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	Sydney Chapman (astronomer) Summary
		Sydney Chapman was born at Eccles near Manchester on Jan. 29, 1888.
		Chapman was professor of mathematics at Manchester (1919-1924), at the Imperial College (1924-1946), and at Oxford (1946-1953).
		Sydney Chapman (January 29 1888 – June 16 1970) was a British astronomer and geophysicist.
	www.bookrags.com /Sydney_Chapman_(astronomer) (684 words)

	Chapman (print-only)
		Sydney Chapman's mother was Sarah Gray and her father was Joseph Chapman who was the chief cashier with a Manchester textile firm called Rylands.
		Chapman's progress was so remarkable that he was able to start research while still an undergraduate but he was unsure whether to go in the direction of pure or applied mathematics.
		Chapman, when asked shortly before his death which work he had undertaken since retiring he had found most interesting, replied that it was his work on thermal diffusion in highly ionised gases, his work on magnetic storms, his work on instability along magnetic neutral lines, and his work on noctilucent clouds.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /history/Printonly/Chapman.html (1707 words)

	Hipparchus (astronomer) Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Hipparchus is considered the greatest astronomical observer, and by some the greatest astronomer of antiquity.
		He is believed to be the greatest Greek astronomical observer, and many regard him as the greatest astronomer of ancient times, although Cicero gave preferences to Aristarchus of Samos.
		Earlier Greek astronomers and mathematicians were influenced by Babylonian astronomy to a limited extent, for instance the period relations of the Metonic cycle and Saros cycle may have come from Babylonian sources.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Hipparchus_(astronomer).html (6044 words)

	Chapman
		Sydney Chapman's mother was Sarah Gray and her father was Joseph Chapman who was the chief cashier with a Manchester textile firm called Rylands.
		Sydney was his parents' second son and he was brought up in a very strict fashion by his Nonconformist parents.
		Chapman, when asked shortly before his death which work he had undertaken since retiring he had found most interesting, replied that it was his work on thermal diffusion in highly ionised gases, his work on magnetic storms, his work on instability along magnetic neutral lines, and his work on noctilucent clouds.
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Chapman.htm (1656 words)

	Belgium encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Belgium politics and officials, Belgian History. Travel to Belgium
		Sydney Chapman (astronomer) (1888-1970), a British astronomer and geophysicist
		Sydney John Chapman (economist) (1871-1951), was a British economist and civil servant
		Chapman code, a superset of the ISO 3166-2:GB and BS 6879 codes identifying administrative divisions in the United Kingdom
	www.belgiumiworld.com /wiki-Chapman (420 words)

	Sydney Did You Mean sydney? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Sydney is a significant global and domestic tourist destination and is regularly declared to be one of the most beautiful and liveable cities in the world, admired for its harbour, beautiful coastline, warm and pleasant climate and cosmopolitan culture.
		Sydney is located in a coastal basin between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Blue Mountains to the west.
		Sydney occupies two geographical regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat or rolling region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a plateau north of the harbour, up to 200 m in elevation, dissected by forested valleys.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Sydney.html (3054 words)

	Sydney Chapman Astronomer \| Sidewalk Astronomer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Our sydney chapman astronomer site is relatively new so we have not yet managed to generate lots of data, but what we have done so far is researched the very best sydney chapman astronomer sites on the net.
		As the Internet grows and expands who is the astronomer of edwin hubble websites are spring up everywhere The obvious advantages to the astronomer information retailers have over main street physicist astronomer dealer is that capital cost of doing business will always be considerably lower.
		Being a part of the growth of online sales first astronomer to use telescope businesses expand with the increased business from Internet sales An important strategic advantage that online sydney chapman astronomer sites have over traditional shop front sydney chapman astronomer organizations is their low running costs.
	clye.info /sydney-chapman-astronomer.htm (414 words)

	Chapman
		Chapman codes are largely a superset of the ISO 3166-2:GB and BS 6879 codes identifying administrative divisions in the United Kingdom.
		Chapman University is private university loacted in Orange County, California.
		Chapman function is associated woith the absorption integral of the atmosphere.
	www.archaeologics.com /Business-AtoC/Chapman.php (734 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Science's Doomsday Team vs. the Asteroids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Astronomer David Tholen spotted it last year in the early evening of June 19, using the University of Arizona's Bok telescope.
		Six months later, Tholen's object was spotted again in Australia as asteroid "2004 MN4." In the space of five days straddling Christmas, startled astronomers refined their calculations as the probability of the 1,000-foot-wide stone missile hitting Earth rose from one chance in 170 to one in 38.
		Then, on Dec. 18, astronomer Gordon Garradd, working at the Siding Springs telescope in Coonabarabran, Australia, 240 miles northwest of Sydney, spotted what he thought was a new near-Earth object, "brightly lit and traveling fast," he recalled.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A38306-2005Apr8?language=printer (1683 words)

	Asteroid that nearly blew Bush's moon mission - World - www.smh.com.au
		It had been impossible to calculate its orbit from these images, but when the information was posted on the internet an amateur astronomer noticed that the object was predicted to get 40 times brighter by the same time the next day, bringing it six times closer to the Earth.
		Astronomers had then confirmed that the asteroid could be on a collision course, but the relevant part of the sky was obscured by cloud.
		Several hours after the scare began, a Colorado amateur astronomer, Brian Warner, caught a glimpse through a gap in the clouds and confirmed that the area of sky was empty.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/02/26/1077676905482.html (471 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Richard van der Riet Woolley 1906-1986
		Astronomers of five or six European countries were considering a proposal to set up in the southern hemisphere - probably in South Africa - a duplicate of the 120-inch reflector at the Lick Observatory and one of the 48-inch Palomar Schmidt telescope, or approximately such facilities, for their joint use.
		Some of the astronomer's brightest ideas may go into programmes he proposes for others to pursue; in work that does count as 'personal' he must generally use other astronomers' observations as well as his own; and much of his work is of course in any case collaborative.
		Inevitably astronomical investigations of this nature, however excellent they were by the standards of their day, sooner or later come to be superseded by others got by means of newer techniques.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/woolley.htm (22150 words)

	Near misses raise rocky questions - Science - www.theage.com.au
		Astronomers have revealed that during a "nine-hour crisis" the night before Mr Bush's speech, they believed there was a one in four chance an asteroid would hit the planet in 36 hours.
		Had it not been for a break in the clouds that allowed an amateur astronomer to give the all-clear, the scientists say they were on the verge of calling the White House.
		Astronomers confirmed that the asteroid could be on a collision course, but the telescopes that could see the relevant part of the sky were obscured by cloud.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2004/02/26/1077676897775.html?from=storyrhs (546 words)

	Chronology of Magnetospheric Exploration
		Samuel Schwabe, a German amateur astronomer, announces the discovery of the 11-year sunspot cycle.
		After Birkeland's "electron beam" theory is disproved, Sydney Chapman and Vincent Ferraro in England propose that magnetic storms are caused when plasma clouds ejected from the Sun envelop the Earth.
		A sudden increase in cosmic rays is traced to an eruption on the Sun.
	www.phy6.org /Education/whchron.html (918 words)

	Chapman biography
		In 1904, at the age of 16, Sydney entered the University of Manchester and there he studied engineering in the department headed by Osborne Reynolds.
		Chapman's progress was so remarkable that he was able to start research while still an undergraduate but he was unsure whether to go in the direction of pure or applied mathematics.
		Chapman's main area of research was the Earth's magnetic field and for his work in this area he was elected to the
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Chapman.html (1775 words)

	Chapman resource page - steven curtis chapman
		Chapman codes are largely a superset of the ISO 3166-2:GB and BS 6879 codes identifying administrative divisions in the United Kingdom.
		Chapman function is associated woith the absorption integral of the atmosphere.
		She was born Nov. 27, 1909 in Lawrence County, Ark. to the late Hosea and Gertrude Sullivan Penn. She was retired from the White County Central School District and a member of the Calvary Missionary Baptist Church.
	www.wordipedia.com /C7a-to-Cho/Chapman.php (635 words)

	Giant disc of andromeda, Andromeda grows six times
		Scott chapman of CALTECH at 206th meeting of American Astronomical Society in Minneapolis Presented the results of study conducted for around 5000 stars in the said halo.
		Chapman further added that merger has to be a recent event around last 200 million years as clumps wouldn't have been visible otherwise.
		Rodrigo Ibata, Astronomer from Observatory in france suggests that Bumpy structure of the disc cannot be explained without formation by smaller galaxies with the larger one.
	www.jumpingelectrons.com /news/Andromeda.asp (453 words)

	Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol
		In 1918-1919 the Englishman Sydney Chapman, a leading figure of solar-terrestrial physics for the next half century, suggested that streams of alpha-particles emanating from the Sun, rather than electrons, as Birkeland and others hypothesized, caused geomagnetic storms.
		Chapman also argued for a separation of the solar sources of the diumal and storm variations, concluding that the daily variations were almost certainly controlled by the Sun's ultraviolet emissions.
		The Chapman and Ferraro paper in 1931 established the corpuscular hypothesis as the means by which the Sun gave rise to geomagnetic disturbances.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /spa/papers/hyp (2279 words)

	The travelling astronomer in Prague 5 at Sydney Observatory - news and views on astronomy from Sydney
		Sydney Observatory - news and views on astronomy from Sydney
		The last point is to satisfy the astronomers who study the motion and dynamics of the motion of the planets and who led the opposition to the previous proposal.
		And to finish I heard a brilliant invited lecture on the study of the fl hole at the centre of the galaxy, the mass of which has now been established as 3.5 million times that of the Sun.
	www.sydneyobservatory.com.au /blog/?p=101 (448 words)

	KTH - EE - Alfvén Laboratory :: front page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		One was the gift at an early age of a popular book on astronomy, written by the French astronomer Camille Flammarion.
		For example, in 1939 he wrote a remarkable paper in which he proposed a theory for magnetic storms and auroras.
		This paper, which lays out presently accepted basic ideas on how plasma flows around a dipole magnetic field to create Birkeland currents that flow in and out of the auroral zone, was rejected by the predecessor of the Journal of Geophysical Research because it disagreed with the theories of Sydney Chapman and his colleagues.
	www.alfvenlab.kth.se /hannes.html (2200 words)

	Geomagnetism: Theories of Since 1900
		For several decades the science of geomagnetism was dominated by the figure of Sydney Chapman (1888-1970).
		The phase of the upper atmosphere winds was opposite to that required, and an integrated conductivity of 2.5 x 104 siemens was required in the upper atmosphere.
		Chapman and Bartels summarized the situation in 1939.
	www.agu.org /history/mf/articles/Geomag20.html (5907 words)

	Sydney_chapman_(astronomer) info here at en.about-gasoline-alley.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Sydney Chapman (astronomer) success has not been Sydney Chapman (astronomer) based on superior customer service but also they have a team of marketing experts that are directly committed to servicing the customer with marketing strategies, trade show planning, and helping the customer to identify the importance of advertising Sydney Chapman (astronomer) the business community.
		Sydney Chapman (astronomer) McKenzie the owner of A&R Designs had a small idea and started the company to give companies another alternative to using huge marketing firms that tend to over look a lot of customers concerns and demands.
		Our Featured Sydney Chapman (astronomer) on Sydney Chapman (astronomer) Category: Sydney Chapman (astronomer) For another hominines named Sydney Chapman, look at Sydney Chapman (disambiguation).
	en.about-gasoline-alley.info /Sydney_Chapman_(astronomer) (387 words)

	H O L O S C I E N C E - News
		His opponent was the astronomer Sydney Chapman who maintained that the Earth moved through a vacuum.
		Chapman and others then promptly made space plasma superconducting, which relieved them from the complications of dealing with electric fields.
		It is not surprising, therefore, that it took a man who was an electrical researcher, astronomer, and expert on the effects of lightning, Dr. Charles E. Bruce of the Electrical Research Association in England, to recognize the fact.
	www.holoscience.com /news/balloon.html (4501 words)

	Historical Observations and Global Expeditions
		Astronomical Observations made, by Appointment of the Royal Society, at King George's Island in the South Sea; by Mr.
		The astronomer Pierre-César Jules Janssen devises a "photographic revolver" to capture the moment of Venus passing between the sun and the earth.
		The first record of scientific astronomical observations being made from Hawai`i appears to be that of a British expedition on 8 December 1874.
	www.transitofvenus.org /historic.htm (2826 words)

	January 29 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Chapman's main area of research was geomagnetism, beginning in 1913 and extending to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis.
		American astronomer who, with his son, George Phillips Bond (1825-65), discovered Hyperion, the eighth satellite of Saturn, and an inner ring called Ring C, or the Crepe Ring.
		While W.C. Bond was a young clockmaker in Boston, he spent his free time in the amateur observatory he built in part of his home.
	www.todayinsci.com /1/1_29.htm (2518 words)

	University Of Alaska, Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		After William Wilson, a chemistry professor, was appointed acting director of the new Geophysical Institute in 1950, he recruited Sydney Chapman, a distinguished geophysicist, mathematician, and foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences, as advisory scientific director and visiting professor.
		Wilson also participated in the selection of the new managing director, Christian (Chris) Elvey, a well-known astronomer and administrator.
		As a scientist and teacher, Chapman has been celebrated for his worldwide influence on three generations of geophysicists, with a direct influence that nearly spans the twentieth century.
	www.alaska.edu /opa/eInfo/index.xml?StoryID=181 (1120 words)

	International Geophysical Year - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		TIME magazine reported in 1959, “In 1950 an event occurred that began small but was to affect the future (of Van Allen and all his countrymen).
		In March of 1950, British Physicist Sydney Chapman (astronomer) dropped in on James Van Allen [and] remarked that he would like to meet other scientists in the Washington area.
		Van Allen got on the phone, soon gathered eight or ten top scientists (Lloyd Berkner, S. Fred Singer, and Harry Vestinein) the living room of his small brick house.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/IGY (597 words)

	OPEN SETI PHYSICS 101
		His work was denigrated by the English mathematician Sydney Chapman who argued for a model based on the kinetic theory of neutral gases and a "dynamo" driven by tidal flows in the ionosphere.
		Chapman eventually had to admit he was wrong when Birkeland's model was shown correct through the use of high altitude rocets and satellite technology, but his ideas persist in atmospheric physics.
		Was never able to change the mindset of most astrophysicists who continue to follow the purely deductive mathematical approach championed by Chapman and followers that ignores the importance of electric currents and fields, treats plasmas as if they were gases, and views as "flawed" any observations that conflict with their models.
	www.openseti.org /Physics.html (8031 words)

	What are some of the early theories about auroras? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		By 1896, Sir William Crooks had examined 'cathode rays' which also produce a glow on a phosphor screen, and Kristian Birkeland proposed that streams of electrons emitted by the Sun impacted the Earth's atmosphere after being directed by the Earth's magnetic field to the polar regions.
		Sydney Chapman revised this idea in 1933 by proposing that the Sun emits a plasma, not just electrons, and that vast electromagnetic circuits were set up between the Earth and the Sun, along which the plasma moved.
		Hans Alfven, in the 1940's revised Chapman's idea by proposing that the Earth's field is swept back by the solar field, and that the distorted field acts like a generator to pump electrons in and out of the upper atmosphere.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q1858.html (428 words)

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