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Topic: Swine influenza

	Swine Flu Epidemics
		In 1976, due to an outbreak of influenza at Fort Dix, New Jersey, the United States set a precedent in immunology by attempting to vaccinate the entire population of the country against the possibility of a swine-type Influenza A epidemic.
		The biological similarity between the influenza at Fort Dix and the swine flu of 1918 was one of the biggest factors in determining the course of action to be taken at that point.
		The influenza virus is globular in shape, and is approximately 100 nanometers in diameter.
	www.haverford.edu /biology/edwards/disease/viral_essays/warnervirus.htm (3835 words)

	Swine influenza: a zoonosis - (c) Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow
		Swine influenza was first observed in 1918 at the time of the human pandemic and the virus was isolated and identified in 1930 by Shope ([33]; Table 2).
		Swine influenza is a zoonosis for which pigs may act as an intermediate host and 'mixing vessel' for genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses [32].
		Kaplan, M.M. and Webster, R.G. (1977) The epidemiology of influenza.
	www.vetscite.org /publish/articles/000041/print.html (6958 words)

	Untitled Document
		The prevalence of influenza viruses in swine and the antigenic and genetic relatedness of influenza viruses from man and swine.
		Human influenza A viruses in pigs: isolation of a H3N2 strain antigenically related to A/England/42/72 and evidence for continuous circulation of human viruses in the pig population.
		Large outbreak of swine influenza in southern Japan caused by reassortant (H1N2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /pbs/zoonoses/influenza/influenzaref.html (790 words)

	Animal Health - Swine Influenza, H3N2
		Porcine circovirus and swine influenza virus are newly emerged and recently re-emerged viral pathogens of swine that cause substantial economic loss for swine producers.
		The seroreactivity levels in swine serum samples and the nucleotide sequences of six additional 1999 isolates, all of which were of the triple-reassortant genotype, suggested that H3N2 viruses containing avian PA and PB2 genes had spread throughout much of the country.
		H3N2 influenza viruses recovered from Quebec swine in 1990 have previously been shown to be similar to earlier 1975 human strains, suggesting that pigs act as a reservoir for human influenza virus.
	www.fass.org /fasscience/animalhealth.asp (2086 words)

	AASV News archive - Swine influenza antibodies found in Swine Farm Residents and Employees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Swine virus seropositivity was significantly associated with being a farm owner or a farm family member, living on a farm, or entering the swine barn for more than 4 days perweek.
		Zoonotic infection of humans with swine influenza virus was first confirmed by isolation of swine influenza viruses from both pigs and their caretaker on a farm in southern Wisconsin in November 1976.
		Swine farm workers are likely to be routinely exposed to and infected with swine influenza viruses, but only a small percentage of those zoonotic infections are documented.
	www.aasp.org /news/story.php?id=332 (499 words)

	Newsletter: Swine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While swine influenza virus (SIV) is the focus of swine producers, Christopher Olsen (D.V.M., Ph.D. Dept. of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison) points out it is important to realize that waterfowl form an immense, subclinical reservoir for all of the different subtypes of influenza in nature.
		Influenza viruses were first isolated from pigs in the U.S. and the British Isles in the 1930s, although SIV had been recognize clinically during the summer of 1918.
		Pandemics of human influenza in 1957 and 1968 were caused by novel virus strains that arose by reassortment between the existing human influenza and avian influenza viruses.
	www.cas.psu.edu /docs/CASDEPT/VET/vetex/swine/07991.html (579 words)

	SWINE INFLUENZA/Swine - Cypress Diag.
		Swine Influenza is an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of specific IgG antibodies against Swine Influenza virus antigen in pigs (and rabbits) sera of vaccinated or convalescent animals of grip.
		In an influenza outbreak there are great economic losses, not so much for the mortality which generally does not go beyond 1%, but rather by the delay in the animals growth.
		Laboratory diagnosis is carried out in a direct form, with isolation of the influenza virus in chichen’s embryos, stemming from nasal hyssops and in an indirect form, using serology through the demonstration of a seroconversion or a high presence of IgG in animal sera which have not been vaccinated.
	www.hlsvbp.com /products/cypress/veterinary/swine/swine_influenza.htm (492 words)

	Interspecies Transmission of Swine Influenza \| CDC EID
		According to the Influenza Sequence Database (23), the greatest sequence similarity was to genes of recent, triple-reassortant swine H3N2 (viruses containing gene segments derived from swine, avian, and human viruses) and swine H1N2 viruses from the United States (Table 2).
		Repeated introductions of swine influenza viruses to turkeys, which may be coinfected with avian influenza viruses, provide opportunities for the emergence of novel reassortants with genes adapted for replication in pigs or even humans.
		The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no12/04-0581.htm (3128 words)

	Swine Influenza SIV
		Swine Influenza is an acute, febrile respiratory disease of swine with high morbidity and low mortality.
		Influenza is transmitted primarily pig-to-pig by the nasopharyngeal route.
		Influenza A viruses are inactivated by soap, heat, and formalin.
	mark.asci.ncsu.edu /HealthyHogs/book1994/woodlief.htm (1167 words)

	Untitled Document
		Influenza viruses were first isolated from pigs in the United States in the early 1930s.
		In the human influenza pandemics of 1957 and 1968, it is clear that an avian virus reassorted with a pre-existing human virus to create the new variant virus.
		A recent study of swine farm families in Wisconsin documented statistically significant levels of exposure to swine influenza viruses, compared to an urban control population from Milwaukee.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /pbs/zoonoses/influenza/swineflu.html (707 words)

	Genetic Reassortment of Avian, Swine, and Human Influenza A Viruses in American Pigs -- Zhou et al. 73 (10): 8851 -- ...
		Antigenic and genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses isolated from pigs in 1993.
		Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics.
		Genetic relatedness of hemagglutinins of the H1 subtype of influenza A viruses isolated from swine and birds.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/10/8851 (3777 words)

	Swine Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Swine disease outbreaks are often related to a high concentration of pigs raised continuously in the same facility or on the same lot or pasture.
		Swine producers should be aware of the common internal parasites of swine and methods of prevention and control.
		Swine producers are often confused by the complexity of the mycoplasmal infections; this fact sheet is an attempt to clarify the information that is currently available about these swine diseases.
	www.antwifarms.com /swinediseases.shtml (3522 words)

	Swine
		H3N2 influenza viruses recovered from Quebec swine in 1990 have previously been shown to be similar to earlier 1975 human strains, suggesting that pigs act as a reservoir for human influenza virus (3).
		These new swine influenza viruses were isolated from a herd in which 5% of 2,600 grower/feeder pigs exhibited signs of respiratory disease, including coughing, labored breathing and weight loss in the first week of October 1999.
		Since pigs are susceptible to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses, they serve as intermediate hosts for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses for replication in mammals and as mixing vessels where reassortment between avian and human viruses can be generated.
	www.uoguelph.ca /ahl/News4-3/Swine.htm (2796 words)

	Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe -- Marozin et al. 83 (4): 735 ...
		Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe -- Marozin et al.
		antigenic and genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses and
		Brown, I. The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/735 (4353 words)

	[No title]
		Influenza viruses are the cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease, known as influenza or 'flu', which has afflicted man and animals since ancient times.
		Influenza B and C viruses are almost exclusively isolated from man, although influenza C virus has also been isolated from pigs and influenza B has recently been isolated from seals.
		Influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype have also persisted in pigs many years after their antigenic counterparts caused the 'Hong Kong' flu.
	www.vetscite.org /publish/articles/000041/article.html (6949 words)

	Evolution of Swine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in the United States -- Webby et al. 74 (18): 8243 -- The Journal of Virology
		Seroprevalence of swine influenza in U.S. pig populations.
		Seroprevalence of influenza viruses in U.S. swine populations
		Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/74/18/8243 (4657 words)

	Monitoring Anitbodies for Swine Influenza H3N2 and H1N1 Viruses
		Swine influenza (SI) is an acute, infectious and highly contagious febrile respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses.
		The HerdChek Swine Influenza H3N2 Antibody Test Kit and HerdChek Swine Influenza H1N1 Antibody Test Kit provide rapid screening for the presence of antibodies to swine influenza, indicating a herd's vaccine-immune response or exposure to the H3N2 and H1N1 types of SI viruses.
		These are critical tasks for swine veterinarians because emerging strains of reassortant and variant swine influenza viruses pose continued challenges to respiratory and reproductive health problems.
	www.idexx.com /production/swine/swine_influh3n2.jsp (425 words)

	H5 avian and H9 swine influenza virus haemagglutinin structures: possible origin of influenza subtypes -- Ha et al. 21 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Herrler,G., Durkop,I., Becht,H. and Klenk,H.D. (1988) The glycoprotein of influenza C virus is the haemagglutinin, esterase and fusion factor.
		Kawaoka,Y., Krauss,S. and Webster,R.G. (1989) Avian to human transmission of the PB gene of influenza A virus in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics.
		Webster,R.G., Bean,W.J., Gorman,O.T., Chambers,T.M. and Kawaoka,Y. (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/21/5/865 (6687 words)

	NO EVIDENCE OF H5N1 INFLUENZA IN SWINE IN VIET NAM –- FAO
		It would not be surprising if sampling the nasal cavities of swine in any country led to detection of influenza viruses in a small proportion of animals, the FAO experts said.
		In the face of the current avian influenza epidemic it should not be considered unexpected if the H5N1 virus were to be detected in swine in contact with poultry, they added.
		The FAO recommends that all illnesses that could suggest influenza infection in swine should be reported to the national authorities and thoroughly investigated.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2004/SAG220.doc.htm (378 words)

	Evolution of Swine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in the United States -- Webby et al. 74 (18): 8243 -- The Journal of Virology
		Evolution of Swine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in the United States -- Webby et al.
		Solorzano, A., Webby, R. J., Lager, K. M., Janke, B. H., Garcia-Sastre, A., Richt, J. Mutations in the NS1 Protein of Swine Influenza Virus Impair Anti-Interferon Activity and Confer Attenuation in Pigs.
		Marozin, S., Gregory, V., Cameron, K., Bennett, M., Valette, M., Aymard, M., Foni, E., Barigazzi, G., Lin, Y., Hay, A. Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/74/18/8243 (631 words)

	Swine Diseases - Swine Influenza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This belongs to the Influenza type A virus group.
		The Swine Influenza causes problems because it damages the lining of the trachea destroying the mucociliary escalator
		Effect of swine influenza removing vast areas of the cilia leaving the underlying cells open to infection and making it more difficult for the lungs to clear themselves of infection.
	www.vetmed.iastate.edu /departments/vdpam/swine/diseases/chest/swineinfluenza (390 words)

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