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Topic: Switchgrass

	Switchgrass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), also called Tall Panic Grass, is a warm-season plant (C4 carbon fixation) and is one of the dominant species of the central North America tallgrass prairie.
		Switchgrass is a short rhizomatous plant that tends to resemble a bunch grass.
		Grazing sheep and horses on monoculture switchgrass stands should be avoided.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Switchgrass (430 words)

	AllRefer - Species: Switchgrass \| Panicum virgatum > Species:
		Switchgrass is generally unimportant in the diets of wild ungulates in the West [20,45,46].
		In Pennsylvania, leaf crude protein and IVDMD of the the switchgrass cultivar 'Blackwell' was 10.2 and 66.1 percent in late June; 8.9 and 60.7 in mid-July; and 8.3 and 57.7 in early August, respectively [35].
		Switchgrass growing on Valentine fine sand in the Nebraska Sandhills is similar to sod-forming ecotypes of the Southeast in that plants develop from both vertically and horizontally oriented rhizomes [10].
	reference.allrefer.com /wildlife-plants-animals/plants/graminoid/panvir/all.html (5094 words)

	Switchgrass Profile
		Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a summer perennial grass that is native to North america.
		Switchgrass is also very tolerant of poor soils, flooding and drought, which are widespread agricultural problems in the southeast.
		Switchgrass reaches full yield only in the third year after planting; it produces a quarter to a third of full yield in the first year, and about two thirds of full yield in the second year.
	bioenergy.ornl.gov /papers/misc/switchgrass-profile.html (1012 words)

	Floridata: Panicum virgatum
		Switchgrass is a spreading perennial grass that grows in large clumps 3-6 ft (0.9-1.8 m) tall.
		Switchgrass can be mowed or grazed down to about 8 in (20.3 cm) in the winter, but the stubble is important for winter insulation and should not be cut shorter than that in cold climates.
		Switchgrass provides good forage for cows, horses, and sheep in the spring and early summer, but nutrient content declines and the leaves become too coarse and tough to be palatable later in the season after the seedheads develop.
	www.floridata.com /ref/p/pani_vir.cfm (996 words)

	Developing Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop
		Because switchgrass allocates so much energy to root establishment, stands typically are not harvested during the first growing season, reach 2/3 of their capacity during the second year and full yield potential by the third year.
		Switchgrass cultivars tested to date have been found to have a high tolerance of acid soil conditions with a low heritability of this trait (Hopkins and Taliaferro 1997), thus breeding for acid tolerance has not been pursued.
		Switchgrass, a warm season prairie grass, was chosen as the model species because of its perennial growth habit, high yield potential, compatibility with conventional farming practices, and high value in improving soil conservation and quality.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-282.html (9045 words)

	Switchgrass as a Biofuel – Is it Economically Feasible? Topics \| ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Switchgrass is a warm season perennial grass of the millet family.
		As a pasture forage, switchgrass is palatable in the vegetative stage but is often grassed out of mixtures as it is not tolerant of close and continuous grazing.
		Switchgrass has been observed in Manitoba by researchers at AAFC Brandon, they observed switchgrass yields using over a period of 4 years from 1993 to 1996 at a clay and sandy site, data shown in Figure 1.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/news/topics/daa26d01.html (942 words)

	Switchgrass Puts Down Roots in Iowa's Chariton Valley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Each acre of switchgrass should produce 4-6 tons annually and sell for $40-$45 a ton, the equivalent of $200 per acre and nearly equal to 80 bushel corn at $2.50 a bushel which could be grown on the marginal land being used as test plots.
		One of the benefits of having large areas planted in switchgrass is being able to study the impact on wildlife and alternative cropping systems.
		A key test of switchgrass' energy potential is scheduled for next May when a small amount of the grass will be mixed with coal for use in producing electricity.
	www.westbioenergy.org /july98/0798_04.htm (546 words)

	Planting and Managing Switchgrass for Forage, Wildlife, and Conservation
		Switchgrass is a tall-growing, warm-season, perennial grass that is native to much of the United States including Virginia.
		Switchgrass (SG) was widespread in open areas before settlers populated an area and remained in one place year after year.
		Their livestock were free roaming and would graze the new switchgrass growth in the spring before the new plants were tall enough to withstand defoliation.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/forage/418-013/418-013.html (3767 words)

	Oklahoma Researchers Test Switchgrass for Biofuel Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A sea of switchgrass once grew in the central and eastern portions of the United States from the Gulf Coast to Canada.
		Taliaferro said the ratio is better with switchgrass because it doesn't require the nurturing of row crops and it is perennial, eliminating the need for annual planting.
		Though switchgrass was selected as the model herbaceous species for development as an energy crop, Taliaferro noted it is but one of many potential biomass feedstocks available in Oklahoma.
	www.westbioenergy.org /july98/0798_01.htm (1016 words)

	CIAS: Switchgrass production for biomass
		Switchgrass is a perennial warm season grass native to the North American prairie from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.
		To prevent slagging, switchgrass was mixed with coal at a ratio of 90 percent coal and ten percent switchgrass.
		The cost of growing and harvesting the switchgrass was overstated in the study because of the small scale and transportation and storage complications.
	www.cias.wisc.edu /archives/2001/01/01/switchgrass_production_for_biomass/index.php (1256 words)

	Switchgrass:a living solar battery for the praires
		Switchgrass is not widely known in Canada despite the fact that it is a native species found in Ontario, Quebec and on the prairies in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
		Switchgrass was of considerable economic importance during the period of settlement in Manitoba, but the extensive stands of naturally-present switchgrass were reduced by overgrazing and the plowing-up of the native sod.
		Switchgrass can be grown on marginal crop lands where other crops have caused soil degradation, or where weather conditions are too variable for reliable production of other crops.
	www.eap.mcgill.ca /MagRack/SF/Fall%2091%20L.htm (2224 words)

	Plant of the Month: July, 2000
		Characteristics: Switchgrass is a native warm season perennial adapted to a variety of habitats.
		Switchgrass is strongly rhizomatous but also reproduces from seeds and tillers.
		Attributes: Switchgrass is an important component of the tallgrass prairie and is considered one of the "big four" (indiangrass, big bluestem, switchgrass and little bluestem).
	www.noble.org /ag/PlantOfMonth/switchgrass (206 words)

	G4673 Big Bluestem, Indiangrass and Switchgrass, MU Extension
		Consequently, switchgrass, big bluestem and indiangrass are moderately difficult to establish and may need 2 years before they can be hayed or grazed.
		Switchgrass begins growth 2 to 3 weeks earlier than big bluestem, which is about a week earlier than indiangrass (Figure 1).
		Separating the switchgrass into smaller pasture units and grazing rotationally is recommended to provide more control over the grazing period and to stagger pasture availability.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/crops/g04673.htm (2802 words)

	Switchgrass / Sharp Brothers Seed Company
		Switchgrass is both sod and bunch forming; sod forms are found in lowlands while bunch-forming types are generally found in the uplands.
		Switchgrass is a favorite of many who establish native grass stands because a conventional seeder can be used for planting.
		Switchgrass can be found growing in brackish water, on dunes along lakeshores, and in oak and pine savannas.
	www.sharpbro.com /clip008.html (1096 words)

	Types of Ornamental Grasses - Switchgrass
		Switchgrass is an upright-open vigorous perennial with numerous rhizomes.
		It is a useful transition plant between the formal and natural areas of the garden and provides food and shelter for birds.
		Switchgrass is adaptable to a wide range of soils and grows best in full sun or very light shade.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /grasses/switchgrass.html (133 words)

	Pollen Germination and Tube Growth in Switchgrass. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important warm-season bunchgrass that is native to much of North America.
		To determine the method of pollination of switchgrass, pollen germination and pollen tube growth were observed in self- and cross-pollinated pistils using fluorescent microscopy.
		Six progeny of 'Alamo' switchgrass were self-pollinated and their pistils were observed at 1, 2, and 3 hours after pollination.
	crops.confex.com /crops/2005srb/techprogram/P2144.HTM (263 words)

	CBC Marketplace: Switchgrass
		Switchgrass is made into pellets which are burned in special furnaces.
		The switchgrass is made into pellets that are burned in stoves and furnaces to produce heat.
		Roger Samson says switchgrass is for people who are concerned about their household budgets and are concerned about out of control energy costs.
	www.cbc.ca /consumers/market/files/home/switchgrass (673 words)

	[No title]
		The long-term goal is that switchgrass and other grasses become commercially viable sources of renewable fuel to co-fire with coal to generate electricity.
		Switchgrass also can be used as forage for livestock and as wildlife habitat.
		In terms of its quality as a fuel, switchgrass has a relatively high energy content, comparable to that of wood, and is well-suited to co-firing with coal.
	www.leopold.iastate.edu /pubs/nwl/2000/2000-4-leoletter/switchgrass.htm (1380 words)

	Switchgrass
		Switchgrass utilization is an emerging market currently in the research and demonstration-project arena.
		Switchgrass as a Biofuel – Is it Economically Feasible?
		The energy output/input ratio for switchgrass is estimated at 4.4, representing a net energy gain of 334 percent.
	www.agmrc.org /agmrc/commodity/biomass/switchgrass (850 words)

	Field Scale Evaluation of Switchgrass Grown as a Bioenergy Crop in the Northern Plains
		Switchgrass is primarily used for summer forage, hay, and conservation plantings and was one of the main species planted in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP).
		As a biomass energy crop, switchgrass would be grown on CRP-type land and its biomass or forage would be harvested and baled.
		The main objectives are (1) to determine economic costs associated with switchgrass biomass production, (2) determine biomass yields of switchgrass at the field scale, (3) determine yield and stand stability over years, and (4) evaluate environmental effects, primarily carbon sequestration, of switchgrass grown as a bioenergy crop.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /streeter/2002report/Evaluation%20of%20Switchgrass%20Grownas%20a%20Bioenergy%20Crop%20in.htm (839 words)

	SOTU: Who's behind 'switchgrass'? \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist Magazine
		And the net energy gain from cellulosic ethanol is from the lack of chemical fertilizer needed to grow switchgrass and the fact that crop waste gets a free ride (so to speak) fertilizer wise, because the cost of the fertilizer is absorbed by the food portion of the crop, the grain or corn.
		Switchgrass yields a tremendous amount of fuel per acre - 1000 gallons - and can be grown in a crop rotation with other food crops.
		Switchgrass is a carbon sink, and it commonly used to reduce erosion and improve water quality.
	gristmill.grist.org /story/2006/2/4/0241/31043 (8105 words)

	IJPGC2001-FACT-19050: Evaluation of Switchgrass Co-Firing for Utility Boiler Applications
		Switchgrass is a highly productive prairie grass native to the United States.
		An additional phase of work yet to be completed is full-scale testing of switchgrass co-firing in a 60 MW power plant boiler.
		In on-going testing, switchgrass is being conveyed at up to 10% of the total heat input through this system and introduced into the boiler separately from the coal.
	asme.pinetec.com /ijpgc2001/data/html/fact/19050.html (311 words)

	Iowa Plant Tests Grass as Fuel
		Gary Kelderman, one of 100 farmers growing switchgrass for the plant, located near the Missouri border 80 miles southeast of Des Moines, says more is at stake than money.
		Burning switchgrass in place of some of the coal could ``provide very positive results for the environment'' by reducing harmful emissions, says Jerry Schnoor, a University of Iowa professor who studied the issue.
		Switchgrass produces about 6,400 British thermal units per pound, less that coal's 8,300 Btu per pound.
	www.treepower.org /news/iowa.html (731 words)

	ABC News: Switchgrass: The Super Plant Savior?
		Switchgrass is the perennial wonder plant touted by President Bush in Tuesday's State of the Union address and in his remarks made today in Nashville, Tenn., where he joked that he could have a new career in farming.
		Most ethanol produced in America is made from corn — a less-efficient material than switchgrass — but corn producers are supported by a large lobby and huge government subsidies.
		On the other hand, he said, "ethanol from cellulose [like switchgrass] is a great energy strategy because for every gallon of ethanol, a tiny amount of fossil material [is used.] There's a dramatic reduction in greenhouse gases, so from an energy perspective it's far superior."
	abcnews.go.com /GMA/Business/story?id=1566784 (916 words)

	Switchgrass could be the Midwest's next big energy source
		Switchgrass is a perennial warm-season grass native to the rolling prairie hills of southern Iowa and northern Missouri.
		Switchgrass, which is sold through power purchase agreements directly to the energy plant, comprises 2.5 percent of the total resource input at the Ottumwa energy facility.
		Even though it is common in CRP fields, switchgrass harvested for energy generation must be a relative monoculture, meaning derived from primarily a single seed type, rather than part of a mixture of grasses.
	www.newfarm.org /news/2005/0805/082305/swtichgrass.shtml (2123 words)

	Switchgrass @ HockeyLiving.com
		In his call for greater use of alternative fuels, President Bush mentioned switchgrass as a possible source in the coming decades.
		In his call for greater use of alternative fuels, President Bush mentioned switchgrass as a possible source in the coming decades, but the idea may need a jump-start.
		OMAHA (DTN) -- Good Morning Ontario reported that switchgrass, and not corn or soybeans, may be the answer to the American's growing appetite for ethanol.
	www.hockeyliving.com /info/Switchgrass (750 words)

	Ethanol from Switchgrass? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As a biomass energy crop, switchgrass would be grown on CRP-type land and harvested, baled and hauled to an energy conversion plant.
		So far, costs during the first year when switchgrass is planted are the highest with declining costs as yields increase in subsequent years.
		Researchers are also studying a system of burning switchgrass with coal to generate electricity.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extnews/newsrelease/2003/061203/11ethano.htm (528 words)

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