swedish iron-ore was of prime importance to Germany’s capability at engaging in war, and had such a vital source as iron-ore been cut off from Germany, the war may have not been as long and severe, and there possibly may have been no war at all.
	www.glinka.com /2006/02/12/swedish-neutrality-during-world-war-ii (3824 words)

	Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The relatively strong Swedish defence forces became a factor in the strategic and operational war planning of the West, a process which was based on geostrategic reasoning of how to best defend and conduct war on the northern flank of Europe.
		In defensive terms the Swedish military strength, and in particular her strong air force, was considered a valuable geostrategic asset by the Western powers, both in American and NATO war planning.
		Even if the Swedish leadership were hoping for a late option to stay out of the war and try to declare neutrality as a last hope, the war planning of the West clearly shows this to be a non-viable option.
	www.luftfart.museum.no /Engelsk/Research/foredrag/weinberger.htm (8246 words)

	Admiral Claës Lindsström, Swedish Neutrality, and The Swedish Coast Artillery
		With growing surprise he found a commanding admiral, on the Swedish east coast, who was a friend of Germany and of the Nazis.
		In addition, he aimed at procuring, for the Royal Swedish Navy, battleships modelled on the German types, and with all the means at his disposal he tried to stop the expansion of the Coast Artillery in the Stockholm archipelago.
		These attempts on his part were mainly blocked by the Swedish Chief of Naval Operations and were not part of his Nazi sympathies, I think, but rather a way to transfer money to the Navy to build Swedish battleships.
	www.kkrva.se /Artiklar/012/012e/sobeus.html (885 words)

	Sweden: Social Democrats abandon 200 years of neutrality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Swedish ore could always be sold to Britain, if pressure from Germany became too great although, at one point, the bulk of Swedish mines, and the rail system, nearly fell under German ownership.
		Swedish capital, increasingly dominant in Estonia, and the Baltic region, is also seeking a foothold in China, particularly for Ericsson and a route into Russia via its northern expanses.
		For the working class in Sweden, the end of Swedish neutrality must initiate an urgent period of reckoning with the negative role played by Social Democracy and Stalinism in the region throughout the 20th century.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2002/apr2002/swed-a12.shtml (2189 words)

	Holocaust-Era Assets - Neutrality Bibliography
		Note: The authors deal with the activities of Swedish businessmen, representing "neutral" banks and corporations, who cooperated with their counterparts in Nazi-Germany; specifically, there is a focus on the Wallenberg family and their Stockholm Enskilda Bank.
		In this article, the author discusses the surveillance of neutral countries including Switzerland; however, American intelligence concluded that Swiss communications were disappointing other than giving evidence that goods were transhipped to the Axis countries.
		The conference report describes Swedish negotiations with the Allies after the war, describes investigations into dormant bank accounts and other private property that took place in the 1960s and notes the progress on work of the Riksbank and the Commission itself.
	www.archives.gov /research/holocaust/bibliographies/neutrality.html (2420 words)

	Fanning the Flames: Chapter 8
		Rumors that major Swedish armaments companies had been smuggling high-technology weaponry and ammunition to Iran for nearly ten years erupted into a full-blown scandal on January 15, 1987, when a top-ranking military official responsible for granting arms export licenses fell mysteriously to his death in front of a Stockholm subway train.
		Swedish law, for instance, leaves the door wide open for defense companies to market their weapons abroad without government approval - an activity outlawed in even such an "immoral" country as France.
		Reporting is based on interviews with Swedish Customs authorities, government officials, members of the Parliament, the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society, SIPRI, foreign diplomats, and a review of documents seized during by Customs during the course of their three-year investigation.
	www.iran.org /tib/krt/fanning_ch8.htm (3318 words)

	Lifeless lifeline to the west - Swedish Defence Research Agency
		Swedish runways were lengthened and were given greater load-bearing capacity, presumably so that they could accommodate bombers that encountered difficulty on the way home.
		What the Swedish government was hoping for was that the United States would carry out missions with nuclear weapons against our neighbours on the other side of the Baltic Sea which were occupied by the Soviet Union.
		We had to have a Swedish profile, and that was not the same as the profile of a superpower.
	www.foi.se /FOI/templates/Page____3726.aspx (3274 words)

	Stockholm Sweden: History: The 20th century
		Officially all parties in the parliament supported the neutrality policy and the political differences were put aside for most of the war.
		An important part of the Swedish model, the agreement at Saltsjöbaden, meant that the Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) and the organisations of the employers, solved their differences between themselves.
		Germany was dependent upon Swedish metal ore from the mines in northern Sweden.
	www.visit-stockholm.com /about-stockholm/20th.htm (1810 words)

	Museum of Tolerance Multimedia Learning Center
		During the first years of the war, Swedish neutrality was tipped in the direction of Germany.
		As a result the Swedish minister in Berlin, Arvid Richert, submitted a proposal to the Germans that called for the placement of Danish Jews in camps in Sweden.
		In the meantime, Raoul Wallenberg was assigned to the Swedish legation in Budapest to rescue Jews.
	motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org /text/x31/xr3188.html (1150 words)

	Neutrality in WWII - History Forum
		The violation of neutrality of the Low Countries and their experiences in both world wars went a long way into making them the poster child of European integration in the post-war world.
		When the German Army invaded neutral Belgium as well as the Netherlands on 10th May 1940, the Belgian Army, under the supreme command of King Leopold III, fought against the invaders.However, without tanks, and very few aniti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, the government was forced to surrender eighteen days later.
		There were very few Facists (although there were some, the Blueshirts) in Ireland who would support alligance with Germany, besides this, the fact was, Ireland shared a bourder with the UK and was far from German aid, so its unlikely she could have helped the couse of the Third Riche even had she wished to.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1117 (2429 words)

	Sweden during World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Swedish Press Council served as a "promotion of good relations between the press and the public authorities and to serve as an instrument of self-discipline for the press." The Press Council issued warnings, public or confidential, to those who abused the freedom of the press.
		Already during the Norwegian Campaign the Swedish Government gave the Wehrmacht access to the Swedish Rail System, allowing the Germans to transfer 60 soldiers under the guise of red-cross personnell from the occupied areas in Southern Norway to the still fighting Narvik front.
		During the cold war Sweden's neutrality was the subject of Soviet propaganda against Sweden, implying that since Sweden was a former German ally, her independence was not legitimate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II (3974 words)

	A Century of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, 1901-2005
		Karl Hjalmar Branting was a Swedish politician and statesman and a leader of the Socialist Party.
		Branting was the Minister of Finance during World War I and advocated Swedish neutrality during the conflict.
		He joined the Swedish delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919 and supported the adoption of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
	www.indiana.edu /~nobel/league.php?lid=12 (439 words)

	Olof Palme - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1971, Palme led Sweden's rejection of a bid for membership in the European Community as not compatible with a policy of Swedish neutrality.
		Although the 1973 general election resulted in a tie in the Riksdag between Palme's Social Democrats and the nonsocialist bloc, the prime minister remained in office.
		Swedish police skeptical weapon found was used to kill Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-palme-o1l.html (349 words)

	Liljegren
		The Swedish Government welcomes the report as a significant contribution to the efforts to shed as much light as possible on a dark chapter in the history of humankind.
		It is a historical fact that Sweden remained neutral during the war, or to put it more accurately, managed to stay outside the war.
		Let me recall the actions of the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg who was sent to Hungary by the Swedish Government to the Swedish Legation in Budapest in cooperation with the American War Refugee Board and the World Jewish Congress.
	banking.senate.gov /97_05hrg/051597/witness/lilje.htm (2259 words)

	Sweden Europe - Pictures, Travel, Sites and Maps
		Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole 20th century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits.
		Swedish kronor / US dollar = 8.09 (2003).
		Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in 2000-02 by the global economic downturn, but fiscal discipline over the past several years has allowed the country to weather economic vagaries.
	sweden.scandinavia-pictures.com (2535 words)

	Random Recollections, by Fulton Quintus Cincinnatus Gardner, Chapter A4 Swedish_submarine_mines
		SWEDISH SUBMARINE MINES IN WORLD WAR I. During World War I Sweden was a neutral country, and Stockholm became the largest and most important common center of counterespionage of both the Allies and of the Germans.
		Solbert went secretly to the Editor of one of the principal Swedish papers, who had been a good friend of his father, and who was personally pro-Ally in his sentiments, although the paper and the Swedish government were strictly neutral.
		In a few days the friendly Editor, in and editorial, protested strongly at the continued inactivity of the government and made the definite suggestion that the passage of the British submarines be be stopped by planting Swedish mines within the 3 mile zone.
	home.earthlink.net /~sgeubank/random/A4.html (448 words)

	Written Responses to Questions Submitted by the Swedish Newspaper Tidningarnas Telegrambyra
		The point is that we should be able to express our differences clearly but also see if there are ways that we could work together to bring about a solution of the issue.
		I know that this is a policy that is supported by a very large majority of the Swedish people.
		But I trust that Swedes are not neutral when it comes to promoting the values they cherish, values such as democracy, individual freedom, and respect for the rule of law.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1987/092887a.htm (922 words)

	Swedish travel information, Sweden tourism, Maps of Sweden, Learn Swedish
		Due to its military neutrality in the past two centuries, Sweden has remained outside the world confrontational scene.
		Sweden used to be an expensive country to visit, but since the devaluation of the national currency (the Swedish crown), it has become more affordable.
		The Swedish Right to Public Access means that you can walk, see and stay in any wild natural region in Sweden for free as long as you do not harm the environment or leave litter behind when you leave.
	www.in-sweden.co.uk (319 words)

	swedish connection
		It seemed that almost any discussion in Norway involved the visitor being told that while Sweden had in the past always been the richer, stronger neighbor, now, with North Sea gas and oil, and the faltering Swedish economy, Norway's was rapidly becoming the richer and stronger economy.
		And the neighborly competitiveness of the two countries is exacerbated by a deeper and less commonly mentioned difference, though it is perhaps increasingly less significant to younger generations, between Norwegan resistance to the Nazis and Swedish neutrality.
		She was by far the best and most engaged translator I have had, and she had a mischievous sense of humor, a nice wit, and an easy flexible style in English, which spoke well for the Swedish version.
	www.educ.sfu.ca /kegan/HOWT-Swed.html (2046 words)

	Gates of Vienna: Whiskey on the Rocks — 25 Years Old
		The Soviets would be allowed to practice submarine maneuvers among the Swedish islands, where sonar is severely impaired, and in return the Swedes would pretend not to know they were there.
		In 1801 Sweden betrayed its allies in the “Union of Armed Neutrality” — encompassing Russia, Sweden and Denmark/Norway — with a disastrous outcome for Denmark.
		Swedish “neutrality” has kept the country outside two Danish wars with Prussia/Austria (1848-50 and 1864), the Crimean War (1854-56), World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45).
	gatesofvienna.blogspot.com /2006/11/whiskey-on-rocks-25-years-old.html (1727 words)

	Hjalmar Branting - Biography
		Radical though Branting was, he taught evolution rather than revolution, believing that true democracy could not exist without the active involvement of the workingmen and that any socialist philosophy not based on the democratic concept was a mockery.
		Branting's lifelong interest in international affairs was intensified during and after World War I. He supported the Allied position but insisted upon Swedish neutrality, tried to preserve the international solidarity of the labor-union movement, served as Sweden's representative to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, advocated adoption of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
		He led the successful movement to bring Sweden into the League, served as the Swedish delegate to the League, and was named to the Council of the League in 1923.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1921/branting-bio.html (1180 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Hammarskjöld, Dag
		Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jonkoping in south-central Sweden on July 29, 1905 into a family prominent in Swedish government.
		Dag was the fourth son born to Hjalmar and Agnes, who was in her forties at the time of his birth.
		He served as Swedish delegate to the United Nations in 1949 and again from 1951 to 1953.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/hammarskjold_d.html (917 words)

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