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Topic: Swiss Civilian Service

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	Military of Switzerland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the age of 20, about half the service is done during an initial training period of 21 or 18 weeks, depending on the service branch, with the exception of the Grenadiers, an elite infantry unit with a 25-week boot camp.
		During military service, the employee is paid a compensation of 70% of his regular salary by the state.
		In 1993, the Swiss government ordered 34 FA-18 fighter jets from the United States of America, which were subsequently re-built in Switzerland, notably for the electronics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swiss_Army (1709 words)

	The Swiss Report (1983)
		Since 1815 the Swiss have not fought in a foreign war, yet they have maintained the tradition of a citizen army and rifle and pistol shooting are among the nation's most popular sports with almost every village having a shooting range, over 3,000 ranges in all.
		In this regard, Swiss citizens are required to maintain in their homes a two-month's supply of food; industrialists and importers are required to maintain war stocks of raw materials and food.
		The Swiss logistics system is a work of genius and is tailored to the requirements of a militia army in a neutral country which, if it fights, cannot count on allies for re-supply or assistance.
	www.constitution.org /mil/swiss_report.htm (6564 words)

	ch.ch : the public administration on-line: Civilian service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Civilian service is a special way of fulfilling liability to military service.
		Civilian service is only open to those liable to service objecting to military service on conscientious grounds.
		Civilian service lasts one and a half times as long as military service and is undertaken in several stages.
	www.ch.ch /urn:ch:en:ch:ch.06.11.01.01:01 (217 words)

	Conscription - Biocrawler definition:Conscription - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		During the last 10 years the duration of service has rapidly dropped (from 2 years in 1994) and as Bulgaria adopts a professional army mandatory service is expected to be replaced with voluntary service.
		Military service for Swiss men is obligatory according to the Federal Constitution, and includes 17 weeks of basic training as well as annual 3-week-refresher courses until a number of service days which increases with rank (260 days for privates) is reached.
		Anyone objecting to military service for religious or ethical reasons could claim to be a conscientious objector, in which case community service was usually authorised as an alternative to the regular ten months of military service.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Compulsory_military_service (5195 words)

	Concerns in Europe November 1990 - April 1991
		As the length of civilian service in France is, at 24 months, twice that of ordinary military service, Amnesty International considers that it does not provide an acceptable alternative to military service and that those imprisoned for rejecting both services are prisoners of conscience.
		He claimed that, on registering for national service, he had informed the authorities of his wish to obtain conscientious objector status and perform an alternative civilian service compatible with his pacifist beliefs but had received no indication that there were further procedures to be followed.
		Their applications for exemption from military service on the basis of Law 1763/88, which exempts among others religious ministers of a recognized religion from having to perform military service, were refused on the grounds that the Jehovah's Witness faith was not a recognized religion.
	www.amnestyusa.org /interfaith/document.do?id=BC2CC931553F2217802569A600600C1D (19517 words)

	Out of the margins: The right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the absence of alternative civilian service in Belarus young men who state their conscientious objection to military service continue to face prosecution by the military authorities, conviction on criminal charges for evading the service and imprisonment.
		Conscientious objector status and alternative civilian service was not available to conscientious objectors to compulsory military service in Italy until the introduction of Law 772 of 15 December 1972, the current legislation governing conscientious objection to military service.
		The civilian service, administered by an agency reporting to the Prime Minister's office, would be three months longer than the military service (rather than the same length, as proposed in the draft law on conscientious objection) in order to include a training period for a specific area of civilian work.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/engEUR010021997 (15489 words)

	Switzerland: Amnesty International urges the immediate release of conscientious objector Marino Keckeis - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Under the law, civilian service one and a half times the length of ordinary military service is available to conscripts able to demonstrate, to the satisfaction of a civilian commission, their inability to reconcile military service with their consciences.
		Although Marino Keckeis applied for alternative civilian service, his application was refused on the grounds that he had failed to convince the decision-making authorities that he held conscientious beliefs which he was unable to reconcile with the performance of military service.
		Marino Keckeis first applied for civilian service to the Central Civilian Service Authorities attached to the Federal Department of Economic Affairs (the body responsible for the administration of civilian service) in February 1997.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGEUR430022002?open&of=ENG-CHE (958 words)

	Switzerland: CONCODOC 1998 report
		All male citizens are liable for military service between the age of 20 and 50 (55 in the case of officers).
		His objection to substitute service was viewed by court as the expression of profound egoism, which was a reason to prolong the sentence.
		Demands for a civilian substitute service have been made ever since 1903, but until the 60s the number of COs was very low and the general attitude in society towards COs very suspicious.
	www.wri-irg.org /co/rtba/archive/switzerland.htm (2180 words)

	ch.ch : the public administration on-line: Unarmed military service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		An application for this purpose, to which a curriculum vitae, up-to-date extract from the Central Criminal Register and the military service book are attached, must be submitted to the District Command of one's Canton of residence no later than 3 months before recruit school begins.
		Admission to unarmed service is decided by a commission based on the written request and a hearing of the applicant on the occasion of conscription.
		There is a selection of suitable jobs for recruits admitted to unarmed military service.
	www.ch.ch /urn:ch:en:ch:ch.06.11.01.02:01 (126 words)

	AI REPORT 1997: Switzerland (the Swiss Confederation)
		The service, one and a half times the length of ordinary military service, was available to conscripts able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of a civilian commission their inability to reconcile military service with their conscience.
		However, reports of prison sentences being imposed on, or served by, conscientious objectors were rare, as criminal proceedings already under way against such conscripts could be suspended to give them an opportunity to apply for civilian service and, pending its introduction, deferments were available to those ordered to report for military service during the year.
		In October, the Chief of Police stated that a judicial investigation was under way and commented that the accused officers strongly contested the allegations and that there was nothing "a priori to indicate that the use of the police dog contravened the principle of proportionality".
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/aireport/ar97/EUR43.htm (1074 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| France salutes end of military service
		National service was originally going to be ended next year, but 200,000 young men breathed a sigh of relief in June when it was announced that they would not be called up.
		The modern form of universal national service was introduced in France in 1905 when conscripts had to serve two years in the armed forces.
		France's armed forces are expected to comprise 92,500 professionals with another 27,000 participating as national service volunteers by the end of next year.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1682777.stm (450 words)

	International Relations and Security Network ISN - Links Library
		The Partnership Forum is a Swiss project that offers electronic support for organizing, carrying out, and providing outreach opportunities to EAPC and PfP activities (events or working groups).
		The Swiss Mission to NATO was established in 1997.
		The Swiss think tank for economic and social issues defines relevant issues at an early point in time and shows where action is required.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /linkslib/output_print.cfm?parent=274 (702 words)

	Iraq Oil-for-Food Program Blame Game Heats Up
		The secretary-general has also responded to the charge that one of the companies benefiting under the program had employed his son, Kojo.
		Although he admitted that his son worked for the Swiss company, Annan said he had nothing to do with the contracts committee that was responsible for awarding Iraqi contracts.
		A non-profit news service providing breaking news and views for the progressive community.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines04/0412-09.htm (1267 words)

	08/14/00 - Multilingualism and Democracy: The Swiss Exception
		His observations are 20 years old, but the Swiss tend not to rush into change for the sake of change.
		The Swiss state gives no formal recognition to ethnicity as a basis of political incorporation, citizenship, legal rights and obligations, land tenure rights, allocation of resources, assignment to school systems -- any of the bones of contention in multiethnic states.
		The Swiss federal government is less important relative to its own lower levels of government than in most other European states.
	www.vdare.com /sailer/multilingualism.htm (1268 words)

	_ sonderfall schweiz Switzerland guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		At a time of austerity, Swiss banks were able to draw on large capital reserves (although the provenance of part of this was later to be called into question in connection with the Nazi gold affair).
		Before this, otherwise law-abiding Swiss 20-year-olds could be jailed by military courts for refusing army duty.
		The same year it emerged that the Swiss secret police had been keeping hundreds of thousands of files on individuals under the guise of monitoring anti-patriotic activity.
	zwitzerland.isyours.com /e/guide/contexts/sonderfall.html (1115 words)

	Project Censored Media democracy in action
		The Selective Service System, the Bush Administration, and the Pentagon have been quietly moving to fill draft board vacancies nationwide in order to prepare for a military draft that could start as early as June 15, 2005.
		Underclassmen would only be able to postpone service until the end of their current semester.
		As popular support for the invasion and occupation of Iraq began to decline throughout early 2004, the Latino/a community became increasingly aware of the negative consequences of military service, the distortions used by military recruiters to seduce young people, and the increasingly limited range of alternatives available to working-class youth.
	www.projectcensored.org /publications/2005/24.html (1675 words)

	CNN.com - Baghdad running low on medicine - Apr. 8, 2003
		Aid agencies warned Tuesday that overwhelmed Baghdad hospitals were running low of life-saving medicines and that civilian casualties were mounting in Iraq's besieged capital.
		Asked whether the Red Cross had any concerns about possible disproportionate use of force by U.S.-led troops, causing heavy civilian casualties, she noted the Red Cross was in touch with authorities on both sides but was sticking to its strict rules of confidentiality.
		Terms under which this service is provided to you.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/04/08/sprj.irq.aid.hospitals.reut (584 words)

	News Item: crypto\o&r\appendix
		She has received the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award, the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal, and the United States National Security Award.
		Currently she is a consultant to the NSA Scientific Advisory Board and a member of the Board of Visitors of the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center.
		Prior to that, Ambassador Katz was chairman of the Government Research Corporation in Washington (1987-1989) and worked in financial services as chairman of Donaldson, Lufkin, and Jenrette Futures Inc. He had a 30-year career at the Department of State, where he held the position of assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs.
	www-swiss.ai.mit.edu /6.805/articles/crypto/nrc-report/28ea.html (2368 words)

	The Federal Administration
		Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
		Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology
		Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape
	www.admin.ch /ch/e/autorita.html (189 words)

	MSB - Bio Business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Chhatwal is currently CEO of Apollo Health Street Limited, a medical service outsourcing and technology services company, and CIO for the Apollo Hospitals Group, Asia's largest listed corporate-sector integrated healthcare delivery network which includes 30+ hospitals, 6000+ hospital beds, 140+ retail pharmacies and interests in insurance administration, healthcare technology, IT-Enabled services and Project Consulting.
		Feldbaum was assistant to the Secretary of Energy, and served as the Inspector General for defense intelligence in the U.S. Department of Defense.
		Feldbaum was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal from Defense Secretary Harold Brown.
	www.marshall.usc.edu /web/biobusiness.cfm?doc_id=7057 (3253 words)

	The Arab-Israeli Wars
		The idea for the coup was hatched by the British who, angered by Iran's nationalization of British oil interests in Iran in 1951, pressed the United States to join them in an operation to remove Iran's Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh.
		The CIA and the British Intelligence Service handpicked General Fazollah Zahedi to take over as Prime Minister, funneling $5 million to Zahedi's regime two days after the coup.
		Then, between September 7 and 9, four commercial airliners (one Swiss, two American, and one British) were hijacked by Palestinian guerrillas in Jordan, and the passengers and crews held hostage.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/arabisraeliwars.htm (6820 words)

	[No title]
		Indeed, persuasive evidence shows that civilian gun ownership can be a powerful deterrent to crime." In the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing, Kopel testified http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct5-24-5.html before the Senate Judiciary Committee on the demonization of lawful gun owners.
		Charles Heyman, editor of Jane's World Army, said: 'The Swiss have a very large defence establishment and it tells you straight away how Switzerland managed to avoid the First and Second World Wars.' According to Article 18 of the Constitution, every Swiss male is subject to military service.
		Further, civilian long-gun purchases are essentially unregulated, and handguns are available to any adult without a criminal record or mental defect.
	www.xmission.com /pub/lists/utah-firearms/archive/v02.n157 (5142 words)

	Bundeswehr [German] Special Forces and Swiss Troops operating/present in rural Virginia
		In April 1994, TEN years ago, I briefed the then-Virginia State Police Superintendent, Colonel Wayne Huggins, that there would be scenarios created to ship all of our all troops overseas.
		The Secretary of Defense Civilian Service Medal, the Pentagon, 1990
		May 2004: Swiss troops have also been seen operating from an “Off Limits” area at Ft Pickett, VA. I thought the Swiss were “neutral”?
	www.infolords.com /rural.htm (564 words)

	Peregrine Systems \| Site Map \| IT Asset and Service Management solutions for the evolving enterprise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Peregrine provides IT asset management and service management solutions that help you prepare for constant change in business technology and evolve your IT infrastructure evolve wisely.
		Peregrine's IT solutions keep accurate track of what you have and how it's used, giving you the ability to consolidate and automate software license compliance, IT change management, service level management, and service support.
		Peregrine's asset management and service management solutions leverage ITIL processes to help reduce costs, improve productivity, ensure compliance, and lower risk.
	www.peregrine.com /it_asset_and_service_management_sitemap.asp (99 words)

	[No title]
		Emergency 911 service is available almost everywhere in the U.S. -- and it was worthless against those armed attackers.
		The unarmed victims of criminal attack and their families cannot get compensation from the city governments that failed to protect them in these famous terrible cases.
		Subject: Mail from the NRA Date: 28 Sep 1999 21:22:00 -0600 I received a credit card application from the NRA saying they wanted me back as a member and would give me a free one year membership in the NRA if I simply applied for, received, and then used the visa card they were offering.
	www.xmission.com /pub/lists/utah-firearms/archive/utah-firearms.199909 (17886 words)

	Latest News from Sri Lanka
		Two months ago Mr.V.Ananda sangaree made a similar statements to all the embassies in Colombo requesting to release the innocent civilians from the strangle hold by the LTTE behind the Iron Curtain.
		A Swiss civilian shot dead, another victim of the kill, kill and kill policy of the Tamil Tiger Terrorists (2 November 2004)
		SPUR Condemns the Abduction of Civilians from Trincomalee and Urge the International Community and the Government of Sri Lanka to take Immediate Steps to Secure their Release (24 Sept 2004).
	www.spur.asn.au /latest1.htm (3420 words)

	John von Neumann
		Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary; Died 8 February 1957, Washington DC; Brilliant mathematician, synthesizer, and promoter of the stored program concept, whose logical design of the IAS became the prototype of most of its successors - the von Neumann Architecture.
		Educ: University of Budapest, 1921; University of Berlin, 1921-23; Chemical Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [ETH] (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), 1923-25; Doctorate, Mathematics (with minors in experimental physics and chemistry), University of Budapest, 1926; Prof.
		Von Neumann was a child prodigy, born into a banking family is Budapest, Hungary.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/VonNeumann.html (2003 words)

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