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Topic: Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics

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	swimming - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about swimming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Fear of infection prevented Europeans from swimming during the Middle Ages, but during the late 19th century swimming pools with chlorine as a disinfectant began to be built at major schools and universities and by the early 20th century public pools were features of parks and clubs.
		Synchronized swimming is a form of ‘ballet’ performed in and under water and accompanied by music.
		A FOX swimming across a rapid river was carried by the force of the current into a very deep ravine, where he lay for a long time very much bruised, sick, and unable to move.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /swimming (680 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The winter Olympics were begun in 1924 and were held in the same year as the summer games until the 1994 winter games in Lillehammer, Norway, when the alternating cycles began.
		The 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, reflected a changed political landscape: the 172 participating nations and territories included the Unified Team (with athletes from 12 former Soviet republics), a reunited Germany, and South Africa, which was allowed to compete for the first time since 1960.
		The Olympic games are competitions of individual athletes, not of nations, and the IOC does not keep national scores; however, the media of all nations report national standings according to one of two scoring systems.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/sports/olympics.html (1093 words)

	2004 Summer Olympics - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		It was the first Olympics since NBC had merged with Vivendi Universal Entertainment; the merger, along with the acquisitions of the Bravo and Telemundo networks, made it possible for the network to broadcast over 1200 hours of coverage during the games, triple what was broadcast in the U.S. four years earlier.
		The Mayor of Athens, Dora Bakoyianni, passed the Olympic Flag to the Mayor of Beijing, Wang Qishan.
		Officially there were 28 sports as swimming, diving, synchronised swimming and water polo are classified by the IOC as disciplines within the sport of aquatics, and wheelchair racing was a demonstation sport.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/2/0/0/2004_Summer_Olympics_330c.html (2001 words)

	2000 Summer Olympics
		Swimming the last leg, Thorpe passed the leading Americans and arrived in a new World Record time, two tenths of a second ahead of the Americans.
		IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, at his last Olympics, had to leave for home, as his wife was severely ill. Upon arrival, his wife had already passed away.
		In the swimming pool, American Tom Dolan beat the World record in the 400 m medley, successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior.
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/2/20/2000_summer_olympics.shtml (670 words)

	1976 Summer Olympics: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		In the bid to organise the Olympics, Montreal defeated Moscow and Los Angeles, which would organise the 1980 and 1984 Olympics.
		In a protest to a tour of South Africa by the New Zealand rugby team, Tanzania lead a boycott of 22 African nations as the IOC refused not to admit the New Zealand team.
		The Olympic Stadium, a daring design of French architect Roger Taillibert[?], remains a lasting monument to the huge deficit, as it never had an effective retractable roof, and the tower was only completed after the Olympics.
	www.encyclopedian.com /19/1976-Summer-Olympics.html (372 words)

	beRecruited.com: About Swimming & Swimming History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Swimming is also used in marine biology to observe plants and animals in their natural habitat.
		Swimming is an aerobic exercise due to the relatively long exercise times, requiring a constant oxygen supply to the muscles, except for short sprints where the muscles work anaerobically.
		Furthermore, swimming is usually done wile exposing most of the body to sunlight, especially some areas usually covered (around the rims of the bathing suit) or in the shade (the back of the knees).
	www.berecruited.com /news/swimming-history.html (2910 words)

	CBC.ca - Athens 2004 - History: 1912 Stockholm
		A 22,000-seat stadium and new swimming pool were built, as well as accommodations for the athletes.
		In an effort to improve competitive standards, a number of sports were cut from the 1908 games, which, judging by the amount of new world records established, was a visionary move.
		Swimming took big strides in 1912, as Australia and Japan -- competing in its first Olympics -- were starting to produce world-class swimmers.
	www.cbc.ca /olympics/2004/1912.html (1468 words)

	U.S. News Online: Sydney 2000 Olympics
		In 1908, Americans accused the all-British judging panel of bias, prompting the International Olympic Committee to establish the now-familiar multinational tribunal.
		Good as gold: The Olympics always offer drama, but only in the rarest moments are we privileged to view the exploits of legends.
		Olympic records will be broken as the limits of human performance are tested.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/olympics/first.htm (1092 words)

	1896 Summer Olympics
		These were the first celebration of the Olympic Games since the recreation of the ancient Greek Olympics with the founding of the International Olympic Committee in 1894.
		This is remarkable, as the Olympics did not, for a long time, allow professional athletes to compete, with the sole exception of fencing.
		The weightlifting contests are also conducted in the Olympic stadium, with Launceston Elliot of Great Britain and Viggo Jensen of Denmark taking a first and a second place each in the single-hand and double-hand contests.
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/1/18/1896_summer_olympics.shtml (886 words)

	OLYMPICS: 100 Years Of Change
		Perhaps the most blatant of Olympic hypocrisies upheld over the past 100 years was the nonnegotiable rule that each athlete had to swear that he was an amateur before he could compete.
		The first women's athletics event in Olympic history, the discus throw, was won by the brawny Pole Halina Konopacka, who shattered her own world record by 45 cm and beat the runner-up by 2.53 m.
		During the fiercest decades of the cold war, Olympic amateurism was almost as volatile an issue in the East-West conflict as political ideology.
	www.time.com /time/international/1996/960527/olympics.history.html (6130 words)

	1896 Summer Olympics - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 1896 Summer Olympics, formally called the Games of the I Olympiad, were the first modern Summer Olympic Games and the first Games since Roman emperor Theodosius I banned the Ancient Olympic Games in AD 393 as part of the Christian campaign against paganism.
		However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, barring the so-called Intercalated Games of 1906, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics.
		The true origin of the modern Olympics was acknowledged by De Coubertin as being in Much Wenlock, a rural market town in the English county of Shropshire.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics (3849 words)

	kiat.net: Olympic Games London 1908
		Twenty-two countries competed in the 1908 Olympics, the same number as in 1900, but the number of athletes increased dramatically, from 1,330 to 2,035.
		As a result of the controversy, the IOC decided, after the 1908 Games, that judges would be drawn from an international pool, rather than being furnished by the host country, and that standardized rules would be drawn up for all sports.
		On the brighter side, the overall organization of the 1908 Olympics was nearly impeccable despite an almost constant downpour of rain.
	www.kiat.net /olympics/history/04london.html (1068 words)

	Olympic Summer Games
		For the world’s largest nation, the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games are the ultimate gesture of friendship, a global expression of hope that the community of nations will dance with Beijing and join its dream of a world united in peace through sport.
		The sacred Olympic Flame was electronically transmitted from Athens to Ottawa by satellite and from there it was transported by runners to Montreal.
		Fortunately the organizers had kept a reserve flame, originating at Olympia, burning in case of accident, and the "impure" fire was soon extinguished and replaced by a genuine Olympic flame.
	www.swim2000.org /Olympics/olympic_summer_games.htm (879 words)

	Learn more about 1936 Summer Olympics in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although awarded before the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, the government saw the Olympics as a golden opportunity to promote their fascist ideology.
		Rower Jack Beresford won his fifth Olympic medal in the sport, and his third gold medal.
		For the first time the Olympic Flame was brought to the Olympic Town by a torch relay, with the starting point in Olympia, Greece.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /1/19/1936_summer_olympics.html (481 words)

	1984 Summer Olympics information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were held in 1984 in Los Angeles, California, United States.
		In the wake of the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, 14 Eastern Bloc countries and allies including the Soviet Union, Cuba and East Germany (but not Romania), boycotted these Olympics.
		Olympic soccer was unexpectedly played before massive crowds throughout America, with several sell-outs at the 100,000+ seat Rose Bowl.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/1984_Summer_Olympics (990 words)

	Inwit Publishing, Inc. and Inwit, LLC -- Writings, Links and Software Demonstrations - The Science of the Summer Games ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Organized swimming hardly existed until the nineteenth century, although the Japanese did have competitive swimming as far back as 36 B.C. During the Middle Ages Europeans swam very little — the feeling was that water spread disease, and should be avoided (for washing too!).
		James Counsilman, the hugely successful Indiana University swimming coach, wrote, "Although a swimmer may swim in an almost straight line, his movements to accomplish this are all circular or rotary...." World-class swimmers used to try to root out the s-curve from their strokes, but "it kept winning races," and now the s-curve is lovingly cultivated.
		Today in Olympic competition men and women swim four strokes: the freestyle (which in practice means "the crawl"), the butterfly, the backstroke, and the breaststroke.
	www.algorithm.com /inwit/writings/scienceofthesummergames.html (5160 words)

	Olympics - EnchantedLearning.com
		The Greeks held the first Olympic games in the year 776 BC (over 2700 years ago), and had only one event, a sprint (a short run that was called the "stade").
		For each Olympics, a new flame is started in the ancient Olympic stadium in Olympia, Elis, Greece, using a parabolic mirror to focus the rays of the Sun.
		The events in the Summer Olympics include: archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, boxing, canoeing, cycling, diving, equestrian, fencing, football (soccer), gymnastics, handball, hockey, judo, kayaking, marathon, pentathlon, ping pong, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, taekwando, tennis, track and field (many running, jumping, and throwing events), triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weightlifting, wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /olympics (1311 words)

	1932 Summer Olympics information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, were held in 1932 in Los Angeles, California, United States.
		Fewer than half the number of participants from the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam competed in 1932.
		An Olympic Village was built for the first time, occupied by the male athletes.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/1932_Summer_Olympics (379 words)

	INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - SPORTS
		He won by being the first swimmer to reach shore after a boat had left everyone in the icy waters of the Mediterranean.
		Olympic swimming has come a long way, to temperature-controlled 50-metre pools, wave-killing gutters, lane markers designed to reduce turbulence, and status as one of the Games' glamour events.
		Then there were the events, from a 100-metre race for Greek sailors in 1896, to underwater and obstacle races in 1900, to a "plunge for distance" in 1908.
	www.olympic.org /uk/sports/programme/disciplines_uk.asp?DiscCode=SW (360 words)

	CNNSI.com - Olympics Sports - IOC recommends dropping baseball, softball - Wednesday August 28, 2002 08:49 PM
		The International Olympic Committee's program commission made the recommendations in a report delivered to the IOC executive board, according to Olympic officials familiar with the document.
		Golf, which was in the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, was proposed for inclusion in the Atlanta Games but was blocked because of controversy over the membership policy of the Augusta National club, which has no women members.
		Elimination from the Olympic program can represent a death blow for smaller sports, which rely on millions of dollars in revenues from Olympic television and marketing revenues for their existence.
	sportsillustrated.cnn.com /olympics/news/2002/08/28/dropping_sports_ap (900 words)

	The Olympic Opening Ceremony: Traditions of the modern Olympic Games
		At the 1908 London Games, for the first time, athletes march into the stadium behind their nations' flags.
		During the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the procession of athletes is always led by the Greek team, followed by all the other teams in alphabetical order (in the language of the hosting country), except for the last team which is always the team of the hosting country.
		At the opening ceremony, the Olympic flag is raised while the Olympic hymn is played.
	www.topendsports.com /events/summer/traditions/opening.htm (132 words)

	NCAA - 100 Years
		Women were first allowed to swim in the Olympic Games in 1912 in Stockholm.
		In the 1908 Olympics a 3 meter springboard was introduced and in 1912 women were first allowed to compete.
		The first NCAA men’s swimming and diving championships were competed in 1937 with the University of Michigan capturing the team crown.
	web1.ncaa.org /cent/NCAASports_Swimming.jsp (506 words)

	1908 Olympics — Infoplease.com
		The fourth Olympic Games were certainly the wettest and probably the most contentious in history.
		Environmental factors in the summer Olympics in historical perspective.
		The Marvelous Spectacles of Olympia and Marathon: The Roots of the Olympics and Marathon Racing.
	www.infoplease.com /ipsa/A0114404.html (432 words)

	Wikinfo \| 1980 Summer Olympics
		The United States are joined by some 50 other countries - including Japan, West Germany and Canada - and many individual athletes from participating nations.
		Women's field hockey is Olympic for the first time, but all major nations boycott the tournament.
		The team of Zimbabwe is invited just a week before the start of the Games, but it wins the nation's first gold medal.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=1980_Summer_Olympics (332 words)

	CNN.com - London wins 2012 Olympics - Jul 6, 2005
		International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge made the announcement after IOC members voted 54-50 to eliminate the French capital in the fourth and final round of secret ballots Wednesday in Singapore.
		"The International Olympic Committee has the honor of announcing that the Games of the 30th Olympiad in 2012 are awarded to the city of London," Rogge declared after opening a sealed envelope containing the result.
		Chirac spoke passionately to the IOC, saying, "The heart of Paris and the heart of France are beating in unison in the hope of becoming Olympic host in 2012," AP reported.
	www.cnn.com /2005/SPORT/07/06/singapore.olympics/index.html (1062 words)

	WORLD magazine: June 1996 @ nationalgeographic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Officials of the International Olympic Committee are expecting 10,788 athletes from 197 countries.
		She was 13 when she won a gold medal for springboard diving in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany.
		Current minimum ages include 14 for diving, gymnastics, and bobsled; 15 for judo; 16 for luge and equestrian events; 17 for wrestling and weightlifting; and 18 for team handball.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /ngkids/9607/olympics.html (398 words)

	CNN.com - Five cities in race for 2012 Games - May 18, 2004
		Seventeen sports, including athletics and swimming, would be staged at a new venue in the city's deprived East End.
		London was host in 1908 and 1948, while Paris staged the event in 1900 and 1924.
		Moscow was Olympic host in 1980, although the event was overshadowed by a U.S.-led boycott following the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.
	www.cnn.com /2004/SPORT/05/18/olympics.bids.2012/index.html (909 words)

	Pan-American Games - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The large-scale expansion of the city limits outwards from Old San Juan to the mainland has occurred during the 20th century.
		In the 1976 Summer Olympics, Louganis won a silver medal in platform diving.
		The first modern Olympic Games, held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, included swimming races.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Pan-American_Games.html (150 words)

	Sports in Britain - The Olympics
		he modern Olympics are modelled after the games played by the ancient Greeks starting in 700 B.C. The first modern Olympics were held in Athens in 1896.
		The Summer Olympics were held in Athens in 2004, and the next Winter Olympics will be in Turino, Italy in 2005.
		Britain has won gold at the Olympics in a great many sports including archery, weightlifting, football, tennis, running, decathlon, swimming, cycling, shooting, hurdling, walking, rowing, yachting, equestrianism, fencing, steeple-chase, boxing, long jump, relay, pentathlon, javelin, hockey, ice skating, bobsleigh and curling.
	www.britain4kiwikids.org.nz /sports/olympics.html (209 words)

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