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Topic: Switzerland in the Napoleonic era

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	History of Switzerland - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe were depending on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall in the hands of one of their rivals.
		Switzerland had already paid reparations to the Allies in 1952, and the Swiss banks settled for the payment of additional reparations of 1.25 billon USD to a special Holocaust Fund in 1999.
		Switzerland is not a member state of the EU, but has been (together with Liechtenstein) surrounded by EU territory since the joining of Austria in 1995.
	www.free-definition.com /History-of-Switzerland.html (1793 words)

	Napoleonic Wars
		Napoleon was trapped in Egypt and the old members of the First Coalition, excluding Prussia, quickly took advantage of this seeming lapse.
		Early victories in Switzerland and Italy were promising, but Russia withdrew; the British declined to engage and the Austrians were left to face the returning Napoleon at Marengo ( June 14, 1800) and then at Hohenlinden ( December 3).
		Napoleon and tsar Alexander I agreed that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System, which led to the Finnish War and the division of Sweden through the Gulf of Bothnia.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/n/na/napoleonic_wars.html (1255 words)

	Napoleonic Wars biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, and the Bourbon kings were restored under Louis XVIII.
		Napoleon took the reserve of the Army of the North, and recombined his forces with those of Ney to pursue Wellington's army, but not before he has ordered Marshal Grouchy to take the right wing of the Army of the North and stop the Prussians reorganising.
		Napoleon was an innovator in the use of mobility to offset numerical disadvantages, as he brilliantly demonstrated in his rout of the Austro-Russian forces in 1805 in the Battle of Austerlitz.
	napoleonic-wars.biography.ms (1999 words)

	Napoleonic Wars - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Confederation of the Rhine furnished Napoleon with the bulk of the remainder of the forces with Saxony and Bavaria as principal contributors.
		Napoleon took the reserve of the Army of the North, and reunited his forces with those of Ney to pursue Wellington's army, but not before he ordered Marshal Grouchy to take the right wing of the Army of the North and stop the Prussians reorganising.
		Because the revolution and Napoleon's reign witnessed the first application of the lessons of the 18th century's wars on trade and dynastic disputes, it is often falsely assumed that such ideas were the fruit of the revolution rather than ideas which found their implementation in it.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Napoleonic_Wars (5432 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Switzerland
		The German regions of Switzerland fell to the Duchy of Swabia in 917.
		Napoleon, therefore, on 19 February, 1803, issued the Act of Mediation, by which Switzerland was changed into a Confederation of nineteen cantons under the protection of France.
		After the turmoil of Napoleonic era and after the suppression of the Diocese of Constance the ecclesiastical administration was gradually reorganized during the period of the Restoration.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14358a.htm (8019 words)

	Casino Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Helvetic Republic was a state formation in the area of Switzerland.
		On February 19, 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte introduced the act of Mediation.
		There are remainders of the Helvetic Republic in modern Switzerland, such as some of the cantons and constitutions.
	www.casinoencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Helvetic_Republic (225 words)

	Articles - History of Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" ( Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe were depending on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall in the hands of one of their rivals.
		Switzerland was accused of violation of neutrality, and prolongation of the war, because of these transactions, with particular vigour by U.S. Senator Al D'Amato and attorney Edward Fagan.
		Switzerland had already paid reparations to the Allies in 1952, and the Swiss banks settled for the payment of additional reparations of $1.25 billon (U.S.) to a special Holocaust Fund in 1999.
	www.1-helmets.com /articles/History_of_Switzerland (1805 words)

	All About Romance: France - Kathleen O'Reilly on the Napoleonic Wars
		Napoleon had an elaborate plan to divert the superior British naval forces to the Mediterranean (where the Spanish Armada would join in) and then, after a grand triumph, his fleet would invade Britain.
		Napoleon gave the Portuguese an ultimatum, which they defied, and then he declared the Portuguese royal family “deposed.” Nobody was very happy about that, especially Portugal, and thus began Napoleon’s own Vietnam.
		Napoleon was loosely exiled to the island of Elba, in April 1814; life as an “ordinary man,” however, soon bored him.
	www.likesbooks.com /napoleonicwars.html (3631 words)

	Napoleonic Wars
		The Napoleonic Wars were a continuation of the wars of the French Revolution (1789-1799), in which the Habsburgs and other dynastic rulers of Europe combined in an effort to overthrow the revolutionary government of France and restore the rule of the French monarchy.
		Napoleon crossed the Alps into northern Italy with a newly raised army of 40,000 men and on June 14 defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo.
		Napoleon badly defeated the Prussians in the Battle of Jena on October 14, 1806, and captured Berlin.
	www.uhigh.ilstu.edu /soc/nuh/nuh5.htm (2368 words)

	Mueller Science - Specialities: Switzerland
		After the failure of the Napoleonic ideas, which determined the organization of Switzerland for a short time ("Helvetik" and "Mediation"), the land was guaranteed permanent neutrality at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
		Switzerland enjoys a diverse and carefully designed political structure in which self-government, civil rights, and international involvement combine in a distinctive merger of respect for the past and a pioneering spirit.
		Attracted by Switzerland too were the zoologist Carl Vogt, Richard Wagner, the composer Heinrich Götz, the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Rudolf Eucken, the fathers of Frank Wedekind and Paul Klee, the mechanic Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel as well as the composer Lily Reiff-Sertorius and the poetesses Lou Andreas-Salomé and Ricarda Huch.
	www.muellerscience.com /ENGLISH/Switzerland.htm (12185 words)

	Search Tuna Report for Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Napoleon Series The Napoleon Series is dedicated to the free exchange of ideas and information with good will, intellectual integrity, and respect for divergent perspectives, journeying in international fellowship to probe and illuminate the history of an era whose reverberations still echo today....
		Napoleon And The Napoleonic Wars Soon after that his father died and he was left with the responsibility of taking care of the huge Bonaparte family....
		The Napoleonic Revolution Bonaparte cynically remarked, ''It is by baubles that men are led.'' He realized that the people were avid for decorations; not one of the cahiers of 1789 had demanded the abolition of honorific distinctions....
	searchtuna.com /ftlive/1028.html (2596 words)

	France During the French Revolution and Under Napoleon Bonaparte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Napoleone Buonaparte born in Ajaccio, Corsica, the son of a poor Corsican lawyer.
		Napoleon later adopts August 15 as his birthday, to coincide with the Catholic Feast of the Assumption.
		Napoleon Bonaparte dies of a stomach ulcer at St. Helena, in the south Atlantic Ocean, a thousand miles from the African coast.
	www.txdirect.net /users/rrichard/napoleo1.htm (4645 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Switzerland, 1803-1815
		Napoleon himself used the title as Mediator of the Swiss Republic; yet the restoration of federalism in Switzerland actually had meant a drastic change in French Switzerland policy - from massive interference and determined support of centralism to leaving Switzerland much to herself for the sake of peace.
		At the VIENNA CONGRESS (where the Swiss delegation was split on several matters concerning Switzerland), Switzerland's independence, new federal constitution and neutrality were confirmed; the territories of VALAIS and the former bishopric of BASEL were restored/annexed to Switzerland.
		When Napoleon returned from Elba, Switzerland disregarded her own neutrality and sided with the Allies; Swiss troops invaded the Franche Comte and took the French fortress of Huningue.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/switznap.html (678 words)

	Napoleonic Wars in History in the Arkansas Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Arkansas Arkansas History State of Arkansas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But he was unable to invade Britain directly, so boldly offered a double threat, invading Egypt in the summer of 1798 and mounting another expedition to Ireland.
		Early victories in Switzerland and Italy were promising, but Russia withdrew; the British declined to engage and the Austrians were left to face the returning Napoleon at Marengo (June 14, 1800) and then at Hohenlinden (December 3).
		The map of Europe was going to be re-drawn in the next hundred years following Napoleon's wars, not based on fiefs and aristcracy, but on the basis of human culture, origin, and ideology.
	ardea1.www4.50megs.com /1800s (1013 words)

	Extending the Covenant: Federalism and Constitutionalism in a Global Era
		Kuyper's task was to deal with a major paradigm shift in Dutch political affairs which had occurred as a result of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic occupation of the Netherlands.
		But despite this constitutional provision, the political distribution of power of the restoration era led instead to monarchic centralization under very conservative political leadership, a system which did not serve the country well and only perpetuated and exacerbated its political and economic difficulties.
		Thus, the threshold of the third millennium of the Christian era and in the second generation of the postmodern epoch, the paradigm shift seems to be well advanced and moving right along.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles/fed-const-global.htm (6547 words)

	INS: Napoleonic Scholarship: Volume 1, Number 2
		The International Napoleonic Society is dedicated to the promotion of the study of the Napoleonic Era around the world.
		The International Napoleonic Society has been formed to promote the study of the Napoleonic Era in accordance with proper academic standards.
		Napoleonic Scholarship will present papers on the Napoleonic era and important translations of memoirs and documents never before widely available to the scholarly community.
	www.napoleon-series.org /ins/c_scholarship98.html (386 words)

	The Napoleonic Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Napoleon's campaign had begun with more than a third of a million men setting out on what was to be a long and terrible march to the glittering city of Moscow.
		Napoleon's bulletins are of immense historical significance, reporting as they do all the key battles of the Napoleonic Wars.
		Napoleon, swearing that he would drive the British leopard into the sea, pursued and an epic was born.
	www.generalstafflibrary.com /Napoleonic_Wars.html (6308 words)

	Relations Switzerland/Australia
		By the end of the Napoleonic era, Switzerland was one of the poorest countries in Europe.
		He was born in London but grew up in Switzerland and was the first Swiss to set foot on the Australian continent where he accompanied Captain Cook as an illustrator on his third voyage.
		Political relations between Switzerland and Australia are characterised by friendship and lack of disagreement.
	www.eda.admin.ch /australia_all/e/home/3.html (776 words)

	Home Page - The Napoleonic Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Napoleonic Alliance is pleased to offer a selection of Napoleonic books to both members and non-members, with a significant discount for members.
		Napoleon and Iberia: the twin sieges of Cuidad Rodrigo and Almeida, 1810, by Donald Horward.
		The Napoleonic Alliance was created in order to study, share and stimulate interest in the history of the Age of Napoleon.
	www.napoleonic-alliance.com /dbooks/discountbooks.htm (557 words)

	Napoleonic France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		England prior to and during the Napoleonic Era
		Switzerland prior to and during the Napoleonic Era
		France prior to and during the Napoleonic Era
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /modernera/napoleon.htm (79 words)

	Service Publications - Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One British response to the threat of Napoleon was to ring the English coasts with a series of heavily fortified observation towers.
		The Battle of Borodino proved to be the centerpiece of an unprecedented human drama, as Napoleon battled internal treachery, an unskilled but obstinate Russian resistance, and the approach of winter in a gamble to conquer a continent in a single bold stroke.
		Covered in full are all the troops of Napoleon's army, with particular attention to non-standard uniforms worn by commanders, musicians, and soldiers on campaign.
	www.servicepub.com /napoleon.html (1050 words)

	Mikhail Miloradovich Napoleonic Wars : Generals :
		His earlier campaigns had been against the Turks and Poles and he fought with General Suvarov against France in Italy and Switzerland.
		Promoted to general in 1810, Miloradovich fought at Borodino and beat Marshal Murat at Tarutino.
		Highly regarded for his calmness and bravery, Miloradovich was killed in an 1825 mutiny when he tried to negotiate with the disaffected troops.
	www.napoleonguide.com /soldiers_milorado.htm (99 words)

	RPG Vault: Cossacks II: Napoleonic Wars Interview, Part 1
		June 07, 2005 - Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica in 1769, shortly after France purchased it from the Italian state of Genoa.
		Before his death in 1821, he rose rapidly through the ranks of the military to become one of history's most famous leaders, this despite never fully mastering the native language of the country with which his name will be forever linked.
		The expansions took place during the same era, adding new nations (Switzerland and Hungary in Back to War, Bavaria and Denmark in The Art of War), new units and of course new campaigns with plenty of new missions.
	rpgvault.ign.com /articles/622/622745p1.html (1005 words)

	GBN 95 - WHAT THE CRITICS SAY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Greene and Massignani reveal the era for what it was – an almost continuous series of battles across the globe.’ – Rod Paschall, editor of MHQ reviewing Ironclads at War: The Origin and Development of the Armored Warship, 1854–1891 (Combined Publishing, USA).
		The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book is a monumental contribution to the study of the military actions during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era...
		A Soldier for Napoleon puts the reader in the boots of a young and impressionable Bavarian infantry officer through every major campaign fought by the Bavarian Army of the period.
	www.greenhillbooks.com /gbn/95/what_the_critics_say.htm (1433 words)

	Napoleonic Titles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Argues that Napoleonís defeat in Russia was the result of bureaucratic mismanagement, indecision, and a string of poor choices by Napoleon.
		Napoleonic studies, one of a series of booklets examining the army of each nation.
		Study of the cause and effects of Napoleonís removal from power., tracking significiant events in his career, and charting the clandestine diplomtic intrigues linking the groups who would cause his demise.
	www.lastsquare.com /BookCatalog/Nappy.html (3023 words)

	FrenchRevolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The National Guard, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, crushes this insurrection while inflicting 30,000 casualties, October 5, 1795.
		B.Coup d'etat of Fructidor, September 4, 1797, supported by Napoleon, nullifies elections of the previous March which had favored the constitutional monarchists and mild Royalists who wanted to make peace with the First Coalition.
		B.Creation of puppet republics in the conquered territories of Northern Italy, Netherlands, and Switzerland.
	www.masscouncil.org /frenchrevolution.html (1276 words)

	Gaslight's NAPOLEONIC ERA LITERATURE
		This webpage opened in 98-sep. This timeline of Napoleon's career was written by Patricia Teter.
		Napoleon at the zenith of power: Emperor of French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation.
		Napoleon abdicates and exiled to Sainte Helena in South Atlantic
	gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca /Napchron.htm (880 words)

	[No title]
		Although few traces of the Paleolithic Era remain, many of the Neolithic have been discovered.
		Considerable sacrifice and bloodshed as well as extraordinary tenacity (on the part of Swiss) resulted in Ticino coming under the control of the Swiss cantons north of the Alps shortly after 1500.
		Ticino remained under the domination of the sovereign cantons as a bailiwick until the end of the 18th century when it emerged from the revolutionary Napoleonic period as an independent and free Swiss canton (1803).
	www.comunesofitaly.org /Ticino.htm (593 words)

	Terrorism
		If one cell is compromised, then the other cells and the larger organization are protected.
		One of the earliest known cell organizers was Louis Auguste Blanqui, a socialist of the Napoleonic and post-Napoleonic era.
		Anarchists, revolutionaries, and communists in France, Germany, Ireland, Russia, and Switzerland adopted cell organization in the late 19th century.
	www.georgehernandez.com /xMartialArts/Terrorism.htm (569 words)

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