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	The Zoot Suit Riots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		What is known as the "Zoot Suit Riots" occurred between the gangs of predominantly fl and Mexican youths who were at the forefront of the zoot-suit subculture, and the predominantly white American servicemen stationed along the Pacific coast.
		As the Zoot-Suit Riots spread throughout California to cities in Texas and Arizona, a new dimension began to influence press coverage of the riots in Los Angeles.
		In Los Angelas County, a result of the riots was the enactment of a law prohibiting the wearing of a Zoot Suit within the county limits.
	www.just-the-swing.com /his/zoot-suit-riots (1777 words)

	Berks FHS Family Historian - Mar 2000: Berkshire Swing Riots
		The riots were caused in the main by the poor harvests of 1829 and 1830 that raised the price of bread and increased unemployment.
		The riots seemed to have been a spontaneous outbreak for 'Captain Swing', who was said to be the leader, but in fact was an entirely mythical figure.
		Page reported that the Kintbury mob spent their £5 in Hungerford and the result was extreme rioting and drunkenness, and the Bath and London coaches were stopped, the panels and glasses broken and money extorted from the passengers.' They then returned to their villages.
	berksfhs.org.uk /journal/Mar2000/Mar2000BerkshireMachineBreakers.htm (2751 words)

	Captain Swing Agricultural Riots in Dorset
		Rioting in Wiltshire reached a serious climax on 25 November, when there was fighting near Tisbury and in the Wylye valley between rioters and the Yeomanry, in which John Hardy, of Tisbury, was shot dead, several others wounded, and 25 men arrested.
		The effect of riots in Hampshire, around Fordingbridge, was felt by 23 November on the Eastern chalk downland - in Cranborne, Edmondsham and Handley.
		A curious aspect of the riots is the number of farmers who encouraged rioters to break up their machines, and even took the lead in this.
	www.thedorsetpage.com /history/Captain_Swing/Captain_Swing.htm (2457 words)

	Rural Unrest in the 1830s: the "Swing" riots
		In 1830 the rural workers of the arable south and east of England rose in the Swing riots.
		The problem of pauperism was worst in the 'Swing' counties of Sussex, Hampshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire, Devon, Dorset, Huntingdonshire, Gloucestershire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Kent.
		The 'Swing' riots were the first large-scale demonstration of agricultural labourers' strength, although outbreaks were localised.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/terrace/adw03/peel/ruralife/swing.htm (1596 words)

	captnswing.net: machine future Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		So i figured this "Captain Swing" to be some kind of a leader of the human resistance against the threatening dominance of the machines, a real-world predecessor to movie characters like John Connor or Neo (of Terminator and Matrix movies fame).
		The swing rioters just used "Captain Swing" as a macabre signature alias in their threatening letters to the owners of the machines ("swing" obviously aiming to remind the machine owners of their dead bodies swinging from the gallows).
		And while the swing rioters did indeed destroy machines, they did so not as much out of distress and terror caused by the sight of those machines, as out of fear for their jobs that those very machines where taking over.
	captnswing.net /machine_future (550 words)

	Victims and Villains - Tocal's convicts
		Two of Tocal's convicts were driven by desperate circumstances in England to commit crimes of protest in the form of rioting and machine breaking in 1826 and 1830.
		In 1830 farm workers in 34 counties in the south and east of England rose up in a series of protests known as the Swing riots.
		The main focus of the Swing riots was the hated threshing machine - its widespread use was depriving rural labourers of their traditional winter work, the hand threshing of cereal crops.
	www.tocal.com /homestead/vandv/vv06.htm (360 words)

	Of Men and Machines--The Industrial Revolution
		Due to this, eventually there were riots, known often as the swing riots.
		During these riots, there were fires, machine breaking, wages meetings and radical agitation and machine braking and tithe riots.
		Areas which were liable to riots often included newly enclosed villages, larger villages with bigger populations, manufacturing villages, villages with a high ratio of laborers to farmers, and cereal growing areas (since low wages were paid there).
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/01419/riotstext.html (386 words)

	Lindy Hop Dance - Streetswings Dance History archives - Main Page
		When Benny Goodman became the "King of Swing," the Lindy Hop would become known as the "Jitterbug." The term Jitterbug would eventually be applied to all styles of swing over the years and the term Lindy Hop would almost be forgotten about as the term Jitterbug took the reigns.
		Swing (Jitterbug) is a wonderful dance form in all it's versions that fits all types of music, Personalities, Finances etc. Calling yourself a swing dancer means you can at least do the basics in many forms of swing and a few well.
		Most swing dancers argue that the style of swing they know or teach is the only good or authentic type of swing, however all styles have unigue movements that go with certain types of music.
	www.streetswing.com /histmain/z3lindy.htm (2287 words)

	S Y N T H E S I S - The Swing Riots By Troy Southgate
		One such case is the agricultural labourers' revolt of 1830, also known as the Swing Riots, which came about simply because the lives of working class men and women were being threatened by low wages and the new technological developments which undermined their traditional way of life.
		Ironically, by far the best source of information of the Swing Riots - 'Captain Swing' - was published in 1973 by E.J. Hobsbawn and George Rude, themselves Marxist historians and testimony to the continuing efforts of such people to associate working class struggle with their own obnoxious creed.
		If we combine the evidence surrounding the agricultural uprising of 1830, it soon becomes clear that the Swing Riots were caused by the failure of the ruling class to recognise the basic needs of those it systematically condemned to utter misery, squalour and degradation.
	www.rosenoire.org /articles/swing_riots.php (1224 words)

	Berks FHS Family Historian - Mar 2000: Berkshire Swing Riots
		The riots were caused in the main by the poor harvests of 1829 and 1830 that raised the price of bread and increased unemployment.
		The riots seemed to have been a spontaneous outbreak for 'Captain Swing', who was said to be the leader, but in fact was an entirely mythical figure.
		Page reported that the Kintbury mob spent their £5 in Hungerford and the result was extreme rioting and drunkenness, and the Bath and London coaches were stopped, the panels and glasses broken and money extorted from the passengers.' They then returned to their villages.
	www.berksfhs.org.uk /journal/Mar2000/Mar2000BerkshireMachineBreakers.htm (2751 words)

	\| Review \| The History Teacher, 35.3 \| The History Cooperative
		Most early twentieth-century historians conceded that ordinary Britons underwent periods of severe economic distress during those six decades and that rioting was far from unknown, but they downplayed the plausibility of a revolution from below that might have supplanted the entire regime.
		The implication of Thompson's magnum opus was that Tory government fears were justified, that such a popular revolution ought to have taken place, that it almost did, and what a pity that it failed.
		By global standards, the riots and incipient domestic rebellions of the era caused the loss of remarkably few lives.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/35.3/br_16.html (570 words)

	Captain Swing Riots 1830 to 1831 - VillageNet History
		The population growth after the Napoleonic Wars increased significantly due to the soldiers returning home, and by the 1830's many of the villages in Kent and East Sussex were filled with people living on the edge of starvation.
		The riots started in East Kent and reached the Weald area by November 1831, the main reason for the riots were the low wages paid by farmers, which in turn meant that the merchants were also effected, by limited sales.
		The name "Captain Swing" riots came from the threatening letters which were often signed Swing after people swinging from the gallows, the leaders were known as "The Captain" or "Swing" to try to hide their identity.
	www.villagenet.co.uk /history/1830-swingriots.html (378 words)

	Swing Riots
		Threatening or 'Swing' letters (so called as many of them were signed by the mythical 'Captain Swing') were however received as far west as Herefordshire a3nd incidence of arson occurred as far north as Carlisle.
		'Swing' letters were sent to farmers and manufacturers threatening the destruction of their property if they failed to remove the machinery or raise the wages.
		In some cases the petitions had the desired effect but 19 men were executed, over 600 were sentenced to varying terms of imprisonment and around 500 were sentenced to transportation for either life, 14 or 7 years.
	members.aol.com /henham/swingriots.htm (576 words)

	Page 3d(1) - William NIBBS, Swing Rioter
		In general the riots were non-violent though clearly threatening, however low level violence did occur when the farmers or their men tried to prevent machinery or property from being destroyed.
		Minor participants in the riot received sentences from 18 months imprisonment to transportation of 7 years depending on the evidence against them and their character references.
		Most of the Swing prisoners' sentenced to transportation first port of call were one of the Prison Hulks on permanent moorings at the port of departure.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~knibbetc/page3d1.htm (3652 words)

	Captain Swing - 1830 - Last Labourers Revolt - Australian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A slump in the English economy and a rise in staple food prices toward the end of the 1820s was the background to the political unrest that,after 1830, landed the largest single group of protesters in Australia.
		The figurehead around whom they rallied was a fictional leader to whom custom gave the name of Captain Swing: a bogeyman to the propertied, in whose name threatening letters were tacked on gateposts and shoved under front doors in the dead of night.
		Compared to Ireland thirty years before, the rioting of 1830-31 was mild; in any case, it was directed against property, not people.
	www.eurekatimes.net /1830-Captian_Swig.htm (694 words)

	Jeff Horn \| Machine-breaking in England and France during the Age of Revolution \| Labour/Le Travail, 55 \| The History ...
		The repeated recourse to machine-breaking culminated with the Captain Swing Riots.
		Although flened with the term "riots," the Captain Swing movement can best be characterized as a series of mass demonstrations among the poor and labouring classes that broke out across a broad swath of southern England and into the Midlands.
		Yet the attack on machines found in the cahiers and their evident culmination in the Réveillon Riots should not overshadow the fact that due to the initiative of determined entrepreneurs and with the wholehearted support of state policy, mechanization in France accelerated on the eve of the Revolution.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/55/horn.html (9952 words)

	Zimagal Monthly Magazine - Volume One, Issue Eleven
		Swing is far from new, of course - it dates back to the 1930s when such bands as those of band leaders Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, and Sammy Kaye were popular.
		Swing clubs are being inundated by new members and places which were formerly disco-style dancing only are now offering swing nights to cash in on the trend.
		The tradition of Western Swing is carried on today by such bands as Asleep at the Wheel, who are currently working on the second volume of a Bob Wills tribute album.
	www.theminx.com /issue11/swing.htm (788 words)

	"Swing Riots"and "Machine Breakers" of Wiltshire
		The "Swing Riots" and the machine breakers of Wiltshire became of interest to me whilst researching details of my ancestors Abraham & Sarah Andrews,who came to New South Wales on the ship "Woodbridge" arriving at Sydney Cove on the 15 September 1838.
		James Lush,the father of James Lush (jnr),who accompanied Abraham Andrews to New South Wales was sentenced to death for armed robbery at Salisbury Wiltshire,England on the 10 January 1831.
		The place of employment of Abraham Andrews near Singleton NSW was 200 miles from the location of James Lush (jnr) in the County of Arygle near Campbelltown for a Mr.
	www.xroyvision.com.au /andrews/history/hist6.htm (565 words)

	Pile Family History Westbourne
		The introduction of this machinery, low wages and a series of bad harvests in the late 1820's had finally pushed the agrarian population to rebel and the situation came to a head in the village of Lower Hadres near Canterbury in Kent on 28 August 1830 when a threshing machine was destroyed.
		These riots came to be known as the Captain Swing Riots because of a number of letters and notices sent about which were signed Captain Swing or just Swing.
		The Emsworth rioting party had in the meantime returned to Westbourne where they apparently made no attempt to conceal their criminal activities and subsequently nine of the most active were promptly arrested, one of those taken into custody was George Pile.
	www.pilefamily.co.uk /new/w3.html (1041 words)

	The Swing Riots
		With fewer jobs, lower wages and no prospects of things improving for these workers the threshing machine was the final straw, the object that was to place them on the brink of starvation.
		The Swing Rioters smashed the threshing machines and threatened farmers who had them.
		The Chartists The Luddites The Swing Riots The Rebecca Riots Other protest Movements.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /swingriots.htm (138 words)

	Cambridgeshire Family History Society - Conference 2000 - Cambridgeshire Emigration
		The riots began in the autumn of 1830 - mainly in the South East (i.e.
		The causes of the riots included the introduction of threshing machines; farmers were in difficulty due to the level of rents and tithes and they ganged up against the land-owners and others to whom tithes were due.
		Letters written by a Captain Swing are a source of information about the riots, hence their naming as the Swing Riots.
	www.cfhs.org.uk /Conferences/2000/index.html (5235 words)

	[No title]
		Probably many more than have heard about the Swing Riots of the 1830s.
		This whole episode was set against the backdrop of the recently completed Napoleonic wars and poor harvest in 1829/30.
		In 1830 the riots began in Kent and spread westward.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Ridge/7291/convicts.html (1123 words)

	Maney Publishing - Contents/Abstracts - Family & Community History (Volume 7 No. 2, 2004)
		The Captain Swing riots were the most serious protest by agricultural labouring communities of the 19th century.
		Boundaries between Swing and non-Swing are also shown to be porous although many of the conclusions of Hobsbawm and Rude were found to stand the test of time.
		Although the rioters gave the impression of wanting more money for their work at harvest, the riot was fuelled by the presence of labourers from outside the immediate area and in this respect illustrates the presence of a 'culture of local xenophobia'.
	www.maney.co.uk /contents/fch/7-2 (827 words)

	Masterpiece Theatre \| Oliver Twist \| Down and Out in Victorian London
		This system spread quickly through the south of England, most heavily in what was known as the "Swing" counties, a particularly impoverished part of the country.
		Riots and poaching became the rule of the day.
		The Swing counties saw riots come to a head in 1830.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/masterpiece/olivertwist/ei_downandout.html (1361 words)

	Swing Project
		The purpose of this project was to determine the true extent of the Swing Riots across England.
		This spate of agricultural rioting occurred in parts of England between the beginning of 1830 through to the spring of 1832, although the main body of the rioting occurred between the summer of 1830 and the autumn of 1832.
		The FACHRS Swing Project researchers have successfully identified over 3000 reported instances of "Swing Protest" activity, nearly double the reported instances documented in prior research activities.
	www.fchrs.com /swing/swing_project.htm (394 words)

	homepages.html
		There were riots involving some Kidderminster carpet weavers, where needle-stamps and presses were destroyed by workers at Redditch in Worcestershire, but it is not certain that these were directly related to the labourers’ movement.
		Riots and demonstrations continued into 1831, with several threshing machines being broken and, if anything, the number of cases of arson reported continued to grow after this time.
		Riots in the Years 1766 and 1767; The case of Joseph Smith, A Leicestershire Luddite; Yorkshire Luddites in Linthwaite, 1812; William Dove: A Norfolk Swing Rioter; Sarah Holdaway: The wife of a Hampshire Swing Rioter
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Jill_M_Chambers (5780 words)

	Taskers of Andover - A history continued
		In this situation rioting was bound to erupt.
		The attack was a pointless and random episode in a wave of agricultural riots which began in Kent known as the 'Swing' riots after 'Captain Swing' - an invented name put to letters demanding better pay and conditions for farmworkers.
		Two Hampshire men were hanged, however, in connection with other Swing riots, and to add to the misery of all the other convicted men they were made to watch their executions.
	www.hants.gov.uk /museum/history/tasker/tasker02.html (509 words)

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