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Topic: Switzerland during the World Wars

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	Switzerland - MSN Encarta
		During the mid-19th century the main office of the International Red Cross was established in Geneva.
		At the end of World War II the League of Nations was disbanded and replaced by the United Nations (UN).
		During the 1970s, many Swiss became disturbed at the large number of resident foreign workers in the country, and laws were adopted limiting immigration.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571795_11/Switzerland.html (999 words)

	Switzerland - MSN Encarta
		Switzerland’s first guild of watchmakers was established in Geneva in the early 17th century, and the industry soon extended along the Jura mountain chain stretching from Geneva to Schaffhausen.
		The Congress of Vienna, in 1815, recognized the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland, and Swiss territory was expanded to include 22 cantons, with the addition of Valais, Geneva, and Neuchâtel.
		During the last decades of the 19th century industrial growth in Switzerland continued, aided by a national program of railroad construction.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571795_10/Switzerland.html (1172 words)

	Switzerland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Switzerland was an island of prosperity when, in 1648, at the end of the war, its formal independence was recognized in the Peace of Westphalia.
		Switzerland was a member of the League of Nations, and although it has long participated in many activities of the United Nations, it did not become a UN member until 2002 for fear that its neutrality would be compromised.
		Following charges that stolen assets deposited in Swiss banks by Nazis during World War II had not been properly returned, the country’s two largest banks agreed in 1998 to pay $1.25 billion to the families of Holocaust victims; the banks had been facing lawsuits in the United States and were under international political pressure.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sw/Switzerl.html (1841 words)

	History of Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Swiss remained neutral during the War of the First Coalition against revolutionary France, but Napoleon, nonetheless, invaded and annexed much of the country in 1797-98, replacing the loose confederation with a centrally governed unitary state.
		During World War I serious tension developed between the German, French, and Italian-speaking parts of the country, and Switzerland came close to violating its neutrality but managed to stay out of hostilities.
		During World War II, Switzerland came under heavy pressure from the fascist powers, which after the fall of France in 1940 completely surrounded the country.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/switzerland.html (1200 words)

	Switzerland Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		Switzerland’s most important trading partners are Germany, France, Italy, France, and the U.S. Due to its central location in Western Europe, its control of the major routes from N Europe to the Mediterranean, and to the stability of its politics, economy, and currency, Switzerland has become one of the world’s leading financial centers.
		Switzerland was a member of the League of Nations, and though it participates in many activities of the UN it has only “observer status”; the UN Charter makes Swiss membership unlikely under current Swiss interpretations of neutrality.
		In the mid-1990s, Switzerland’s international reputation was tarnished because of revelations of Swiss banks’ extensive cooperation with the Nazis during World War II, their aid in converting Jewish-owned wealth into “Nazi Gold,” and their attempts to conceal these activities in the years since the war.
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Switzerland.html (1457 words)

	Swiss rifles in the world wars - Military Photos
		Switzerland was the only European nation which proclaimed that, in the event of an invasion, any announcement of surrender was to be regarded as enemy propaganda, and that every soldier must fight to the last cartridge, and then with the bayonet.
		Switzerland is the oldest republic and democracy in the world.
		Switzerland alone, among all the nations of Europe, successfully resisted 12 years of Nazi propaganda offensive, infiltration and subversion, and stared down repeated threats of invasion with calm determination and thorough preparations.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=69841 (4563 words)

	Switzerland (08/06)
		Switzerland is a federal state composed of 26 cantons (20 are "full" cantons and six "half" cantons for purposes of representation in the federal legislature) that retain attributes of sovereignty, such as fiscal autonomy and the right to manage internal cantonal affairs.
		During most of the 1990s, the Swiss economy was Western Europe's weakest, with annual GDP growth averaging 0% between 1991 and 1997.
		Traditionally, Switzerland has avoided alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action, but in recent years the Swiss have broadened the scope of activities in which they feel able to participate without compromising their neutrality.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3431.htm (6573 words)

	History of Switzerland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe were depending on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall in the hands of one of their rivals.
		Switzerland was accused of violation of neutrality and prolongation of the war because of these transactions, with particular vigour by U.S. Senator Al D'Amato and attorney Edward Fagan.
		Switzerland is not a member state of the EU, but has been (together with Liechtenstein) surrounded by EU territory since the joining of Austria in 1995.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Switzerland (2252 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland is convinced that peace and development can only be sustained if the international community is founded on freedom, democracy, and respect for human rights.
		Switzerland is closely involved in the preparation of the World Summit on the Information Society, the first phase of which will take place in Geneva in 2003.
		Switzerland is proud and grateful to be able to host the European headquarters of the United Nations as well as many of its specialised agencies.
	www.un.org /webcast/ga/57/statements/020913switzerlandE.htm (1279 words)

	Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		By the Peace of Basel in 1499 ending the Swabian War, the Swiss threw off the last vestiges of imperial obligations, and their full independence was recognised in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (a war in which the Swiss actually had no part).
		During investitures of vassals, the Emperor granted this flag as a sign that they were empowered to exercise life-and-death justice in the name of the Emperor.
		During the April 1998 session, the national Council investigated a petition asking to mention explicitly the cross and the flag in the first article of the Constitution as "the highest symbols of the country".
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ch.html (2547 words)

	Switzerland travel guide - Wikitravel
		Switzerland is known for its mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) but it also has a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes.
		Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers and Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars.
		Switzerland is not part of the European Union and thus the Euro is not legal tender.
	wikitravel.org /en/Switzerland (5070 words)

	fast facts about war
		During a war, both soldiers and civilians (people who are not in the military) are typically wounded or killed.
		World War I (1914-1918) was known as "the war to end all wars," because people believed that there would be no more wars when it was over.
		During World War II (1939-1945), 50 million people were killed, which includes soldiers and civilians from all the countries involved.
	www.gurl.com /findout/fastfacts/pages/0,,637425,00.html (385 words)

	Secret Third World Wars Stockwell
		During the spring all of the factions scrambled to organize, obtain arms, and establish control over whatever territory they could.
		It was all documented and condemned by the World Court, by the Presbyterian Church, by the Methodist Church, by broad segments of the Catholic Church, and by thousands of witnesses who went down from other countries to see for themselves.
		This newspaper was owned by the Chamorro family, which means that Violeta Chamorro, victorious in the 1990 elections and supported by George Bush, was a funded collaborator of the CIA during the period when the CIA was directing the brutalization of her country.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Stockwell/SecretWars_Stockwell.html (5997 words)

	The Role of Gold in the World Economy
		Switzerland's bank secrecy, created after the Vienna Conference of 1820 led by Metternich, was deliberately encouraged by the leading nations of Europe as an escape from the confiscations of the type installed by the briefly-lived Napoleonic Empire.
		World War II did nothing to lessen the Swiss belief that the inviolability of its banks was crucial to its survival though that survival was by no means certain.
		These points are made not to review the war, in which an estimated 40 million persons died and more lost their homes, possessions, and relatives, but to broaden the frame of reference beyond the fates of the bank deposits of only some sufferers in the largest of all the world many tragedies.
	www.usagold.com /OntheRoleofGold.html (4325 words)

	GoldWars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The earnestness of his endeavor is clear as he concludes, “The Gold War is nothing else than a Third World War.
		Switzerland and its banking system was always considered to be as solid as the rock of Gibraltar.
		Gold Wars is his third book and expresses his views on gold, the gold standard and the gold exchange standard as well as the various attempts to manipulate gold and eventually push it aside.
	www.fame.org /goldwars.htm (1779 words)

	Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Template
		The war on the Western Front from August 1914 to November 1918 was largely a war between Germany and France, as the casualty figures attest.
		During World War I the offensive military doctrines inculcated by the Franco-Prussian War threw masses of infantry against the nearly impregnable defenses of trenches, machine guns and massed heavy artillery.
		Unlike in World War I, where damage was mostly in the countryside, during World War II destruction was primarily in cities and transportation corridors.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/saar.htm (3866 words)

	Switzerland - Uncyclopedia
		Switzerland, also known as Neutralland or Sweden, is a mountainous region created in the early 13th century, in order to contain the Swiss.
		Switzerland annexed Czechia in 1990 because the country is getting too cramped and stuff is cheaper in eastern Europe, although most Swiss are known to have billions of dollars in the bank.
		During the struggles between divine powers and evil demons, the swiss tend to sit back and do nothing, yet they always get stuck with cleaning up the mess.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Switzerland (1736 words)

	An Interview With Stephen P. Halbrook by Carlo Stagnaro
		That Switzerland did not have to fight was thanks to its will to resist and its large investment of men and equipment in its own defense.
		In 1940, Switzerland was a potential southern invasion route to France, while Belgium and Holland were the northern invasion routes.
		While Hitler hated Switzerland – which he called a "pimple" on the face of Europe — for refusing to join the New Order, he was distracted by the Battle of Britain and then by Operation Barbarossa, the battle with the Soviet Union in 1941.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig2/stagnaro5.html (2159 words)

	Foreign Policy for Tyros
		Given that the consequences of World War I were so horrific and that so many American men had died for nothing, Americans were overwhelmingly opposed to ever involving our nation in another foreign war.
		In fact, during the entire 1930s and early 1940s, the U.S. State Department was filled with Anti-Semites, which is why German and Eastern European Jews were not permitted to emigrate to the United States and why the U.S. government rejected a famous ship named the St. Louis that was filled with Jewish refugees.
		At the conclusion of World War II, Nazi officials were brought to trial for war crimes before the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal.
	www.fff.org /comment/com0308m.asp (1882 words)

	Antisemitism And Racism
		The national debate over Switzerland’s stand during World War II came to an end with the publication of the last of twelve reports (in March 2002) by the Independent Experts’ Commission, headed by historian Jean-François Bergier.
		The findings showed that Switzerland’s discriminatory asylum policy contributed to the Holocaust, that Swiss neutrality was manipulated to serve political and economic interests, and that banks did not actively collaborate with the Nazis during the war.
		The report of the former noted that church policy was characterized by cautiousness and that the church had resisted appeals from the Association of Churches to assist refugees because of antisemitism.
	www.tau.ac.il /Anti-Semitism/asw2001-2/switzerland.htm (2210 words)

	Experience Switzerland
		Hitler was chicken to invade Switzerland during WWII.
		Immediately after breakfast at the hotel, we journeyed into the majestic Alps of Switzerland, where we ascended the Schilthorn mountain (9,747 feet) by cable car.
		This morning the group left Interlaken after a two-day visit and traveled to the medieval city of Lucerne, in the heart of Switzerland.
	www.angelfire.com /super/people2001/Switzerland.html (372 words)

	UNICEF - SOWC05
		For half the world’s children, a billion youngsters who live in abject poverty and deprivation, these are perhaps the “worst of times”.
		But what is disturbing about today’s wars is that their main victims and even targets are increasingly civilians, especially women and children.
		Closer to Germany, you have watched the wars in the Balkans where girls and women were raped and sexual violence was used as a deliberate weapon of war.
	www.unicef.org /sowc05/english/pressspeech1.html (1933 words)

	Herbert Hoover Museum, "Christmas Around the World" Exhibit--introduction
		Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover fed people in nearly sixty countries during and after both world wars and were at home on six continents.
		Yet no matter where they were during the holidays, the Hoovers always stopped to reflect on the meaning of peace in this troubled century.
		There seemed to be a special connection between the Hoovers as true citizens of the world and the most universal of holidays, a season when people of all faiths join in the age-old wish for "peace on earth, goodwill toward men."
	hoover.archives.gov /exhibits/christmasworld/intro.html (265 words)

	World
		At a time when the film Blood Diamond depicts the efforts of the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) to feed the hacked and mutilated victims of Sierra Leone’s savage civil war during the 1990s, an agency officials intimately involved in the...
		The world has a collective responsibility to alleviate the plight of the poorest people, and to promote economic development and break the cycle that traps so many people in poverty by devising more innovative solutions, United Nations officials...
		The top United Nations envoy for Somalia today appealed to the warring parties to settle their differences peacefully as the impoverished African country, already torn apart by 16 years of factional fighting, faced the additional challenge of devastating...
	www.scoop.co.nz /news/world.html (2248 words)

	Armed Conflict Switzerland 1800-1999
		Armed Conflict Events Data (ACED) is an research project providing independent information about known wars, international disputes, civil wars, rebellions, coups, revolutions, genocides and other violent conflicts.
		Various partial revisions and modifications have been implemented since then, however, the limitations of the this format hamper further development.
		During 2005, the decision was made to radically restructure the available conflict information into a database.
	www.onwar.com /aced/nation/sat/switzer/index.htm (147 words)

	Wars
		113-117 The Eastern War: Romans conquers Assyria and Armenia to attack Parthia
		556 Axe war: Caracol (pop 179K) vs. Tikal Mayans (pop.
		1546-4/1547 Schmalkaldic War Catholics defeat Philip of Hesse and Lutherans
	www.biblequery.org /History/Calamities/Wars.htm (5421 words)

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