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Topic: Swiss Constitution

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	Swiss Federal Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The groundwork for today's Swiss Constitution was laid with the promulgation of the Constitution of 12 September 1848, which was deeply influenced by the US Constitution and the ideas of the French Revolution.
		The Constitution of 1848 was partly revised in 1866, and wholly revised in 1874.
		The Federal Constitution was wholly revised for the second time in the 1990s, and the new version was approved by popular and cantonal vote on 18 April 1999.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution (554 words)

	Switzerland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The massive mobilisation of Swiss armed forces under the leadership of General Henri Guisan is often cited as a decisive factor that the German invasion was never initiated.
		However, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union.
		On June 5, 2005, Swiss voters agreed, by a 55% majority, to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was welcomed by EU commentators as a sign of goodwill by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as isolationist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Switzerland (3738 words)

	The New Swiss Constitution and Reform of the Federal Judiciary
		The Swiss federal government (the Swiss Confederation) consists of three branches — the Federal Assembly, a bicameral parliament; the Federal Council, an executive body of seven ministers elected by the Federal Assembly; and the Federal Tribunal, whose 30 judges and 15 substitute judges are elected by the Federal Assembly.
		In addition, the growing impact of international law and the evolution of constitutional law as interpreted in the Federal Tribunal's case law were not reflected in the text of the Constitution of 1874.
		The agreements are the results of negotiations between the Swiss Federal Council and the European Union; negotiations which were triggered by the popular vote of December 6, 1992, in which the Swiss people declined to join the European Economic Area.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/swisscor1.htm (2009 words)

	DDL -- Swiss Bill Of Rights, 1999
		The Swiss have national level initiative and referendum, allowing the citizens to be the sovereign, superior opposition to their governments whenever necessary.
		The Swiss nation is one of the planet's few enjoying both financial and social success, a tandem of successes to which the US cannot even come close.
		Swiss citizens may not be expelled from the country; they may be extradited to a foreign authority only with their consent.
	www.ddleague-usa.net /sbor.htm (2381 words)

	LLRX -- Update to Introduction to the Swiss Legal System: A Guide for Foreign Researchers
		The Swiss Federal Supreme Court's jurisdiction is limited by the Federal Constitution in a special way: The Constitution provides that federal statutes passed by the Federal Assembly are not subject to any constitutional review by the Supreme Court.
		In addition, on the federal level all changes of the Constitution and the membership to some international organizations must be accepted by the majority of the people and the cantons.
		Swiss statutes dealing with intellectual property can be found in English in a database operated by WIPO called Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA) at http://clea.wipo.int.
	www.llrx.com /features/swiss2.htm (4594 words)

	Switzerland (10/03)
		Swiss mercenaries continued for centuries to serve in other armies; the Swiss Guard of the Pope is a vestige of this tradition.
		Swiss President Pascal Couchepin is expected to meet Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi who currently chairs the rotating EU presidency, by the end of this year.
		Swiss voters first rejected UN membership by a 3-to-1 margin in 1986 but in March 2002 adopted it, albeit in a very close election, making Switzerland the first country to join the UN based on a popular referendum decision.
	state.gov /outofdate/bgn/s/28122.htm (5438 words)

	Information about Swiss Bank Account Laws Switzerland Banks
		There are a number of reasons why Swiss bank accounts are among the most highly regarded accounts in the world.
		The “Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation” and the “Swiss Banking Act” guarantee the right to privacy, including, but not limited to Swiss bank account privacy.
		So, Swiss banks are among the most highly regarded banks worldwide due to the safety and privacy that is embedded in the Swiss Constitution, various legal acts and the enforcement of constitutional economic safety principles in the Swiss banking industry.
	www.offshorecorporation.com /swiss-bank-accounts/swissprivacy.aspx (776 words)

	Switzerland (08/06)
		Swiss in the 15-25 age bracket continue to fight unemployment numbers with a rate of 5.4%, and hotel and restaurant industry workers with 10.4%.
		The Swiss Government embarked in July 2001 on a second round of bilateral negotiations with the EU known as “Bilaterals II”.
		The Swiss Constitution declares the preservation of Switzerland's independence and welfare as the supreme objective of Swiss foreign policy.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3431.htm (6572 words)

	ICL - Switzerland Constitution
		The new constitution is a complete revision ('Totalrevision') of the text which does not, however, change the structure of the Swiss Federation under its former constitution 1874.
		The requisite change of the Federal Constitution and the counterproposal are submitted to the vote of the people and the Cantons, the requisite change of federal law and the counterproposal are submitted to the vote of the people.
		The Constitution revised in total or in part shall enter into force as soon as it is accepted by the People and the Cantons.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/sz00000_.html (15648 words)

	US gun control and Swiss gun ownership
		The neutral Swiss are armed to the teeth, with automatic weapons and plenty of ammunition in most homes, yet their murder rate is a minuscule fraction of the US rate.
		That the said Constitution shall never be construed to authorize Congress to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceful citizens from keeping their own arms.
		All Swiss men, with the exception of those with medical exemptions, serve in the army between the ages of 20 and 42 (52 for senior officers).
	www.capecodhistory.us /quotes/SwissGuns.htm (1608 words)

	Swiss Facts and Information
		Constitution of Switzerland (www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/sz00t___.html) English full-text version of the Swiss constitution (per 1991) provided by the University of Würzburg, Germany.
		Swiss Radio International (SRI) (www.swissinfo.org) SRI is the international section of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation.
		Its task is to strengthen links between Swiss citizens abroad and their homeland as well as to contribute to international understanding and reflect Swiss reality in the world.
	www.eckerd.edu /aspec/swisspage/swissfacts.htm (1040 words)

	The Swiss constitution \| Samizdata.net
		The purpose of the Constitution was to describe a minimalist, restrained government that was internally counterbalanced, it was not to grant anybody rights they already knew they had as a Lockean consequence of being a natural born human being.
		The American approach is to leave the Constitution unchanged (at least as regards as to the powers of the government in D.C.) and just insist over time (for example by appointing new Judges as old one retire) that the Suprme Court "interpret" the Constitution to allow the Welfare State.
		And if the Swiss can shoot for something better then aren't they failing themselves by not standing up and changing the constitution finally for the better or are they just going to sit around waiting to be told what to do; sounds like they want a dictatorship one day.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/2006/07/the_swiss_const_1.html (5562 words)

	Swiss Law
		Switzerland is a federal state composed of 26 cantons (20 are "full" cantons and six "half" cantons for purposes of representation in the federal legislature) that retain attributes of sovereignty, such as fiscal autonomy and the right to manage internal cantonal affairs.
		A strong emphasis on the initiative and the referendum arises out of the traditional Swiss belief that the will of the people is the final national authority.
		Although the constitution provides that the Assembly chooses and supervises the Council, the latter gradually has assumed a preeminent role in directing the legislative process as well as executing federal laws.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/switz.htm (665 words)

	Swiss-Australian Chamber of Commerce & Industry Event
		The Swiss Confederation was at that time one of a very small number of federal states existing in the world.
		After 1848, that extraordinary year of revolutions, the use of referenda to amend the Swiss Constitution was entrenched.
		In particular, one block of delegates argued forcefully that the draft Constitution they were creating should leave the power of amendment in the hands of the people by adopting the Swiss process of amendment by referendum.
	www.sacci.com.au /pages/events/2005/4Oct05/index.htm (1249 words)

	National labour law profile: The Swiss Confederation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In this connection, Swiss law is therefore not in line with ILO Convention 158, to which Switzerland in any case is not a party.
		The Swiss Constitution generally prohibits all forms of discrimination based on origin, race, sex, age, language, social position, lifestyle, religious, philosophical and political persuasion or a person's physical, mental or psychological deficiencies.
		This constitutional provision is given concrete form in the Federal Statute on Equality between Women and Men of 24 March 1995 (LEg).
	www.ilo.org /public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/ll/profiles/ch.htm (5757 words)

	The Model Constitution: 4. Citizen Rights and Responsibilities
		Insofar as the Swiss Constitution is comprehensive in this regard, has bestowed rights on Citizens for many years and has recently (12 March 2000) been up-dated; it is proposed we use the Swiss Constitution as a basis for the task of drafting suitable sections for an Australian Constitution.
		Using the Swiss Constitution as a guide, list the rights, freedoms, obligations and responsibilities of Australian Citizens you think should be included in our Model Constitution.
		A reference in this Charter to a province or to the legislative assembly or legislature of a province shall be deemed to include a reference to the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, or to the appropriate legislative authority thereof, as the case may be.
	national-renewal.org.au /ModelCon/Task4/start.shtml (3131 words)

	Lunch over IP: The Swiss in the US
		The Swiss in the US When thinking of the people who made the United States of America, the Brits and French and Italians and Irish and Chinese and Mexicans spring to mind - but certainly not the Swiss.
		The US are scattered with cities carrying Swiss names, from New Glarus, Wisconsin (their website opens with a "Grützi" - the Swiss-German "hello" - and carries Wilhelm Tell as emblem) to Vevay, Switzerland County, Indiana (settled by people from Vevey) and about 4000 other US towns and sites.
		Although the swiss consulate of New York launched a site for americans that have swiss roots, it seems to forget that United States and Switzerland are sister republic.
	giussani.typepad.com /loip/2006/03/the_swiss_in_th.html (416 words)

	SEMP - Civil Defense: The Swiss Approach
		The Swiss, for example, provide shelter space for virtually the whole population, and are often cited as a model for other countries.
		The Swiss Constitution states that “every Swiss male is obliged to do military service.” Every Swiss male has to serve for at least 260 days in the armed forces.
		Since the Swiss do not plan to be a primary combatant in a nuclear war, these facilities are not built with the expectation of their use to protect critical military industry.
	www.semp.us /biots/biot_245.html (2224 words)

	Switzerland gold reserves and Swiss National Bank
		For a number of influential Swiss journalists, this vague statement was seen as a serious failure to pay sufficient attention to a potentially sceptical Swiss public who will be called upon to back the establishment of the Solidarity Foundation in a national referendum.
		If the Swiss voters are not presented with a clear and eminently appealing cause to which the proceeds of the sale of 500 tonnes of gold will be put, then it is entirely plausible to expect them to reject the Foundation.
		Although there is a determination among some senior Swiss politicians and within the SNB to sell some gold, it is evident that the debate as to the purposes of the proceeds from such sales is at a very early stage.
	www.usagold.com /SwissGoldWGC.html (4058 words)

	The Offshore Library: Swiss Constitutional Change on Gold Reserves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Under the old constitution, every Swiss franc in circulation had to be backed by 40% in gold reserves.
		In the new constitution, specifically Article 99, paragraph 3, it merely states that the Swiss National Bank accumulates reserves, a portion of which shall be in gold.
		Rosanna Arguelles is with the firm of JML Swiss Investment Counsellors.
	www.cyberhaven.com /offshorelibrary/goldchange.html (795 words)

	ThisNation.com--Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation
		The Swiss People and the Cantons of Zurich, Berne, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwald and Nidwald, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel City and Basel Land, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Outer Rhodes and Appenzell Inner Rhodes, St. Gall, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura, form the Swiss Confederation.
		Every Swiss citizen entitled to vote is eligible for membership in the House of Representatives, the Federal Government, and the Federal Supreme Court.
		For no more than ten years from the entry into force of the Constitution, the Cantons may, to secure the existence of important parts of a particular sector of the hotel and restaurant industry, continue to apply existing regulations that make the opening of new businesses in that sector conditional upon establishing a need.
	www.thisnation.com /library/switzerland.html (15641 words)

	DREDF International
		Susan Emmenegger, LL.M. is in the process of editing the Swiss Constitution for the ICL project.
		The new constitution has been formally adopted by referendum on 14 April 1999 (59% yes, 41% no) and is in force since 1 Jan 2000.
		The Cantons are sovereign insofar as their sovereignty is not limited by the Federal Constitution; they exercise all rights which are not transferred to the Confederation.
	www.dredf.org /international/switz.html (14526 words)

	French Studies Web: Constitutions and Civil Codes
		Constitutional variants reproduced on the Ministry of Culture's Archim imagebank.
		Constitution de la Seconde République (4 novembre 1848)
		Constitution du Seconde Empire et ses modifications (14 janvier 1852)
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wess/fren/constitu.html (187 words)

	History of Switzerland: Primary Documents - EuroDocs
		Documentary French excerpts of Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation.
		Documentary excerpt from the Congress of Vienna, guaranteeing Swiss neutrality.
		Source materials for documenting modern Swiss political, commercial and cultural thought.
	eudocs.lib.byu.edu /index.php/History_of_Switzerland:_Primary_Documents (789 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland law resource page with links to the Switzerland constitution, Switzerland government, Switzerland law firms, Switzerland law, Switzerland law schools, Switzerland arbitration law, Switzerland court, Switzerland legal research, Switzerland bar association, Switzerland federal offices, Switzerland banking law, Switzerland legislature, and Switzerland law guide.
		From Swiss Infodesk a project by the Swiss National Library.
		For other languages, click here and click on "in other languages" at the Swiss Federal Constitution link.
	www.washlaw.edu /forint/europe/swiss.html (271 words)

	Mailing list: Swiss Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Just in case anybody cares: Attached you can find an English translation of the Swiss Federal Constitution.
		The clause regarding the principle of economic freedom I was talking about is Art.
		Of course, theory and practice are two different stories.
	old.law.columbia.edu /CPC/discuss/59.html (67 words)

	PlanetOut News: Proposed Swiss Constitution Excludes L/G/B/T Protections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Swiss gay and lesbian groups Pink Cross and Lesbian Organization of Switzerland are preparing to fight for their rights as the nation prepares a new constitution.
		Despite significant public input in its favor, the government's late November draft has omitted sexual orientation as a category protected under the proposed Anti-Discrimination Article, Article VII.
		The draft constitution will first be considered by Parliamentary committees and will move to the full parliament in the coming year.
	www.planetout.com /news/article-print.html?1996/12/04/4 (100 words)

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