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Topic: Swimbladder

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	Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa: An update
		Piscine coccidia are intracellular organisms of the epithelium (of the gut, the gall bladder, the swimbladder and the kidney tubules) and tissues (liver) of epithelial origin.
		Proliferation of the mucosal epithelial cells, observed in intestinal (Molnar, 1984) and in swimbladder infections, blocks the release of oocysts from the epithelium, resulting in a condition similar to that observed in nodular coccidiosis.
		Developmental biology of tilapia coccidia: Eimeria vanasi in the intestine and Goussia cichlidarum in the swimbladder.
	www.fao.org /docrep/008/v9551e/V9551E09.htm (2543 words)

	The Swimbladder
		The swimbladder is a sack, filled with oxygen and nitrogen, linked to the fish's bloodstream.
		The swimbladder is filled either by air from the throat or oxygen from the bloodstream.
		The swimbladder is connected to the intestinal tract.
	www.thatfishshop.com /ichthyology/swimbladder.htm (221 words)

	Research reports for Alaska Fisheries Science Center's RACE Division for Oct-Dec 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We hypothesized that this behavior was a result of swimbladder damage due to barotrauma suffered during the rapid ascent from depth of capture to the surface (Fig.
		Observations of bubbles rising from captured cod as pots were retrieved indicated that many of the cod might have had ruptured swimbladders.
		The radiographic images of these fish showed inflated swimbladders, suggesting that if the swimbladder had sustained any damage, it had been repaired within the first 24 hours.
	www.afsc.noaa.gov /Quarterly/ond2002/divrptsRACE1.htm (984 words)

	Water & Atmosphere Vol. 9 No. 3, September 2001 - NIWA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The results from swimbladders of different-sized fish for each species are used to estimate a general relationship between fish length and target strength for each species.
		The relation between target strength, fish size and tilt for a hake swimbladder is shown in the graph (at right).
		As the swimbladder tilts, the effective size of the swimbladder decreases as viewed from the direction that the acoustic wave is travelling and, because a smaller object reflects less sound, the target strength decreases.
	www.niwa.co.nz /pubs/wa/09-3/echo.htm (1171 words)

	Swimbladder Inflation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When the gas volume within the swimbladder is low this gland reacts by releasing lactic acid into the blood, acidifying it.
		This is when gases are able to diffuse from a higher oxygen volume in the venous to the lower oxygen volume in the arterial capillaries, therefore keeping more oxygenated blood within the loop of the rete (Schmidt-Nielsen 1997).
		With an increase in swimbladder pressure as a result of the greater water depth, the fish would have a harder time keeping gases from being lost from the system.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/anphys/2000/Martin/inflation.html (407 words)

	3.3- FISH EGG MANAGEMENT
		The swimbladder starts inflating when larvae reach 4 mm, at which length the yolk sac is completely reabsorbed.
		The swimbladder starts inflating when larvae reach 5,5 mm, at which stage the yolk sac is completely reabsorbed and the oil droplets only partly.
		By the day 16 (6,5 mm length) the swimbladder primary inflation is completed; by this time the oil droplets of the yolk-sac have been completely reabsorbed.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/X3980E/x3980e08.htm (3798 words)

	answer63
		The function of the swimbladder is to allow the fish to control where he wants to be as far as depth is and to maintain its position.
		Fishes that do not have a swimbladder cannot "hover" in place but instead are condemned to swim night and day (many of the fish that live in schools in the ocean do not have swimbladder).
		Overfeeding is the #1 cause of swimbladder disorders.
	www.bettatalk.com /answer63.htm (804 words)

	Gulf Ecology Division
		Proliferative Lesions in Swimbladder of Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes and Guppy Poecilia reticulata.
		Thirteen cases of proliferative lesions of the swimbladder were encountered in Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes and guppy Poecilia reticulata from about 10,000 medaka and 5,000 guppies used in carcinogenicity tests and histologically examined.
		Their rare occurrence, however, makes swimbladder proliferative lesions in small fish carcinogenesis models sensitive indicators of compounds that might target cells of the gas gland.
	www.epa.gov /ged/publica/c0152.htm (300 words)

	Ideal for booming mating calls, certain fish muscles have evolved so fully that they're unfit for much else
		A generally sluggish resident of shallow, murky waterways from Massachusetts to Florida, the homely toadfish is distinguished primarily by the superfast muscles surrounding an organ called a swimbladder, which it uses to create its mating call.
		These muscles are the fastest known among vertebrates, contracting and relaxing as many as 200 times a second, five times as rapid as the beating of a hummingbird’s wings and 50 times faster than any sprinter’s legs.
		Humans don’t have anything as fast as the toadfish’s swimbladder muscles, but our eye muscles are thought to operate at high speeds.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-10/uop-ifb100301.php (617 words)

	Venting: A Guide to Releasing Reef Fish with Ruptured Swimbladders
		Many marine reef fish have a gas-filled organ called a swimbladder, which controls buoyancy and allows the fish to maintain a certain depth in the water column.
		The gas in the swimbladder can over-expand when fish are brought quickly to the surface by hook and line.
		Swimbladders can expand only so far before they burst.
	www.capmel.com /venting_guide.htm (1029 words)

	IngentaConnect A finite interval of initial swimbladder inflation in Latris line... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Collapse of the swimbladder lumen was first apparent in larvae without swimbladder inflation from 11 dph and progressively developed thereafter in all larvae with non-inflated swimbladders.
		This study demonstrates that the interval for initial swimbladder inflation in striped trumpeter is short, finite and related to larval size.
		The end of the inflation interval was marked by onset of abnormal swimbladder morphologies, but not to closure of the pneumatic duct.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/jfb/2005/00000067/00000003/art00010 (421 words)

	From Maritimes, Volume 20, number 4, November 1976
		In a grunt the swimbladder contracts 90 times a second; and in the boatwhistle 200 times a second resulting in a higher pitched, longer sustained sound.
		First, Fine measured the swimbladders of 144 toadfish and demonstrated that after a period of equal growth rate, the swimbladders of males grew faster than those of females.
		Since the swimbladder is doing the same thing -contracting - in a grunt and a boatwhistle but at different rates of speed, one might expect that a faster paced stimulus could obtain a boatwhistle from the same site in the brain as a grunt.
	www.gso.uri.edu /fishsounds/Brain.to.boatwhistle.html (847 words)

	RESULTS. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Because the dorsal surface of the swimbladder is attached to the backbone and pleural ribs, most of the contraction occurs in the dorso-ventral plane, reducing the effect of pressure on the target strength.
		The rate of resorption of gas out of the swimbladder, which is a physical process, increases with hydrostatic pressure to which the fish were adapted (Harden Jones and Scholes, 1985), but seems to be limited by the supply of blood (Ross,1979a,b).
		Secretion of gas into the swimbladder is a chemical process, which increases markedly with temperature, slightly with pressure and decreases with weight of the fish.
	home.c2i.net /bjberent/dsttag/ices/side5ic.html (1301 words)

	hatacheries
		Absence of swimbladder development is a major problem in larval rearing of many species including striped bass.
		Studies on factors influencing swimbladder inflation in various species indicate that problems occur primarily in intensive culture, and that physical factors in culture systems including access to surface air, surface cleanliness, turbidity, turbulence, aeration, and lighting are important factors influencing swimbladder inflation.
		In our studies of swimbladder inflation we have found that keeping the water surface clean, keeping the tanks in constant darkness for days 4 through 7 post-hatch and maintaining water hardness above 100 ppm are the most important factors to produce larvae with a high percentage of inflated swimbladders.
	www.hpl.umces.edu /facilities/fish2.htm (509 words)

	CNN - Cancer-causing virus found in Atlantic salmon - December 29, 1998
		The virus, salmon swimbladder sarcoma, is not believed to be a human health hazard but could be devastating for Atlantic salmon populations, according to researchers at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine.
		By the time the swimbladder tumor is detectable, from a bulging in the side of the fish, the salmon are near death.
		Salmon swimbladder sarcoma is classified as a retrovirus, Casey says, because it contains hallmark sequence similarities to other members of this group.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9812/29/cancer.fish.yoto/index.html (611 words)

	Fisheries Acoustics Research - Kirchoff-Ray Mode Backscatter Model
		c is the angle of the swimbladder relative to the longitudinal (i.e.
		Results from the model can be reported for the swimbladder, body, or the whole fish to show the contribution of the body parts to the total backscatter.
		Since maximum backscatter occurs when the top surface of the swimbladder is parallel to the transducer and corresponding incident wave front, maximum backscatter occurs at 85 degrees with the fish tilted slightly head down.
	www.acoustics.washington.edu /krmmodel.php (869 words)

	Swimbladder gas gland cells cultured on permeable supports regain their characteristic polarity -- Prem and Pelster 204 ...
		focused on its morphology and the composition of the swimbladder
		Average rate of total lactate release of gas gland cells cultured on permeable supports in a superfusion system with fluid supplied to both sides of the superfusion system (liquid culture) and in an air/liquid system, in which humidified air was supplied to the apical side of the cells.
		Steen, J. The physiology of the swimbladder in the eel Anguilla vulgaris.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/23/4023 (3911 words)

	What is a Swimbladder? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One particular organ, the swimbladder, is responsible for this unique phenomena in numerous fish.
		The swimbladder is an oval-shaped sac found in the fish's abdominal cavity, which at different times can be filled with varying amounts and compositions of gases (same as atmospheric gases: carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen).
		The swimbladder's main function is that of a hydrostatic organ.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/anphys/2000/Martin/introduction.html (301 words)

	Bloater Works Harder Under Pressure (Web Release)
		Under pressure, the swimbladder is squeezed and becomes smaller.
		The swimbladder is an internal balloon-like gas sac that prevents fish from sinking.
		Hatchery-raised bloater were used in this study because uncontrollable expansion of swimbladder gas causes wild-collected bloater to be hauled up in a 'bloated', and typically dead, state.
	www.iaglr.org /jglr/release/30/30_1_70-81.php (484 words)

	Flippersandfins.net on treating Swimbaldder Disease!
		The swimbladder is the organ responsible for buoyancy and when there is a problem with it, a fish can have difficulty rising to the surface ("sinker"), difficulty swimming to the bottom ("floater"), swims on its’ side or swims in the nose down vertical position.
		These fish are predisposed to impactions with food, which in turn clogs up the pneumocystic duct, which does not allow the swimbladder to inflate and deflate properly.
		For many fish, pre-soaking flake or pellet food (in conditioned water) is appropriate, as this will allow expansion of the dried food to occur prior to the fish eating it, and will lessen the chance of impaction.
	www.flippersandfins.net /SwimbladderDisease.htm (999 words)

	North Carolina Waterman
		Dr Berenbrink investigated the mechanism that allows fishes to keep the swimbladder inflated with gas even at great water pressure in the depths of the sea.
		These systems drive oxygen from the blood into the swimbladder allowing the fish to float at different levels in the sea without coming to the surface of the water for air.
		Another group of fishes has a closed swimbladder that is inflated through gas secretion even when they are in high water pressures.
	www.ncwaterman.com /article.asp?id=1613 (362 words)

	Fisheries Acoustics Research - Backscatter Variability
		The presence of a swimbladder is the primary biological factor influencing the amount and variability of backscattered sound from a fish.
		Swimbladder size and the angle relative to the longitudinal or sagittal axis of the fish body will determine the amount of sound reflected back to a transducer.
		Swimbladder volume does not affect the magnitude of a returned echo except at low frequencies.
	www.acoustics.washington.edu /variability.php (556 words)

	Trading force for speed: Why superfast crossbridge kinetics leads to superlow forces -- Rome et al. 96 (10): 5826 -- ...
		The concentrations of myosin heads in intact swimbladder and white muscle were measured to be 69 µM and 167 µM, respectively.
		In the case of the swimbladder, a 2-fold larger stretch was applied in the active fiber, but the force change was still just a small fraction of that in rigor.
		case of the swimbladder, this pattern is dramatically altered.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/10/5826 (4291 words)

	A Guide to the Tunas of the Western Atlantic
		The liver is striated on the ventral surface, and a swimbladder is present.
		A swimbladder is present, but is poorly developed and not evident in individuals smaller than about 25-32 gill rakers on the first gill arch.
		No swimbladder is present, and there are 16-24 gill rakers on the first gill arch.
	www.noreast.com /tuna/tunapage2.cfm (1619 words)

	Tropical Aquarium Fish Diseases - Swimbladder Trouble
		Additionally, the fish may sink to the bottom of the aquarium unable to rise without great effort or remain on its side at the surface.
		Normally behaviour is the symptom of another disease otherwise a failing of the swimbladder is the cause.
		There is no cure for this condition however, a mild salt bath or feeding of live foods may relieve the problem.
	www.thatfishshop.com /health/swimbladder_trouble.htm (74 words)

	UPenn - SAS - Biology - People - Faculty
		The muscles that surround his heart-shaped swimbladder, alternately contract down on the organ and relax at up to 200 hertz to produce the "boat-whistle" mating call.
		In fact, the swimbladder muscle is the fastest vertebrate muscle known.
		By contrast, at the low frequencies of steady swimming, the swimbladder muscle’s extremely low mechanical power output make it unable to power locomotion.
	www.bio.upenn.edu /faculty/rome (1534 words)

	How to Fix Swimbladder Disease in Goldfish - WikiHow
		If your goldfish is swimming sideways or upside-down, it may have swimbladder disorder.
		The methods here are effective when there is waste matter trapped in the fish's digestive tract, causing a constipation that presses against the swim bladder, making it unable to inflate and deflate as normal.
		Swimbladder disorder can be a side effect of bacterial infection, and the methods above will not resolve the problem if this is the case.
	www.wikihow.com /Fix-Swimbladder-Disease-in-Goldfish (370 words)

	SICB - 2004 meeting - Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The swimbladder develops from the esophagus, and its inflation in other cyprinid fish is controlled both by secretion of gases into the swimbladder from the blood and by exchange of gases via a pneumatic duct connecting the swimbladder with the esophagus.
		We describe the patterns of autonomic innervation of the swimbladder and its associated vasculature in the adult zebrafish.
		These visualization techniques produce complementary data suggesting that the swimbladder and associated vasculature are richly innervated by both intrinsic and extrinsic autonomic and sensory neurons which together form a complex control system.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2004/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=464 (282 words)

	Fish Sound Production
		Many fishes have evolved the ability to produce sounds by drumming the swimbladder with specialized muscles or bones.
		Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta): Gulf toadfish males have specialized swimbladder muscles that are used to produce the sound known as the 'boatwhistle'.
		Aggregation of silver perch: So many fish can be calling in an aggregation that individual calls are no longer distinguishable (and it may get so loud that you can hear the sound in air).
	www.marine.usf.edu /bio/fishlab/fish_sound_production.htm (437 words)

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