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Topic: Swedish nobility

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	Swedish nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the elevation into nobility by the Swedish monarch, the key concept was that of introduction to ones peers at the House of Knights (Riddarhuset), which formerly was a chamber in the Riksdag of the Estates, the Swedish Parliament.
		The nobility in Sweden (and Finland) dates back to 1280 when it was agreed that magnates who could afford to contribute to the cavalry with a horse-soldier were to be exempted from tax - at least from ordinary taxes - as the clergy already had been.
		The nobility's political privileges were practically abolished by the reformation of the Riksdag of the Estates in 1866, and the last rights of precedence to certain governmental offices were removed in the 1920s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swedish_nobility (1020 words)

	Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there).
		Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e., legitimate descendants (or all male descendants, in some societies) of nobles are nobles, unless explicitly stripped of the privilege.
		Nobles typically commanded resources, such as food, money, or labor, from common members or nobles of lower rank of their societies, and could exercise religious or political power over them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobility (757 words)

	Scandinavian nobility (s.c.nordic FAQ-related texts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nobility in Norway grew out of the old chieftain families; after the unification of the country under royal power from about 1000 A.D. the heads of those families went into royal service as the kings' representatives in the various districts; those were then called lendmenn.
		This nobility was granted a lot of privileges, but after absolute Royal rule was introduced in Denmark in 1660-61 it faded away rather soon.
		But still nobility according to the law was to be milder treated by the police and the courts, had wider right to beat their servants than commoners had, had some advantages over for other creditors in case the debtor lived on their land, and some remaining privileges regarding hunting.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/adel.html (3822 words)

	Kalmar Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The countries had given up their sovereignty, but not their independence, and diverging interests (especially Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish and Holsteinish dominance) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper it from the 1430s until its final dissolution in 1523.
		King Albert, born in Germany, was disliked by the Swedish nobility and their rebellion had received help from the Danes, who intended the union to serve as a check on the growing power of the German Hanseatic League.
		Queen Margaret, who was a daughter of the late Danish king Valdemar Atterdag and wife of the late Norwegian king Haakon VI, maneuvered to have her grandnephew Eric of Pomerania recognized as heir to the Norwegian throne, and then elected king over the two other countries.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Kalmar_Union (632 words)

	Georg Stiernhielm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Georg Stiernhielm (August 7, 1598 – April 22, 1672) was a Swedish civil servant, linguist and poet.
		Stiernhielm was born in a middle-class family in the village Svartskärs in Vika parish in Dalecarlia.
		The surname Stiernhielm, literally "Star Helmet", was taken in later life when he was raised into the Swedish nobility.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Georg_Stiernhielm (230 words)

	Riksdag of the Estates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Until its dissolution in 1866 the institution was the highest authority in Sweden next to the Swedish monarch.
		The modern Centre Party which grew out of the Swedish farmers' movement, sitting in the Parliament still today, could be construed as a modern representation with a traditional bond to the Estate of the Peasants.
		The Diet of Finland which was the successor to the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates in Finland, was dissolved in 1905.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Riksdag_of_the_Estates (506 words)

	Scots in Sweden - Seventeenth Century - Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He entered Swedish service as a Lieutenant in the Lifeguard in 1617, was promoted to Captain in 1619 and raised to the nobility in 1627.
		An outstanding member of the Swedish commoner line of Feif was also Casten Feif (1662-1739), who began as apprentice to a hatter and advanced to high positions in the administration of Charles XII.
		He was raised to the nobility in 1705, accompanied Charles to Turkey, and after the King’s death became President of the Exchequer in 1723.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/sweden/17-2.htm (3896 words)

	7.3 History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This period is characterized by struggle between the nobility, the commons and the queen/king.
		Swedish economy strengthens, laws are made more humane, new towns and roads are built, the navy is reformed and arts are favored.
		Swedish politicians tend to start their careers in younger years, before having accomplished in any profession (Olof Palme is one of the first examples), and the reduced number of municipal politicians contribute to a growing alienation between politicians and the electorate.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part7_SWEDEN/section-2.html (6672 words)

	Swedish Roots - for the descendants of the emigrants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Swedish Roots - for the descendants of the emigrants
		Swedish nobility today is represented by a total of 621 families comprising approximately 20,000 individuals.
		When it comes to the coats of arms of families not belonging to the Swedish nobility, these have since 1963 been registered in Skandinavisk Vapenrulla (The Roll of Arms for Scandinavia), where the arms not only of non-nobility, but also of the nobility and other coats of arms are published and presented.
	www.genealogi.se /roots/nwovapen.htm (1729 words)

	ALLMÄN INFORMATION OM ADELN I SVERIGE, EUROPA OCH VÄRLDEN
		Legal nobility has been conferred by sovereigns and their deputies and officials to for example prominent people,members of the nobility and relatives to sovereigns since the Medieval ages.
		Italian,Papal,Dutch and German nobility but not in Austria the rule is that nobility means that the whole family is noble and bears the same rank,but sometimes the head of the family is holder of a higher noble dignity than the rest of the family.
		Nobility is inheritance of noble dignities by primogeniture the general rule,but sometimes other members of the family is holder of lower noble title.
	www.hulthenhem.se /english/nobility.htm (672 words)

	Kalmar Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The union was formed by Queen Margaret I (1353 - 1413) in the Swedish town of Kalmar, close to the Danish border, after Danish and Swedish troops in 1389 had defeated the Swedish king, Albert of Mecklenburg, and he subsequently failed to pay the tribute of 60,000 silver marks within three years after his release.
		King Albert, born in Germany, was ill-liked by the Swedish nobility and their rebellion had received help from the Danes, who intended the union to serve as a check on the growing power of the German Hanseatic League.
		Queen Margaret who was a daughter of the late Danish king Valdemar Atterdag and wife of the late Norwegian king Haakon VI, maneuvered to have her grand-nephew, Eric of Pomerania elected king over the three countries.
	usapedia.com /k/kalmar-union.html (560 words)

	Olof Palme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He came from an upper-class background and his family belonged to the Swedish nobility.
		Palme is the most internationally known Swedish politician of the 20th century (with the possible exclusion of "humanitarians" like Raoul Wallenberg and Dag Hammarskjöld).
		This was the first murder of a Swedish politician since that of Axel von Fersen in 1810, and the first assassination of a Swedish head of government since King Gustav III of Sweden in 1792.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/o/ol/olof_palme.html (264 words)

	WHKMLA : Nobility in the Era of Absolutism
		In Denmark, the frustration of the nobility erupted in the 1772 judicial murder of minister of state Struensee.
		The status of the Russian noblemen was envied by the Swedish and Polish nobles and thus contributed to territorial acquisitions, temporary successes as the fact that the stranglehold of the nobility over society and economy was anachronistic, unproductive, artificial.
		The absolute monarchy seemingly least affected by resistance of the nobility against political reform was Prussia, where the policy of Frederick the Great had succeeded in turning the Junkers into a service nobility loyal to both the monarchy and the Prussian state.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/absolut/nobility.html (541 words)

	Swedish Glass At Bard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beginning with window glass for Swedish nobility, the industry expanded with a growing domestic market and by the Eighteenth Century factories were scattered across the country, producing green bottles for beer and wine as well as drinking vessels.
		The major growth of the Swedish glass industry, however, came in the second half of the Nineteenth Century, when 77 glassworks were founded, more than half of these in the Southeastern area of Smaland, which became "the kingdom of glass." The largest by far was Kosta, founded in 1742, which had several hundred employees.
		Focusing on the key years in which Swedish glassworks partnered with artists, the exhibition at Bard Graduate Center has collected almost 160 works from museums and private collections in Scandinavia and the United States to illustrate the varied and distinctive creations of the most important designers, craftsmen, and factories of the time.
	www.antiquesandthearts.com /archive/swedglas.htm (1807 words)

	Swedish history: 1521-1718 (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The peasantry, the low nobility and the common priests were in majority at the Diets of the four Estates of the Realm, and cooperated willingly with the kings against the higher noblemens' interests.
		The Swedish realm was unified, despite several rebellions, and Denmark was severly struck by internal conflicts.
		The nobility and King Sigismund aimed at collecting all of the coasts of the Baltic Sea under a Polnish-Swedish Union, at the same time closing Russia's access to the Baltic Sea and improving the position of the noble estate-owners.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq734.html (3529 words)

	departures.com \| Inside Sweden's Manor Houses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Yet classic Swedish design—and I don't mean the 1950s masterpieces of Gunnar Asplund and Carl Malmsten or the Ikea explosion of the '90s, but the checked-fabric side chairs and spindle-backed settees of 250 years ago—is experiencing a great deal of international attention these days.
		The Swedish country-house salon was consequently less pompous, less encrusted, and less glittery than its French counterpart; it was emptier, lighter, and more strictly dependent on beauty of proportion.
		The Swedish year is manic-depressive, with long hours of dispiriting darkness in winter and equally long hours of soft brilliance in summer; in both seasons, the sun often seems to dawdle motionlessly on the horizon, casting slanting shafts of tremulous, watery light.
	www.departures.com /ad/ad_1102_sweden.html (2305 words)

	The Swedish Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In this manifest, Swedish was established as the second national language of Finland, and its status as such has been secured in the constitution.
		The Swedish variant that is spoken in Finland, Finland-Swedish, is one of the five so-called regional variants of the Swedish language.
		This means, that the Swedish written language -norm is the same in Finland as in Sweden, but that the spoken language has a distinctive regional color.
	www.multi.fi /~ulfsjos/fs.htm (923 words)

	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Inspired by national subjects from the very beginning, it succeeds in capturing the most genuine characteristics of national life; it depicts the destinies of the Swedish people in epic poems, which by the richness of their imagination, the sharpness of their contours, and their composition, are works of the highest order in Scandinavian literature.
		Born in 1859 into an old family of the Swedish nobility, he first wanted to be a painter, but he abandoned the study of painting to devote himself to his vocation as a poet.
		What is characteristic in this conception of life, born of noble and unhappy experiences, is a proud and tolerant virility which constitutes the very essence of the suffering, the hope, and the intoxication of the poet, and a newly acquired capacity to reach the spiritual world by renunciation.
	nobelprize.org /literature/laureates/1916/heidenstam-bio-ess.html (1005 words)

	The Elected Monarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		During the Swedish War, Gustavus II Adolphus (the son of Charles IX) seized Riga (1621) and almost all of Livonia.
		The Swedish king, Charles XII (the “Lion of the North”, 1682 - 1718) defeated the Danes who had invaded Schleswig (1700), destroyed the Russian Army at Narva (November 1700) and raised the siege of Riga (1701).
		Augustus was restored after the Swedish invasion of Russia failed at the battle of Poltava (1709) - in which an important role was played by Polish peasants harassing the Swedish columns, and the pro-Saxon Confederates of Sandomierz who prevented reinforcements from reaching the Swedes.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/ElectedMonarchy.html (5443 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Gustav III, King of Sweden
		Unfortunately for him, his politics as well as his sexuality were seriously at odds with those of the Swedish nobility, a state of affairs that eventually cost him his life.
		Indeed, the period known as the Gustavian Age did not receive that name based on Swedish military or political achievements; rather it was the flowering of the arts that caused the king's name to become associated with the period.
		The Swedish Academy for Language, the Academy for Literature, History and Antiquities, the Academy of Music, and the Academy of Art all originated during Gustav's reign.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/gustav_III.html (1016 words)

	Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the last years of the ancien régime, before the French Revolution, the old nobility, intent on keeping its privileges, had pushed for restrictions of certain offices to noblemen who could demonstrate that their family had enough "nobility quarters" (i.e.
		that they were from old noble families, not from bourgeois families recently elevated to noble rank).
		Genealogics, an extensive database of European nobles (http://www.genealogics.org/index.php)
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Nobles (835 words)

	WHKMLA : Finland under Swedish Rule, 1525-1808 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The decision to introduce reformation in Sweden in 1527 also affected Finland, where the Swedish language version of the bible was used, until a Finnish translation was published in 1642; Swedish became the language of administration and education (replacing both Latin and Lower German).
		The entire nobility was Swedish, as were the burgomasters, lawyers, clergy.
		In 1788 Swedish forces invaded Russia and the Swedish navy attempted an assault on St. Petersburg.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/swefin.html (613 words)

	Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (February 15, 1873 – November 6, 1964) was a Swedish (German-born) biochemist.
		He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929 with Arthur Harden for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.
		Biography (http://runeberg.org/nfbg/0554.html) (in Swedish) from Nordisk familjebok, 2nd ed.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin (205 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Reformation
		Against the chancellor and the Swedish nobility Sigismund found himself powerless; finally (1600) he was deposed as an apostate from the "true doctrine", and Charles was appointed king.
		The Edict of Amboise granted new favours to the Calvinistic nobles, although the earlier edict of tolerance was withdrawn.
		The nobility used the Reformation as a weapon in their war against the royal house, which was supported by the higher clergy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12700b.htm (10530 words)

	Celsius Centre for Scandinavian Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Swedish nobility was accustomed to centuries of public duty and considerable political autonomy, for example, the provinces had been loosely self governed since the Viking Period (900-1100) (8).
		Thus, when Morner aired his opinions on the issue of Swedish migration to Australia, it was in the context of civic duty, and he was surprised that Australians took his comments as a personal slight rather than on the basis, as he saw it, of duty to his own nation.
		Thus Swedish migration as an issue developed into a crisis of national significance for Morner, with the perception of his role as a leader in Swedish society gradually overshadowing his responsibilities as consular representative of the same country.
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /scanlink/nornotes/vol5/articles/mitta.html (2539 words)

	A Swedish Coat-of-Arms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The distinction between noble and commoner in Sweden is given in the helmet.
		The open helmet is strictly reserved for the Swedish nobility, while the closed helmet is the only alternative for commoners.
		The elk as King of the Swedish forests is a vital ingredient in Swedish folklore.
	hem.passagen.se /jonar242/vapnet.htm (1035 words)

	Baron Stig Leuhusen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Baron Stig Leuhusen, Swedish nobleman and Bermuda shipping magnate whose local residence was at Lyndia, on Harbour Road in Paget, died in Sweden, July 21 at the age of 67.
		The son of a Norwegian mother, Liv (Eyde) Leuhusen and a Swedish father, Nils Leuhusen, Baron Leuhusen was born into the title in Hofsta - which falls under the jurisdiction of Stockholm - Sweden on October 13, 1929.
		The Leuhusens were the oldest family within the Swedish nobility - dating back to the arrival in Sweden in 1310 of a Belgian princess, whose marriage to the Swedish Prince had been pre-arranged.
	www.bermudasun.org /issues/Sep13_96/baron.html (600 words)

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